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Surveying Lecture 1 PDF
Surveying Lecture 1 PDF
( LECTURE 1 )
SURVEYING
SURVEYING IS THE ART OF DETERMINING THE
POSITIONS OF POINTS ON OR NEAR THE EARTH’S
SURFACE BY MEANS OF MEASUREMENTS IN THE 3
ELEMENTS OF SPACE ; NAMELY, DISTANCE ,
DIRECTION , AND ELEVATION.
–RAYNER AND SCHMIDT
Geodetic Surveying
Considers curvature of the earth Geodetic line /
Provide an accurate framework for a large Plumb line
survey
Polar axis
Plane Surveying Ellipsoid
Surface of the earth: as an infinite horizontal Geocentric line
plane
b
Direction of gravity:
Geoid
Constant over the entire site.
Defines vertical lines ( “plumb lines”), Equatorial plane
Plane normal to a plumb line horizontal
a
plane.
Cadastral surveys
Determine lawful boundaries & areas of properties rather
than detail features of the landscape
Used in legal disputes, taxation, etc.
Also called property surveys / boundary surveys
City surveys
Surveys of areas in and near city
For planning expansions or improvements , locating
property lines , fixing reference monuments , determining
physical features and configuration of the land , and
preparing maps.
Types of Surveying
Construction surveys
Surveys undertaken at construction site
For providing data regarding grades , reference lines ,
dimensions , ground configuration , and location and
elevation of structures which are of concern to
engineers, architects, and builders.
Forestry surveys
Surveys executed in connection with forest management
and mensuration, and the production and conservation of
forest lands.
Types of Surveying
Hydrographic surveys
Surveying streams , lakes , reservoirs , harbors, oceans , and
other bodies of water.
Made to map shore lines , chart the shape of areas
underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
Of general importance in connection with navigation,
development of water supply and resources , flood control ,
irrigation , production of hydro electric power, subaqueous
constructions, and recreation.
Types of Surveying
Industrial surveys
Sometimes known as optical tooling.
Refers to use of surveying techniques in shipbuilding ,
construction and assembly of aircraft , layout and installation
of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where
very accurate dimensional lay outs are required.
Mine surveys
Performed to determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structure , to fix surface
boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations,
to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades
for other related mining work.
Types of Surveying
Photogrammetric surveys
Makes use of photograph taken with specially designed
cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Route surveys
Involves the determination of alignment , grades ,earthwork
quantities , location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of
highways , railroads , pipelines, canals, transmission lines and
other linear projects.
Types of Surveying
Topographic surveys
Made for determining the shape of the ground, and the
location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
The features shown include such natural objects as hills ,
mountains , rivers , lakes , relief of the ground surface, and
works of man , such as roads , buildings , ports , towns ,
municipalities, and bridges.
Compass
For measuring angles and
directions
Observe bearings
Common
Surveying
Used in reconnaissance and hasty
Instruments
work
Compass
Tapes
For measuring lengths:
Fiberglass
Measuring tape
measuring
Direct linear tape
measurements
MISTAKES
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
This type of error is one which will always have the same sign
and magnitude as long as field conditions remains constant
and unchanged.
Will repeat itself in other measurements still maintaining the
same sign, and thus will accumulate.
Can be computed and their effects be eliminated by applying
corrections , employing proper techniques in the use of
instruments or by adopting a field procedure which will
automatically eliminate it.
TYPES OF ERRORS
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
This type of error is purely accidental in character.
Caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor and are
present in all surveying measurements.
Usually of minor importance in surveying operations since
they are variable in sign and are of a compensating nature.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
Due to imperfections of the instrument used , either from
faults in their construction or from improper adjustments
between the different parts prior to use.
a. Measuring with a tape of incorrect length
b. Using a leveling rod with painted graduations not perfectly
spaced
NATURAL ERRORS
Caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as
changes in magnetic declination , temperature , humidity ,
wind , refraction , gravity and curvature of the earth.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
PERSONAL ERRORS
Arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight , touch
and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be
inaccurate.
ex. error in determining a reading on a rod which is out of
plumb
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
ACCURACY
Indicates how close a given a given measurement is to the
absolute or true value of the quantity measured.
PRECISION
The degree of refinement and consistency with which any
physical measurement is made.
Portrayed by the closeness of one another of a set of repeated
measurements of quantities.
MOST PROBABLE VALUE ( MPV or X )
ARITHMETIC MEAN OR THE AVERAGE.
REFERS TO A QUANTITY WHICH, BASED ON AVAILABLE
DATA , HAS MORE CHANCES OF BEING CORRECT THAN
HAS ANY OTHER.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
α3 α1
Q
α2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. THE OBSERVED INTERIOR ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE ARE
A = 35°14’37”, B = 96°30’09”, AND C = 48°15’05”. DETERMINE
THE DISCRIPANCY FOR THE GIVEN OBSERVATION AND
THE MOST PROBABLE VALUE OF EACH ANGLE
4. MEASUREMENT OF THREE HORIZONTAL ANGLES ( SEE
ACCOMPANYING FIGURE ) ABOUT A POINT P ARE:
APB= 12°31’50”, BPC= 37°29’20”,AND CPD= 47°36’30”. IF
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE SINGLE ANGLE APD=
97°37’00”,DETERMINE THE MOST PROBABLE VALUES OF
THE ANGLES. D C
P A
RESIDUAL ( V )
SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS DEVIATION.
DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANY MEASURED
VALUE OF A QUANTITY AND ITS MOST PROBABLE VALUE.
PROBABLE ERROR ( PES )
A QUANTITY WHICH , WHEN ADDED TO AND SUBTRACTED
FROM THE MOST PROBABLE VALUE , DEFINES A RANGE
WITHIN WHICH THERE IS A 50 PERCENT CHANCE THAT THE
TRUE VALUE OF THE MEASURED QUANTITY LIES INSIDE (
OR OUTSIDE ) THE LIMITS THUS SET.
RELATIVE ( ERROR ) PRECISION
EXPRESSED BY A FRACTION HAVING THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE ERROR IN THE NUMERATOR AND THE MAGNITUDE OF
A MEASURED QUANTITY IN THE DENOMINATOR.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS