REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

- Essential Elements:
 Overview of the study
 Division of work as it contrasting ideas
 Explanation comparison to other research
 Conclusion and arguments
- Stages in observed writing:
 Problem formulation
 Literature research
 Data evaluation
 Analysis and interpretation
- Format of Review related Lit:
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion
- Practical tips
 Source/references should be used
 Contribution of source
 Relationship of one source to another
 Interpret the source
 Resolved if its not connected to each other
 Orig works should be place in the context
- About authors, two ways:
 In-text citation/citation = within the topic
 Bibliography/references = end
= 4 styles:
o MLA/Modern Language Association
=1883
=oldest type
=American professional in New York
o APA/American Psychological Association
=1929
=1959 – manual reference
=we used today
o The Chicago Style Manual
=1906
o Kate Turabian
=senior disquisition
=supplement of Chicago style manual
- MLA vs. APA
 NAME TITLE COPYRIGHT

MLA Full surname Italicized and After the

and first name underline publisher
and initial
middle name
APA Full surname Italicized After the
and first name author’s name
and middle
name is initial

AUTHORS TITLE COPYRIGHT PUBL PUBLISHER et al. = other/more authors

 THREE AUTHORS (List down the names in the order they appear in the title page.)

MLA Perez, Dino A., Mista, Dora C. and

Paluan, Gloria F. Carcinogenic-Foods. (Pasay
City: ABC Press, 2016).

APA Regalaa, C. A., Bautista, C. C. and

Laya, G. F. (2017). The Philippines’ Supreme
Court Justice. Pasay City: ABC Press.

EXAMPLES OF APA

o Editor, Translator, Compiler

Parehas, G. F. (2016). ed. Folk’s lucky charms. Manila: PH Press
Delarosa, L. F. (2016). comp. Philippine Banking System. Quezon City:
Abiva Publishing House
Anahaw, J. S. (2016). Summer illnesses. trans. (Makati City: Rex Press.

o Editor, Translator, Compiler with the Author

Garabillo, G. F. (2016). Science textbook writing. Edited by Gina Alano and Chito
Fortez. Manila: PH Press.
Lirado, Izza F. (2016). Classroom observations. Compiled by Baby Rapido. Quezon
City: Abiva Publishing House.

o Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works

Parayno, R. D. (2016). “Meta-cognitive reading among basic learners.”
Ph. D diss., U.P. Diliman.

o Slides and Film’s Videocasettes

Prudencio, K. C. (2016). “Urban planning.” Quezon City: Palmall Press. slides.
Barcenas, E. A. (2017). “Philippine shopping malls.” Manila: SSG Press. filmstrip.
 o Anonymous Author
(If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title page, the name is
given in the brackets)
[Candelario, E.]. The opium craze. (2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.

(If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name before the
closing bracket.)
[Candelario, E.?] The opium craze. Nowhere Press.

COMPUTER MATERIALS:

o Signed article in a magazine

Alegre, R. (July 2016). “Social-media networks.” Personality growth. Retrieved from
http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/

o Unsigned article in a magazine

“Unstructured interview. (August 2016).” Business Trends Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz.

- Ethical Standards in RL writing:

o to acknowledge the owners of borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around
copied words from books or articles.
o Avoid plagiarism or copying or duplicating other research.
o Honesty

UNDERSTANDING THE DATA AND WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA

- Method = technique to gather data
- Methodology
= section or part in the research paper that explains why the researcher use that methods
= description of the concepts
- Research design
= the plan to ensure the data collected that is fully and clearly; conduct of the research
=Common Research Designs:
o Phenomenological Design = experience of the informants; affects all informants
o Historical Design = past vs present; primary source and secondary source
o Case study Design = examination of a specific person or group
o Grounded Theory Design
= formulate and searching theories;
 = developed by Barney Glaser and Anselan Strauss, sociologists
o Action research Design = involves cycle; solving the problem; study is finished
o Meta- Analysis = not only summarize but develop new understanding

- Steps on planning a Design

o Establishing the purpose = who to address, what benefits
o Methodological location = methods and strategies to use
o Scoping = what the study cover; major and sub variables
o Nature of the data = what kind of data needed and is it relevant
o Thinking ahead = how big will be the data and intended result

- Stages of the project

o Conceptualizing stage
o Setting up data
o Sampling
o Collecting and gathering data
o Analysis
- Sampling = process that selects a portion from the population
- Population = group of persons that has a common characteristics
- Slovin’s formula = compute sample size
o N = population size
o n = sample size
o e = desired margin of error
N 2
n=
1+ Ne
- Types of Sampling:
o Probability Sampling = entire population can be selected; scientific sampling
=Types:
 Sample Random Sampling = radomly
 Stratified Random Sampling = strata/by section
 Cluster Sampling = large geographically , region
 Systematic Sampling = nth element; odd or even numbers
o Non-probability Sampling = not all members of the population; non-scientific sampling
=Types:
 Convenience Sampling = accidentally or incidentally sampling
 Quota Sampling = similar to stratified rs, but with target number/population
only
 Purposive Sampling = set of criteria; handpicking subjects; judgemental
sampling

- Research method and instrument

=Used data collection methods:
 o Individual Interviews = specific kind of info; instruments = interview schedule
=Types:
 Unstructured =knowledgeable in the study; normal convo or free exchanging
idea
 Structured = follows a particular progression
 Semi-structured = specific set of questions, also additional of probes follow up
questions

o Group Interviews = several respondents( 6-10); instruments = topic guides

=Types:
 Focus groups = participants are selected
 Natural groups = participants belong to a group
o Observation = conducts immersive matter, collecting data; instruments = observation
guide or checklist
o Surveys or questionnaires = a list of planned; written as questions about the topic
=Types of Questions:
 Yes or No
 Recognition type = choices are given
 Completion type = questions are open ended
 Coding type numbers = assigned to choices like rate
 Subjective type = free given opinions

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

- Data analysis process:

o Getting to know the data
o Focusing the analysis
o Coding
o Entering and organizing the data
o Cleaning the data
o Identifying meaningful patterns and themes
o Interpreting the data
- Format of data analysis, result and discussion = Major elements:
o Presenting the data
o Analysis
o Interpretation
o Discussion
- Guidelines:
o What are the common themes?
o Is there deviation/differences of patterns?
o What emerging stories?
o Do any pattern or thems needed to revised?
-Summary of finding = summaried or brief restatement
- Conclusion = insights drawn in the summary of findings; precised statement
- Recommendation = practical suggestion for the future researcher