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Amino Acid: Fatty Acids Cannot Undergo Net Conversion To Carbohydrates. Although It Is True That Two-Carbons
Amino Acid: Fatty Acids Cannot Undergo Net Conversion To Carbohydrates. Although It Is True That Two-Carbons
Amino Acid
Like alanin, many other amino acids can readily be converted to glucose, primarily through
degradative pathways that generate citric acid cycle intermediates, which can be converted to
oxaloacetate (see Figure 16.4). Such amino acid are called glucogenic (that is, able to be
coverted to glucose), although gluconeogenic is probably a more accurate term. Among the 20
amino acids found in proteins, only catabolic pathways for leucine and lysine do not generate
gluconegenic precursors. During fasting, when insufficient carbohydrate is ingested, the
catabolism of muscle proteins is the major source of intermediates needed to maintain normal
blood glucose concentrations. The same is true in the disease diabetes mellitus, as discussed
further in Chapter 23.
Glycerol
In general, lipids are poor gluconegenic precursor. Catabolism of triacylglycerols yields fatty
acid and glycerol. Fatty acids undergo β-oxidation to yield acetyl-CoA. In plants and bacteria,
acetyl-CoA can be incorported into carbohydrate via the glyoxylate cycle. In animals, however,
acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to pyruvate or to any other gluconegenic precursors. Hence,
fatty acids cannot undergo net conversion to carbohydrates. Although it is true that two-carbons
units from acetyl-CoA can procees to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle, there is no net
conversion, because two carbons are lost in each turn of the cycle. Therefore, aside from a minor
contribution by odd-chain fatty acids (explained in the next section), the only fat breakdown
product that can enter gluconegenesis is glycerol. Its utilization involves phosphorylation,
followed by dehydrogenation to dehydroxyacetone phosphate (see Figure 16.4)
Berikut ini adalah prekursor glukoneogenik
Asam Amino
Seperti halnya alanin, beberapa asam amino yang lain dapat diubah menjadi glukosa, terutama
melalui jalur degradasi yang melalui siklus asam sitrat (siklus Crab’s) sebagai perantara. Melalui
siklus ini dapat dihasilkan oksaloasetat (gb. 16.4). Asam amino tersebut disebut glukogenik
(yang dapat dirubah menjadi glukosa), meskipun glukoneogenik merupakan istilah yang lebih
tepat. Diantara 20 asam amino yang terdapat dalam protein, hanya jalur katabolisme untuk leusin
dan lisin yang tidak menghasilkan prekursor glukoneogenik. Selama berpuasa, ketika karbohidrat
yang dicerna tidak cukup, katabolisme protein otot merupakan sumber utama yang dibutuhkan
untuk menjaga kadar glukosa darah. hal yang serupa (penggunaan protein otot) terjadi pada
penyakit diabetes mellitus yang akan dibahas lebih lanjut pada bab selanjutnya.
Gliserol