THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE PART 1

Hello, students, in this lecture video, we are going to talk about the nature of language
and I am going to use a PowerPoint presentation, which I adapted from Professor Silvia
Rivero. There are nine nature of language. They are specificity, semiotic, discreetness,
productivity, double articulation, rule, government displacement, complex and
arbitrariness. Let us talk about the first nature, it says here that language is a capacity is
specific to human beings. What do we mean when we say it is only specific to you? It
means that it is exclusive. This is a capacity and ability, a talent or a skill exclusive. The
human beings are only human beings can carry out conversations. Only human beings
can write about their thoughts. We have written symbols and because language is specific
to us, this also shows are this also proof that we are all the creation of God. We are the
superior beings. We are more superior from other animals created by God. Some animals
do, animals communicate? Yes, they communicate, but not through language. How then
animals communicate by sharing a cold, OK? They communicate through codes. Unlike
human beings, animals communicate with one another through a fixed repertoire of
messages and infinite number of issues like food, defense or attack, which convey
information to their fellow animals or to their companions. So in the brain of the animals,
they only have goats, not language. And these codes are fakes and these codes are used
only or are retrieved only in their brain and use my name through a number of issues. So,
for example, if they are hungry or if they saw food or if they are afraid, they want to take
a defense or they want to attack or it is a season for their mating game. So unlike animals,
we as human beings can create and develop a lot of goods that may express our
thoughts, ideas and feelings, our issues and using our language is infinite wide them not
a program called Nilaa, for example. If they are hungry, this will be the sound gate. There
is a certain sound that they are going to make gay or there is a certain sound that they
are going to understand or that they can understand. So no M.G. Manock, for example, I
know not what the Ibarguen would know and I know what the Ibraham I when I'm with
you, but you make the sound good because this is the Freenet code that it is in the mind
of the chicken. And when they hear this or they make this all sound, it means to them that
there is food they cannot explain. Oh, the food is delicious, all the food is hot or the food
today is sweet. They cannot communicate that to their fellow chicken because they do
not have a language. So they communicate through a limited OK, a specific number of
ports on the. So the they frequently repeats the same sentence in its dance where us
humans are able to invent every new context. So you see we invent the words, we invent
expression, we invent our sentences to invent stories or machismo. And this is the
meaning of specificity because we have the ability to have language to communicate.
That's the way we can invent different arrangement of our languages, of our codes, of our
sounds, of our alphabet. Well, the animals cannot invent. They only have a restricted goal
in saying a limited number of means get in the slide. It says here the ability to see things
that have never been said before, including the possibility to express invented things or
light, is also a peculiar feature of human language. And because of these, we can widen
our comprehension of beings. We can widen also our communication of things. We can
even thought the things of the past, the things that happened and the things that will
happen. The animals, they do not have this ability of expressing their feelings towards
what happened or are of their hopes and dreams. They do not have this ability because
language is only specific to us humans. And another reason why language is unique to
humans is because of our brain, gay, as we all know in the animal kingdom, we are
superior because of the structure of our brain. Among all the animals we have, the
superior structure of the brain next to us may be are the apes. Yeah. So what makes
human language unique is not that it allows us to communicate with each other, but it
allows us to do so with infinite variety. So the number of instances or the number of
circumstances that we can explain, we can describe within marry, they are infinite, like a
monkey can scream to one its mates of an approaching predator or alert them to O'Shay
of these. Difford But it cannot communicate something like doesn't that have a funny
looking beak or with a little salt. This figure, this thing would taste good. They so it did
express its emotion and it cannot also the monkey cannot describe its surrounding to a
fellow monkey and because the monkeys only use goats for a limited number of needs.
Yeah. An exotic animal. So in being so isolated the door monkeys in the attack on the
other when a gazelle pulling the winmar Cecil or making the gate. But they will not
converse with each other. Yes, this is the brain that I was talking about. We have a very
well engineered brain by God Almighty, we have the left and the right brain for sure. And
you see, we have a very wonderful creator that he created us for the different functions
of analytic thought, intuition, logic, language, science, math, creativity, art and music. A
in Ramadani up with swing by your communicate by your opponent by emotion. You see,
there is even brain function for science in money, for art and music. Yeah. And he made
us according to some sliman percentage, some success there that the Lord God made
us a little lower than the angels. And so we are his superior being an earth. Language, as
well as the faculty of speech, was the immediate gift of God. We need to thank God for
being able to learn and develop and use a language. The second nature of language is
that it is symbiotic and we can learn this from the father of linguistics, who is Ferdinand,
this is sure, according to Cesur, language is a set of signs. And there are two types of
signs, according to some sort that is the signifier and signified. The signifier is the
exponent. The signified is the meaning. So, for example, if I say or if I will describe OK,
Bob is the sound of the Ovie is the exponent and the one that you can think of that they
up on one more. It is a white bird a that is signify that is the meaning barking Gangadhar
of gay. My saying is the old V or the sound of the word of gay being a Punjabi more
ordered by a bird and a white gay. They signify it is the meaning. Now if if not more, get
that a deeper meaning of now, which is a symbol Espy's then it is also classified as signify.
Cesur was a Swiss linguist and semiotician, his ideas laid a foundation for many
significant developments in both linguistics and symbology in the 20th century. He is
widely considered one of the founders of the 20th century linguistics and one of two major
founders of semiotics or some mythology due to his theories and structure of language.
He is often known as the founder of Modern Linguistic. He is known as the father of
linguistics. That is Ferdinand. This is sort. So, sir, explain that a sign was that only a sound
image, but also a kind of sharp Gaiser and Lungi Yama sound or letters the same, it is
also the concept that you can think of. Thus, he divided the sign into two components the
signifier, the sound image and the signified or concept. So, for example, let's take, for
example, the concept of Google, the signifier of Google and the signified. A search engine
and the Internet are inseparably one. You cannot separate them inseparable. So when I
say Google to you and then I will flash the sign of Google just like what you are, how you
are looking at now in the slide, you but what you will think of is a search engine so
adamant about going to Google GOOG might by all that is the search engine on the
Internet. So the word Google and its picture, the concept, its picture, Google, the picture
of the word Google, as you can see it in the Internet are inseparable. And the meaning
search engine and the Internet, they are inseparable. You can have one without the other.
The self image or impression in our minds is of the logo representing Google and to our
language system. We know how that image sounds. Mindlin And so it's not just our job.
You can also have a visual concepts and no up the Google Glenarm on what the terms
of your body you're hearing on Fleshman McQuaig brain. They deny it. Sure, they would
want Google Kitamura Internet. We know the concept or meaning associated with this
sound impression is that Google is a large search engine and the Internet. So the sign is
not only a small image, but it must also be a concept, a visual concept that we can see in
that mind. When someone says Google, it's not purely physical event, nor is it a purely
mental mental event. It is something else which we call language or the semiotic world.
By the way, semiotic refers to symbols are a sign when you when you hear the word
semiotic in linguistics, this springstein still signs and symbols.

THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE PART 2

This is part two of our lecture and the nature of language. Let's begin with nature. Number
three, it says here that language is discrete or discreetness, language is constituted by a
series of identifiable units which may be combined and recombine. So what do you mean
when we say discreetness or discrete discreetness refers to having individual units,
having separate parts and our language have separate, separate identifiable units?
These units are unique in their own right. They are individual. They have unique
characteristics. However, we can combine and recombine them to form longer structure,
to form a structure or a longer structure. So to illustrate this idea to you, I would like to
show these parts of speech saw in language, especially in the English language. We have
what we call parts of speech in elementary. We came to know these types of words. So
we have nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions
and interjections. These are what we call language units. And as you have learned in your
English classes, each part or each group, a word or group of speech have their unique
characteristic, unique function, unique nature. So, for example, nouns are names while
verbs are actions. You cannot make the noun a verb or a verb, a noun. So nouns are
discrete or separated or unique to verbs. Also with pronounce all the nouns and pronouns
are refer to me, refer to persons and places and beings. They are still discrete from each
other, are separate from each other because pronouns are function words. They take the
place of their nouns. So pronouns are still discrete or separate from nouns. A. In this
picture, we can see here a sentence three diagram, which also illustrates that language
is discrete, the S and that of the three of the sentence diagram means sentence. And this
sentence, which is the chef court thus through this sentence has two major parts, two
major discrete parts, the NBA and the VPI. The NBA stands for noun phrase and the
piece that stands for verb phrase when you see and B, this is the structure for the subject
of the sentence. Well, the V.P. is the structure for the predicate of the sentence. You
cannot mix these two or three changes to the NBN in the B have separate function. They
have separate characteristics, they have separate elements also. Hence you cannot mix
them. So the NT B is discrete from the V.P. that NT B is independent from the V.P. So
that is the meaning of language is discrete. And why should we follow this in language so
that our sentences and our construction will be grammatically correct? Because if we
combine the elements at random deal and you combine, it means that the sentence that
we are going to form is not correct. Number four, nature of language is productivity, OK,
since we have discrete units that we can combine and recombine, our capacity to create
sentences and expressions are potentially infinite game. So we have infinite ways of
combining sound. We have infinite ways of combining words. However, we still need to
follow some rules game. So, for example, in this slide I am showing you three columns.
The first column I and you this is the column for Dorward or something. Then the second
column is the column for action. The third column is the column for the object of the action.
The object in a sentence receives the action, receives the action of the verb. And then
the fourth column is the modifier, modifying the action. So we usually call these as
adverbs. As you can see, we only have two subjects and you, but we can use this too,
subject to combine different verbs and different objects in different adverbs so that we
can create many sentences are various sentences. So, for example, in this slide, I can
use a word. What tool? I walk to the door quickly or I touched I touched the book slowly
or I touched the book carefully. I touch the book noisily. Can it be that you touch the book
noisily? You touch the book while making noise gate rendering Ne'eman. You may also
say I wrote on the board quickly. OK, I sit on the floor carefully. I sat under the table
quietly. So you see you can have a lot of sentences using these phrases in the columns
combining them. But be sure that if you combine units of language, the meaning of your
sentence will be really. Do not make sentences that are not realistic, that are not really
the or what the approach is to when it is impossible for or it it becomes nonsense. So for
example, when you say I wrote on a note in the detail, I sat on the assembly back then
since the Munyon or below. So for you in philosophy, you want much more than that one,
you're going really stick your sentence. Small guy. And I sat on the floor. So why is our
language reductive, because basically we as humans are creative. The Lord has given
us the capacity to be creative in many ways, and we are very creative with our language.
That's why we produce or we can create or invent many words, phrases, expressions on
your millennial's Grammy nominee only in bintel expressions. We are very creative with
our words. That's why we can write poems and we can also compose songs. We can
write stories and so on. Another example or illustration of how we get how our language
is great is our vocabulary. So, for example, in just one word life, we can have similar
words to laugh so we can have a synonym like giggle. We can describe Luffler in many
ways or in many terms, like giggle. There is a love which is a giggle or a laugh, which is
a chuckle, a snicker, a grin or a short sale. So you see, there are we can make a lot of
words to express or to to describe the different degrees of laughters. But I guess that is
also correct by the word beautiful. There are many degrees of being beautiful, pretty
gorgeous, stunning. So you see, that is how creative we are in words or in our vocabulary.
This slide shows you our millennial language, our hashtags in using our social media.
And these are creations of people who are who use the social media, often your malignity
since the bar. So we created this one and Fleak or hashtag I can even hashtag Bayeh. I
struggled. The struggle is so you see during our time when we were young, we do not
have this type of expressions, baronial, that go on the Internet, not also on Facebook,
Twitter, Nocco honoring them embattle lengua here. We have produced other types of or
other types of expressions. A saw language develops through time how we have them.
Have not been told that your name on the bottom expressions, on vocabulary or boggling
vocabulary or words. So here's another slide telling you the short version of Expression's
because of the use of social media chat groups, text messages, email or chat THEBA, so
the users of these platforms usually do not have time to buy long expressions or long
sentences. So they abbreviated their sentences or their meaning. So for example, OEL
means laugh out loud as a means as soon as possible, berating an image. Goldney
thought. Then you have yours. See you later. Bye. See you. Elate are for. See you later.
I don't mean to offend Mickleham, so instead of saying thank you, you will just like the
Xbox bents or M.G.. Oh my God. So we are very creative depending on our need and our
medium for communication.

THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE PART 3

Now, we are now in part three and the last part of our lecture on the nature of language.
Number five, nature of language says double articulation, articulation refers to how we
express how we say it. So double articulation means capacity to get meaningful units
through the combination of meaning less units and the capacity to get meaning or
meaningful units through a combination of meaningless units. What does this mean?
Double articulation or duality of patterning is a concept used in linguistics and semiotics.
It refers to the actual level structure inherent to a sign system insofar as it is composed
by two kinds of elements. First, significant or meaningful and to distinctive or meaningless.
In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds
like moon and four in the sound of any one, but the four D and E for I as individual sounds,
many of these discrete forms have any intrinsic meaning. So that is meaningless. The
sound are meaningless. Your boom boom or your e they are meaningless if they stand
alone. Okay, so in a particular combination such as the and then the E room, then we
have another level producing a meaning that is different. Okay, so if you combine the
sound ba ba e gay you can combine the word binn. So from the separate meaningless
sound if you are going to combine them noble articulation from meaningless to
meaningful, you can combine a meaningful word which is Bill OK. And it will become
different. If you vary the combination, you start with an E book. OK, then it will become
Knibb. So at one level we have this thing sounds and another level we have this thing
meanings. So another is the allophone or the sun, but the some of the B gate, so the
order the person has to allophone it is the poor and the gate so far as enfin is an aspirating
pronounced aspirates as per pin. However, in the words spin, it is an aspirating gay
aspirating Smiggle Malaby Narnian gay male. If you pronounce the sound metal in a spirit,
Muashar Meirong hung in a pub and a nun. But in the word paper the first B is aspirated
pronounced exper and the second B is usually an aspirated and as pronounced Aspley
the gay. Selma's most voiceless are muscle mass. What do you call this one? Must solve
your second. No, but OK. Pay per day on your back. Your your poor sap paper. The more
you'll hang in no pay per day, then the second B will be an aspirated day. So that is an
example of double articulation. We only have one letter, one symbol, the letter B and the
sound poor, but it has to anglophones the aspirated one and then aspirated in the S paper
back in the word pen and pen all hang in limbo, even in the words spin you by now. If you
pronounce this word pian spin Barama, you can feel an air flowing out that is aspirated.
But in the second B in the word pay per barrel. Well I know Machado hangnails a second
beat. Gate number six, nature of language is rule, government units do not combine and
run long lines in the former slide's to assess that, we said that language is reductive. You
can combine and recombine. However, the process of combination and the combination
of these individual units should not be at random. OK, OK, underarmed a word maybe a
little bit uncomfortable in a because in the lexicon we do not have bibel or be gay baby
Maybellene but maybe Lobello but we do not have that in lexicon. The lexicon rule will
allow that random combination of sounds because we have a specific rules which govern
the system of our lexicon, gay in our vocabulary and our grammar. So, for example, in
Syria, that's, again, gay in grammar, again in certain spots. And again, these are our rules
that in English sentence, in the ordinary combination or in the ordinary form, it always
begins with the S subject plus the verb. And then if you want to add, you can add an
object as plus the plus O, or if you want you can combine the S plus the compliment, OK.
Or you can combine with an adverb adverb a place, a ASV plus or minus or OK, you will
have these in the next lesson in syntax or in the structure of English, you know. So just
go to the first sentence. Just yond Gayed. That's the combination. They according to
grammar, you cannot say Yorn Josh. Or as you are talking, like a baby or a child or a
toddler. OK, so the proper combination is S plus V plus objet or he rubbed his hair, not
his head he rubbed or his head. Roberte subelement. What meaning one day or thirteen
year old and grandma. Gay. So this is another illustration that the subject comes first
before the verb, then the complements are modifiers will follow the supervisor and be was
a verb in a good mood today, a subjective complet mean. This is the straight line rule.
Botsford in sententious So you see our words do not combine acromegaly. We need to
follow syntax. We need to follow the pattern so that our sentence will be intelligible and
acceptable. Game we also have this was the subject and verb rules by, you know, this
that dog, she says it must be in its form if the if the subject is singular, not the dog chase.
OK, it should be if it is floral, it should be the dog's chase. So if your subject is plural, then
your verb must be in the base form. No, it's. Here are other examples, you may review
them later so that our video will not be long. Get the power of language to generate so
many signs come comes from the fact that it has rules by which complex signs are made
from simpler ones. So we need to follow the rules in making our sentences more complex.
We need to follow those rules. Then the next nature of language is displacement,
displacement means we can carry it over from another time or another place. OK, so
human beings can talk about things away in time and away in space. Animals cannot do
these animals cannot talk with each other. What happened yesterday or what will happen
tomorrow? They only have that concept of now. OK, made sure language is complex,
language are sets of signs, science combined on Exponent with a mini grammars are
ways to generate signs from more basic science signs, combine a form and a meaning,
and they are identical with neither their exponent nor with their meaning. So this is how
complex language are they? They are signs they can be combined, but some things we
cannot explain how they are combined because the upper part of the is up. But the eight
is sometimes we English teachers cannot just explain. Okay, but that is the rule. The rule
is there. But we cannot deeply rooted to explain it to you because language rules are
betacarotene. Okay. And this language rules are created by people who agree that what
is the correct rule? Sometimes it has no very tangible blessing, ie the very tangible reason
I should say and sorry, sometimes the rules or the usage, but the rules of usage do not
have tangible reasons. It is because language is complex, the rules are arbitrary, but we
need to accept them because that is the rules. So for example, I think there was a singular
subject. Get at the S.A.G. verb. OK, I can answer. I cannot give you the reason, the
tangible reason. Must that be taken up by the English doomsters, it being a form of
minority Languedoc, that if it is the door, if the subject is singular, then the verb. I mean it
must be in the S form. OK, that is the meaning of arbitrary arbitrariness, gay, young. There
is no natural connection between a sudden image and an idea. OK, so for example, if I'm
going to show you these bags, my bags of eyeglasses, gay, and I'm going to name it as
a case like my worriedly case. Correct. This is a case to me. So why did I mean, this is a
case I may not have any concrete reason or tangible reason gay a one to one reason why
I named it as a case gay. But this is something that I have attach the meaning, the word
that I have attached to this object that I named this as my eyeglasses case. I can also
name is as my eyeglasses bed gay if I want. But there this is not the the word bed is not
conventional to be used for this object can be in a uniform national gay. Yeah. We rather
call it a sad eyeglasses case. Hey, there is no one to one relationship between a signifier
and signified. There is no need for one specific acrostic image to correspond to one
specific meaning. So they saw it. The English dog in bad shape would suck it up. And I
don't think I'm the only one. OK, Nicole, are you hunting Michael Colby Russell? No study
Jachin up. I'm not gay because language is also a creation of a group of people who
agreed. OK, but this is the term that they are going to use for a sweeping concept or
image. OK, and just let me also setting up mouse up Ingamells in order to get to a meeting
about LEBAR. No, no, dummy. It looks like a mouse because it has a tail. And then
suddenly the name is Mouse and then the companion of the society. And how about a
paper? Click, click. Yeah, yeah. Oh, you want to say that is the name or the word gay that
the creator of these or maybe of this device would have thought off and then it was
conventionally accepted by many say is arbitrary. OK, so that and the nine, the lecture on
the nature of language, I repeat, language is a specific, semiotic, discrete product and it
can be double any or the articulated. It is reliable and it can be displayed in this complex.
And if these are being threatening danger for listening to my lecture.