Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

[1][2] It is measured by
assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind,
precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region
over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-
term conditions of these variables in a given region.

A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere,
hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.[3]

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water
bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical
ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most
commonly used classification scheme was Köppen climate classification originally developed by
Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system,[4] in use since 1948, incorporates
evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying
biological diversity and the potential effects on it of climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial
Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a
region.

Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not
available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include
non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such
as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future
climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors;
recent warming is discussed in global warming. Global warming results in redistributions. For
example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of
approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore,
species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to
shifting climate zones".[5][6]

Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.[1][2] It is measured by

assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind,
precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region
over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-
term conditions of these variables in a given region.

A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere,
hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.[3]

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water
bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical
ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most
commonly used classification scheme was Köppen climate classification originally developed by
Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system,[4] in use since 1948, incorporates
evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying
biological diversity and the potential effects on it of climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial
Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a
region.

Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not
available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include
non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such
as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future
climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors;
recent warming is discussed in global warming. Global warming results in redistributions. For
example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of
approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore,
species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to
shifting climate zones".[5][6]

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or
stormy, clear or cloudy.[1] Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere,[2][3] just below the
stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas
climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.[4]
When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of
Earth.

Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and
another. These differences can occur due to the sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies by
latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives
rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are
caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its
orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's
surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 100 °F) annually. Over thousands of
years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by
the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler
than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating. Weather forecasting is the
application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and
a given location. The system is a chaotic system; so small changes to one part of the system can
grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control the weather have
occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that human activities such as
agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns.

Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather
works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an
anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, weather is not limited
to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a
very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun
is known as the solar wind.
How are mountains cooler when they are
more near to Sun?
Phenomenon 1

While the sun is very hot it doesn't emit this energy to the Earth as heat but rather as solar
radiation.

The majority of this solar radiation passes through the upper and lower atmosphere before being
absorbed by land and water when it hits the Earth's surface. It is then re-emitted as heat.

This re-emitted heat warms the bottom 15km of the atmosphere, which is where we live and
where the world's weather occurs. This part of the atmosphere is called the troposphere. The
troposphere is heated from the bottom up, not from top to bottom.

Air however is not a great conductor of heat, so the further you move away from the Earth's
surface the cooler the air will get. So while hot air does rise because it is less dense than cooler
air, it will lose this extra heat quite quickly. Scientists call this the environmental lapse rate.
Moreover, the air is less denser at higher altitudes due to low gravity.
A general rule of thumb is that the troposphere will cool at a rate of six degrees Celsius per 1000
metres in elevation. So air that was a warm 30°C at sea level would be a distinctly chilly minus
24°C just above Mount Everest, which is 8850 metres above sea level.

Phenomenon 2

But what about the effect of mountains radiating heat into the nearby atmosphere?

If a mountain top is open and exposed it can absorb the sun's radiation and re-emit it as heat
thereby warming the nearby air. 

But cover the mountain top in white snow and the sun's radiation will be reflected with no heat
gain, and temperatures will remain frigid.

The warmest places during the day at altitude are likely to be large, open plateaus, where there is
a greater land area to absorb and re-radiate the solar radiation than an exposed mountain peak.
However these places will still get very cold at night because the heat produced during the day
will dissipate quickly in the thin mountain air.

Phenomenon 3
You may already know about the relationship between temperature and pressure: When you
pressurize air (or any gas), it gets hotter, and when you release the pressure on air it gets
colder. So a bicycle pump gets hot when you pump up a tire, and a perfume can  gets cold as you
release the pressurized gas. A refrigerator puts both of these processes together, pressurizing gas
on the outside of the refrigerator to release heat and decompressing it inside the refrigerator to
absorb heat.