LESSON 5

 A 100 kVA, 2500/125V, 50Hz, step down

transformer has the following parameters:
 RH = 1.5 Ω, XH = 2.8 Ω, RL= 15 mΩ, X L=20 m Ω,
RCH = 3 kΩ, and XMH= 5 kΩ.

 Use a spreadsheet to calculate and plot a graph

of efficiency against percentage loading for 0.6,
0.8 and 1.0 power factor.

 Also plot a graph of core loss and copper loss

against percentage loading at 0.8 power factor
lagging.
 Open and short circuit tests are performed on
transformers to determine the parameters RH,
RL, XH, XL, RC, XM
 Open Circuit Test
 1. Set up the circuit as shown using the LV
side as the source

 2. Gradually increase the voltage until

applied voltage= rated low voltage.

 3. Take readings of all the instruments

 Let Voc, Ioc and Poc be the readings on the
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
respectively

 The following represents the approximate

equivalent circuit of the transformer as seen
from the low voltage side

 The wattmeter measures the core loss of the

transformer in the open circuit test
S V I
OC OC OC

V V 2

R 
cL
OC OC

I C
P OC

Q  S P
OC
2

OC OC
2

V V 2

X 
mL
 OC OC

I Q m OC
RcH  a RcL
2

X mH  a X mL
2
 1. Set up circuit as shown with the low
voltage side short circuited.

 2. Gradually increase current until rated high

side current is reached. Only small voltage
required so extreme care must be taken

 3. Take readings of all the instruments

 As voltage supply is very small the current in
the magnetising branch is small and can be
neglected

 Wattmeter in short circuit test measures the

full load copper loss
 Let Vsc, Isc and Psc be the readings of the
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
respectively

Psc
ReH  2
I sc
Vsc
Z eH 
I sc
X eH  Z eH
2
 ReH
2
ReH  RH  a RL
2

X eH  X H  a X L
2

RH  a RL  0.5 ReH
2

X H  a X L  0.5 X eH
2
 The following data was collected from testing a
48 kVA, 4800/240 V step down transformer

 Open Circuit Test: Voltmeter 240 V, Ammeter 2

A, Wattmeter 120 W

 Short Circuit Test: Voltmeter 150 V, Ammeter 10

A, Wattmeter 600 W

 Determine the equivalent transformer circuit as

viewed from the a) high side and b) low side
 2 2
V 240
R 
cL

OC
 480
P OC
120
S  V I  240 * 2  480 VA
OC OC OC

Q  S  P  480  120
OC
2

OC
2

OC
2 2

 464.76 Var

240 2

X 
mL
 123.94
464.76
a  4800 / 240  20

R  a R  192 k
cH
2
cL

X mH
 49.58 k
 P 600
R 
eH

SC
2
 62
I SC
10

V 150
Z 
eH

SC
 15
I SC
10

X  15  6  13.75
eH
2 2
 R 6
R 
eL
eH
 0.015
a 2
20 2

13.75
X 
eL
 0.034
20 2
R  0.5 R  3
H eH

X  0.5 X  6.88
H eH

0 .5 R
R 
L 2
 0.0075
eH

X  0.017
L
 The following data were obtained when a 25-kVA,
2300/460-V, 50-Hz transformer was tested:
(V) (A) (W)
 Open-circuit test: 460 1.48 460
 Short-circuit test: 108.7 10.87 709

 Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as

viewed from (a) the high voltage side and (b) the low-
voltage side. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.
 RCL=460Ω; XML=421.6Ω, RCH=11.5 kΩ; XMH=10.54
kΩ,
 REH=6Ω, XEH=8Ω,
 RH=3Ω, XH=4Ω,
 RL=0.12Ω, XL=0.16Ω
 A 25-kVA, 4000/400-V, 60-Hz transformer
has the following parameters:
 RH =18 Ω, XH = 25 Ω, RL = 180 mΩ, XL = 250
m Ω, RCH =15 kΩ, and XMH = 25 kΩ.
 If the open-circuit and short-circuit tests are
performed on this transformer, what are the
readings of the instruments in each case?
 Voc= 400V; Ioc= 3.1A; Poc=1066.67W
 Vsc= 385V; Isc= 6.25A; Psc= 1406.25W
 From the data given in Exercise 4.14,
determine the rating of the transformer at
maximum efficiency. 21773.28 kVA

 What is the maximum efficiency of the

transformer at unity power factor? 91.1%

What is the efficiency at full load and unity

power factor? 91%