Manipal University

Department of Chemical Engineering

CE 1631-TRANSPORT PHENOMENA LABORATORY-2

3rd YEAR, 6TH SEMESTER 2019

EXPERIMENT 10

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

INSTRUCTOR:

ANAND GUPTA CHAKINALA

GROUP 4

Mukund Sai Teja PB

169102015

Experiment carried on: 02nd April 2019

Report submitted on : 12th April 2019

PRELAB……………………………………………………………………………..… (10) ______

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….... (10) ______

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ……………………….….. (30) ______

RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………... (30) ______

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………… (5) ______

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………... (5) ______

APPENDIX

Original data, sample calculations, other information………………………………… (5) ______

GENERAL COMPLETENESS

Conciseness and neatness……………………………………………………………… (5) ______

TOTAL……………………………………………………………………………… (100) _____

1
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 3
OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ........................................................................................................................ 5
PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................................. 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 7
CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 9
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................ 10

2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Objective of this experiment was to determine heat transfer coefficient and to calculate Biot
number (Bi) and Fourier number (Fo) for two different materials as they vary with respect to time.
To achieve following objective “Unsteady State Heat Transfer Unit” apparatus was used. During
heating and cooling process bath temperature was maintained at a 70°C to 30 °C respectively.
Using the average value of heat transfer coefficient, modelled data was prepared which was then
used to compare the 'h' values and also for plotting the graph with respect to time. Thus when
temperature values were calculated for both the materials Brass attains steady temperature faster
as compared to Stainless Steel.

3
OBJECTIVE
Objective of the experiment is to determine heat transfer coefficient and to calculate biot number
and Fourier number.

INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from a body at higher temperature to the body at
lower temperature. Transfer of thermal energy can take place under steady state or unsteady state
conditions. When there is no effect of time on the temperature, it is called as steady state condition.
but in unsteady state, the temperature of the system varies with time. In this experiment two solid
bodies: Brass and stainless steel are used such that unsteady state heat transfer takes place between
a liquid and a solid body. Liquid is maintained at high temperature whereas solid body is at low
temperature.
For Unsteady state two dimensionless numbers are considered i.e. Biot Number (Bi) and Fourier
Number (Fo). 1

Biot number (Bi): It is the dimensionless number named after the 18th century French physicist
αJean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862). It is defined as the ratio of internal heat transfer resistances to
the resistance at the surface of the body. For Bi<0.1, it means that heat transfer by conduction
inside the body is faster than convective heat transfer taking place away from the body surface.
Also, temperature can be assumed to be constant throughout the material's volume. In this case
lumped capacitance analysis method is considered. For Bi>0.1, temperature varies with respect to
time.

Fourier number (FO):It is also a dimensionless number which is ratio of diffusive or conductive
transport rate to heat storage rate. It was named after Joseph Fourier (1768-1830). It is obtained by
multiplying the dimensional time(t) by the thermal diffusivity (α) and dividing by the square of
the characteristic length (l)

4
Formulas used:

Where,

Lc = Length/Volume

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Pump

Heat Transfer Control

Unit
Panel

5
PROCEDURE
Start-up Procedure:

1. Before starting the experiment ensure that bath tub in which water is filled is clean.
2. Once it is ensured fill the bath tub with water.
3. Note down the initial temperature of the brass material.
4. Now set the temperature of water bath to 80 degree C and start the agitator and heater.
5. Now immerse the brass material in the bath tub
6. Now take a stopwatch and start noting down temperature at regular interval of time.
7. Now once the steady state temperature is attained immerse material into cold water and
note down the temperature fall at regular interval until it reaches the initial temperature.
8. Repeat the same procedure for brass cylinder.

Shut Down Procedure:

1. Once the experiment is performed for both the materials apparatus needs to shut down.
Turn OFF the heater and agitator.
2. Drain out water from the apparatus.

6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Legend: Square boxes – Stainless Steel(SS)

Diamond boxes - Brass

Heating
70

60

50
Temp(˚C)

40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Graph1: Heating cycle for both Brass and SS

60.00
Heating Model
50.00

40.00
Temp(˚C)

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Graph2: Heating Model for both Brass and SS

7
 Cooling
70

60

50

Temp (˚C)
40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150
Time (sec)

Graph3:Cooling cycle for both Brass and SS

Cooling Model
70.00

60.00

50.00
Temp(˚C)

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 50 100 150
Time (sec)

Graph4: Cooling model for both Brass and SS

8
CONCLUSIONS
From the following experiment we can conclude that thermal conductivity of stainless steel is
higher as compared to brass.

REFERENCES
1. Yunus, A. C. & Ghajar, J. A. Heat and Mass Transfer.

9
APPENDIX
FOR BRASS

Table 1: Observations

Observations
BRASS
Heating Cooling
Time (sec) Temp (°C) Temp (°C)
0 31.9 62.7
10 35.9 57
20 41.3 51.2
30 46.4 47
40 50.1 43.8
50 53 41.2
60 55.3 39.3
70 57.1 37.8
80 58.2 36.8
90 59.3 35.6
100 60 35
110 61.3 34.3
120 61.6 32.7
130 62 33.2
140 62.2 32.9
150 62.3 32.6
160 62.6 32.2
170 62.7 31.8
180 62.7 31.8

Table 2: Calculations for heating case

10
 Calculations
(heating case)
TB-TV/TB-To h Fourier No Biot No
W/ m K
1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.90 677.71 0.93 0.06
0.75 865.54 1.87 0.07
0.62 975.50 2.80 0.08
0.52 992.11 3.73 0.09
0.45 986.16 4.67 0.09
0.39 969.83 5.60 0.08
0.34 945.30 6.53 0.08
0.31 895.21 7.47 0.08
0.28 862.17 8.40 0.07
0.26 817.30 9.34 0.07
0.23 820.35 10.27 0.07
0.22 769.86 11.20 0.07
0.21 733.57 12.14 0.06
0.20 692.22 13.07 0.06
0.20 651.33 14.00 0.06
0.19 625.80 14.94 0.05
0.19 593.87 15.87 0.05
0.19 560.88 16.80 0.05

Table 3: Model parameters

Modelling Heating temp

exp term

38.100 31.90
25.635 34.36
23.387 36.61
21.336 38.66
19.464 40.54
17.757 42.24
16.200 43.80
14.779 45.22
13.483 46.52
12.300 47.70
11.221 48.78

11
 10.237 49.76
9.339 50.66
8.520 51.48
7.773 52.23
7.091 52.91
6.469 53.53

Table 4: Cooling case calculations

(cooling
case)
TB-TV/TB-To h
W/ m K
1.00
0.84 1062.86
0.68 1187.79
0.56 1180.09
0.47 1151.39
0.40 1126.58
0.34 1085.09
0.30 1043.60
0.27 987.36
0.24 966.33
0.22 913.88
0.20 881.67
0.16 934.17
0.17 822.79
0.17 785.66
0.16 754.54
0.15 735.68
0.13 721.18
0.134453782 961.22

Table 5: Model parameters

12
 EXP COOLING
MODEL TEMP

-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70
-35.70 62.70

FOR STAINLESS STEEL

Table 6: Observations

STAINLESS STEEL
Heating Cooling
Time (sec) Temp (°C) Temp (°C)
0 25.2 64
10 26.2 60.6
20 30.8 57.8
30 37.4 54.9
40 42.8 53.7
50 47.2 52.1
60 50.4 50.8
70 53.3 49.8
80 55.6 48.6
90 57.3 47
100 58.6 46.2
110 59.6 45.5
120 60.6 44.9
130 61.3 44.4
140 61.9 43.9
150 62.3 43.3

13
 160 62.8 42.8
170 63.2 42.5
180 63.4 42
190 63.5 41.7
200 63.7 41.3
210 40.8
220 40.5
230 40.2
240 39.8
250 39.7
260 39.7

Table 7: Heating case calculations

heating case
Fourier Exp
TB-TV/TB-T0 h No Biot No Model Heating
W/ m K temp
1.29 0 0 0
-
1.26 1760.799 0.632 -0.929 31.730 28.270
1.13 -455.706 1.263 -0.241 28.930 31.070
0.94 166.639 1.895 0.088 26.378 33.622
0.78 471.555 2.526 0.249 24.051 35.949
0.66 647.402 3.158 0.342 21.929 38.071
0.56 732.450 3.789 0.387 19.994 40.006
0.48 802.920 4.421 0.424 18.230 41.770
0.41 844.347 5.053 0.446 16.622 43.378
0.36 857.384 5.684 0.453 15.155 44.845
0.33 854.312 6.316 0.451 13.818 46.182
0.30 840.538 6.947 0.444 12.599 47.401
0.27 834.985 7.579 0.441 11.487 48.513
0.25 816.325 8.211 0.431 10.474 49.526
0.23 797.089 8.842 0.421 9.550 50.450
0.22 769.795 9.474 0.406 8.707 51.293
0.21 753.806 10.105 0.398 7.939 52.061
0.20 735.202 10.737 0.388 7.239 52.761
0.19 707.054 11.368 0.373 6.600 53.400
0.19 675.992 12.000 0.357 6.018 53.982
0.18 654.154 12.632 0.345 5.487 54.513
2.01 -254.761 13.263 -0.134 5.003 54.997

14
 2.01 -243.181 13.895 -0.128 4.561 55.439
2.01 -232.608 14.526 -0.123 4.159 55.841
2.01 -222.916 15.158 -0.118 3.792 56.208
2.01 -213.999 15.789 -0.113 3.457 56.543
2.01 -205.768 16.421 -0.109 3.152 56.848

Table 8: Cooling case

Cooling
case
TB-TV/TB-
T0 h Exp Model Cooling
temp
1
0.908 737.889 -35.190 62.190
0.832 701.985 -33.468 60.468
0.754 720.323 -31.831 58.831
0.722 624.377 -30.274 57.274
0.678 594.112 -28.793 55.793
0.643 562.946 -27.384 54.384
0.616 529.468 -26.044 53.044
0.584 515.020 -24.770 51.770
0.541 523.256 -23.558 50.558
0.519 502.180 -22.406 49.406
0.500 482.374 -21.310 48.310
0.484 463.208 -20.267 47.267
0.470 444.259 -19.276 46.276
0.457 428.469 -18.333 45.333
0.44 418.353 -17.436 44.436
0.43 407.112 -16.583 43.583
0.42 391.796 -15.772 42.772
0.41 383.975 -15.000 42.000
0.40 371.905 -14.266 41.266
0.39 363.869 -13.568 40.568
0.37 359.516 -12.904 39.904
0.36 350.822 -12.273 39.273
0.36 343.049 -11.673 38.673
0.35 338.570 -11.102 38.102
0.34 327.429 -10.559 37.559
0.34 314.835 -10.042 37.042

15
Additional Data

For Brass:

Brass Stainless steel

RADIUS OF CYLINDER (m) 0.019 0.019
LENGTH OF CYLINDER (m) 0.14 0.14
DENSITY OF CYLINDER (kg/m3) 8530 7900
SPECIFIC HEAT OF CYLINDER
(J/kg.K) 377 510
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/m.K) 110 18
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY (m2/s) 3.37E-05 2.28E-05

For Stainless steel:

Stainless steel
RADIUS OF CYLINDER (m) 0.019
LENGTH OF CYLINDER (m) 0.14
DENSITY OF CYLINDER (kg/m3) 7900
SPECIFIC HEAT OF CYLINDER (J/kg.K) 510
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/m.K) 18
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY (m2/s) 2.28E-05

16