UNIVERSAL EDUCATION

ICSE 2019-20
CLASS X
Subject: BIOLOGY
________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER - 5 TRANSPIRATION
SECTION I TYPE QUESTIONS
Question 1
(a) Name the following:-
1. The openings found on the undersurface of leaves.
Stomata.
2. The openings on the older stem through which transpiration occur.
Lenticels.
3. The process by which plants lose water in the form of droplets.
Guttation.
4. The loss of plant sap from injured parts of a plant.
Bleeding.
5. A plant with sunken stomata.
Nerium.
6. An apparatus to compare the rate of transpiration in cut shoot.
Ganong’s potometer.
7. Tiny epidermal pores through which guttation takes place.
Hydathodes.
8. Bean shaped nucleated cells found around the stomatal opening in the leaves.
Guard cells.
9. The process by which the aerial parts of a green plant give out water as water
vapour. Transpiration.
10. The paper which is used to show loss of water through stomata of a leaf.
Dry Cobalt chloride.
11. The plants having sunken stomata.
Xerophytes.
(b) Mention if the following statements are True or False. If False rewrite in the
correct form.
1. Low humidity in the atmosphere results in decrease in the rate of
transpiration.
Ans: False – High humidity in the atmosphere results in decrease in the rate
of transpiration.
2. Guttation occurs through stomata.
Ans: False- Guttation occurs through hydathodes.
Or Transpiration occurs through stomata.
3. Root hairs are the extensions of the outer epidermal cells of the root.
Ans: True
4. Potometer is an instrument used for measuring water uptake by the cut shoot.
Ans: True
5. Transpiration is a physiological process.
Ans: True
6. Evaporation is a physiological process.
Ans: False –Evaporation is a physical process.
7. Calcuim chloride paper is used to demonstrate transpiration.
Ans: False- Dry Cobalt chloride is used to demonstrate transpiration.
8. More transpiration occurs from the upper surface of a leaf.
Ans: False- More transpiration occurs from the under surface of a leaf.
9. Transpiration takes place only in green plants.
Ans: False- Transpiration takes place in all plants.
10. Moist cobalt chloride paper is blue is colour.
Ans: False- Moist cobalt chloride paper turns pink in colour.

(c) Match the items in column I with column II:

Column I Column II
1. Transpiration (i) Cacti plants
2. Movement of water (ii)Stomata
3. Guttation (iii) Maize plant
4. Low rate of transpiration (iv) Xylem
5. High rate of transpiration (v) Hydathodes
 Ans:
Sr.no Column I Column II (answers)
1 Transpiration Stomata
2 Movement of water Xylem
3 Guttation Hydathodes
4 Low rate of transpiration Cacti plants
5 High rate of transpiration Maize plant

(d) State the exact location of the following:

1. Stomata –Under surface of the leaves.
2. Lenticels –Lenticels are present in the bark of old woody stems.

(e) State the function of the following:-

1. Stomata – To regulate gaseous exchange during the process of
photosynthesis and respiration.
2. Guard cells –To regulate the opening and closing mechanism of stomata.
3. Sunken stomata - To minimize the rate of transpiration.
4. Hydathodes- To allow exudation of excess of water from the leaves i.e.
guttation.
5. Epidermis of the plant- To secrete a waxy layer (cuticle) to protect the
inner tissues of the leaf from the injury and prevent excessive Transpiration.
6. Lenticels –To regulate the gaseous exchange for respiration and
photosynthesis and release of water vapour in transpiration.

(f) Explain the following

1. Guttation – Guttation is the loss of water in the form of water droplets from
special structure called Hydathodes.
2. Cuticle – A cuticle is a non- cellular waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells
which protect the epidermis and reduces transpiration.
3. Stomatal transpiration – The loss of water through stomata in the form of
water vapour is known as stomatal transpiration.
4. Potometer- Potometer means a device that measures the rate of water
intake by a plant.
5. Bleeding in plants- The exudation of sap from the injured parts of a plant.
 6. Transpiration – The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the
aerial parts of the plant is called transpiration.
7. Lenticels – Lenticels are respiratory openings found on the stem of woody
plants.
8. Lenticular transpiration – The loss of water in the form of water vapour
from the lenticels of the plant is known as lenticular transpiration.

(g) Fill in the blanks:

1. Transpiration is the process by which water is lost generally from leaves in
the form of vapours.
2. Stomata are absent in submerged aquatic plants.
3. The leaves of the xerophytic have thick cuticular wax.
4. A stoma has two guard cells.
5. With an increase in the surface area of the leaves, the rate of transpiration
increases.
6. In Nerium the stomata are present in sunken pits.
7. 95% of the total transpiration takes place through stomata.
8. Transpiration normally takes place in the presence of sunlight.
9. Guttation takes place through hydathodes.

(h) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct alternative out
of those given in the brackets.
1. The loss of water through hydathodes is called guttation (transpiration/
guttation).
2. Low atmospheric pressure increase the rate of transpiration
(decreases/increases)
3. The greater the leaf area the greater will be the rate of transpiration.
(greater/lesser)
4. The higher is the temperature of air; the more is the rate of transpiration.
(more /less)
5. The process in plants which is considered as ‘price paid’ for photosynthesis is
transpiration. (Transpiration/respiration)
6. In Nerium, the stomata are present in sunken pits (sunken pits/lenticels)
 7. Transpiration has cooling effect on the leaves of a plant. (Evaporation/
Transpiration).
8. When water content of soil is low, the rate of transpiration decreases.
(increases/decreases)
9. The greater the stomatal aperture, greater is the rate of transpiration (greater/
lesser)
10. The greater is the humidity of air, the lesser is the rate of transpiration.
greater/lesser)

(i) Select the correct answer from out of the available choices under each
question:
1. Transpiration is:
a. The gain of water as water vapour by the plant.
b. The loss of water as water vapour by the plant.
c. The diffusion of water from a more concentrated solution to a less concentrated
one.
Ans: (b) The loss of water as water vapour by the plant.

2. Transpiration pull will be maximum under which of the following conditions:

a. Open stomata, dry atmosphere and moist soil.
b. Open stomata high humid atmosphere and well irrigated soil.
c. Open stomata, high humid atmosphere and dry soil.
Ans: (a) Open stomata, dry atmosphere and moist soil.

3. If the rate of transpiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis,

plants will:
a. Be dead instantly.
b. Grow more vigorously because more energy will be available.
c. Stop growing and gradually die of starvation.
Ans: (c) Stop growing and gradually die of starvation.

4. A Potometer directly measures the rate of:

a. Water loss in a cut shoot.
b. Water uptake in a cut shoot.
c. Water uptake in a whole plant.
Ans: (a) Water uptake in a cut shoot.
5. An essential constituent element of the chlorophyll molecule is:
a. Magnesium.
b. Iron.
c. Calcium.
Ans: (a) Magnesium

6. Transpiration will be fastest when the day is:

a. Hot, humid and windy.
b. Hot, humid and still.
c. Hot, dry and windy.
Ans: (c) Hot, dry and windy.

7. On a sunny day, most water is likely to be lost from a plant through:

a. Stomata.
b. Lenticels.
c. Cuticle
Ans: (a) Stomata.

j. Differentiate between the following:-

1.
Transpiration
1. Transpiration is elimination of
water in form of water vapor
from aerial parts of the plant.
2. Xylem plays an important role.
Translocation
Translocation is transport of food
materials within the Plant from
green leaf to different parts.
Phloem plays an important role.

2.
Evaporation Transpiration
1. It is loss of water from any free It is loss of water in form of vapour
surface of water. from aerial parts of the plants.
2. It is a fast process. It is a slow process.
 3.
Lenticular Transpiration Stomatal transpiration
1. It takes place from lenticels. It takes place through the stomata.
2. Transpiration is very less. Transpiration is more.

4.
Transpiration Guttation
1. Loss of water in form of water Loss of water in liquid state along
vapor. with dissolved salts.
2. It takes place through stomata It takes place through hydathodes.
and lenticels.
5.
Cobalt chloride paper Goat’s bladder
1. It is used for the process of It is used for the process of osmosis
transpiration to check the as semi permeable membrane.
presence of water.

SECTION II TYPE QUESTIONS

Diagram based questions.
Q1. The diagram below represents a certain physiological process in plants:

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

Ans: To show that plants expel out water in form of water vapour from leaves
during transpiration.

2. Why is the pot covered with a polythene bag?

Ans: To check the evaporation of water from the soil.
 3. What is the structure labeled ‘X?
Ans: Dry Blue cobalt chloride paper.

4. What change would you observe in ‘X’ after a while? Explain

Ans: The colour of ‘X’ changes from blue to pink.
The water vapour given off from the leaves saturates the atmosphere inside
the jar and moistens the paper; as a result the blue colour of the paper
turns pink.

Q2. Three plants A, B and C are placed in beakers containing coloured water.
The water in each beaker is covered with a layer of oil. The leaves were
removed from plant B, while plant C was exposed to strong light.

1. In which plant A, B or C would the water move up fastest?

Ans: C.
2. In which plant would water move slowly?
Ans: B.
3. Why is the water covered with oil?
Ans: The water is covered with oil to prevent loss of water by surface
evaporation.
4. What is being investigated by this experiment?
Ans: The intensity of light has a direct effect on the rate of transpiration. Here
strong light increases the rate of transpiration which results in the rapid
absorption of water by roots.
Q3. The diagram given below represents the vertical section of a leaf:

1. Name the parts labeled 1 to 5.

Ans. 1. Cuticle.
2. Upper epidermis.
3. Palisade Mesophyll cells.
4. Spongy Mesophyll cells.
5. Guard cell of stoma.
2. What do the two arrows (dotted and solid) indicate in the day time and at
night?
Ans. 1. In the day time dotted arrow shows the path of carbon dioxide while solid
arrow shows the path of oxygen.
2. At night dotted arrow shows the path of oxygen while solid arrow shows the
path of carbon dioxide.
3. Could you add one more arrow in the figure? If yes, what for?
Ans: Yes, we can add one more arrow pointing outward to show the loss of water in
form of water vapour during transpiration.
4. How many leaf veins have been shown in this section?
Ans: Only one.

Q4. Observe the diagram and answer the question that follows.
 1. What is the apparatus shown above called? State its purpose.
Ans: The apparatus shown above is called potometer. Its purpose is to find out
water uptake by the cut shoot.

2. State use of : (a) Capillary tube. (b) Scale. (c) Water reservoir.
Ans: (a) The capillary tube is used to connect the bottle with the beaker
containing water.
(b) Scale is used to measure the distance travelled by the air bubble, i.e.,
volume of water transpired.
(c) Water reservoir is used to reset air bubble in the apparatus by
releasing water.

3. What happens to the movement of air bubbles if the apparatus is kept:

(a) In sunlight (b) in dark (c) in front of a fan?
Ans: (a) In sunlight, the air bubble moves rapidly.
(b) In dark, the air bubble does not show movement.
(c) In front of a fan, the air bubble shows faster movement.

Q5. The given diagram represents an experiment to demonstrate a certain

phenomenon in a green plant.

.
1. Has the level of mercury in the glass tube risen or fallen?
Ans: The level of mercury in the glass tube has risen.

2. Name the life process of the plant which has caused the change in
the level of mercury.
Ans: Transpiration pull.
 3. Define the process named above.
Ans: The flow of water from the soil through the vascular tissues of the plant
to the evaporating surfaces is called Transpiration pull.

4. State any three advantages of this process to the plant.

Ans: (a)Cooling effect-It is helpful to plants on hot sunny days.
(b)Distribution of water and mineral salts throughout the plant body.
(c)Helps in ascent of sap by producing a suction force acting from the
top of a plant.

5. Which conducting tissue of the plant does the glass- tubing

represents –xylem or phloem?
Ans: Xylem.

Q6. The figure given below represents an experiment performed to

demonstrate certain phenomenon in plants. The setup was kept in
sunlight for about two hours.

1. What is the aim of the experiment?

Ans: The aim of the experiment is to show transpiration.

2. Define the process mentioned in (a) above.

Ans: Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the
aerial parts of the plants.

3. What do you observe in the experiment as an evidence of the process

stated in (a) and (b) above?
Ans: The inner surface of polythene bag shows the presence of water
droplets which shows that the water is lost during the process of
transpiration.
 4. What precautions are taken for proper results in the experiment?
Ans: (a) The apparatus should not be kept in very hot place as the water
vapour will not be able to condense.
(b) The polythene bag should be air tight to prevent the entry of water
vapour from outside.

5. Suggest a suitable control experiment for comparison.

Ans. We can carry out an control experiment using a plant from which all the
leaves have been removed.

Q7. The diagram given below represents the setup at the start of a certain
experiment to demonstrate an activity of plants.

1. What is the aim of the experiment?

Ans: The aim of experiment is to demonstrate transpiration.

2. Why has oil been put in each test tube?

Ans: The oil has been put to prevent the evaporation of water from the surface.

3. What will be the observation in the two test tubes after about 2-3 days?
Ans: The level of water in the test-tube A will fall but there will be no change in
tube B.

4. Give reason to explain any change observed as answered in(c) above.

Ans: The decrease in the water level in test tube A is due to transpiration.

5. Why has the test tube B without the plant been taken in the experiment?
Ans: The test tube B has been kept without plant to demonstrate a control
experiment, and confirm that water is lost from the plants by transpiration.
Q8. The diagram shown below is an apparatus used to study a particular
phenomenon in plants:

1. Name the apparatus.

Ans: Ganong’s potometer

2. What is it used for?

Ans: To measure the rate of water uptake by cut shoot.

3. What is the role played by the air-bubble in this experiment?

Ans: The bubble moves along in the capillary tube and shows the pull of
water from the beaker and we can calculate transpiration rate per
minute.

4. Of what use is the reservoir?

Ans: Reservoir helps in pushing back the bubble to its original position by
releasing water.

5. What happens to the movement of the air bubble if the apparatus in

kept:
(a) In the dark (b) in sunlight (c) in front of a fan?
Give a reason in each case.
Ans. (a) It will not move, i.e. no transpiration will occur due to closed stomata.
(b) The bubble will move rapidly.
(c) Bubble will move faster as transpiration increases with the increasing
velocity of wind.
 6. Name the structure in a plant through which the above process takes
place.
Ans. Stomata, lenticels, cuticle.

Q9. Given below is the diagram of an experimental set up to study the

process of transpiration in plants. Study the same and then answer
the questions that follow:

1. What is the colour of dry cobalt chloride paper?

Ans: Dry cobalt chloride paper is blue in colour.

2. Is the experimental leaf a monocot or a dicot? Give a reason to support

your answer.
Ans: It is a dicot leaf because it has reticulate venation.

3. Why is glass slides placed over the dry cobalt chloride paper?
Ans: To prevent atmospheric water vapour from interfering the experiment
and also to have better contact between leaf and the paper.

4. After about half an hour what change, if any, would you expect to find in
the cobalt chloride paper placed on the dorsal and ventral sides of the
leaf? Give a reason to support your answer.
Ans: The cobalt chloride paper placed on the lower of the leaf turns pink much
earlier than the paper placed on the upper surface of the leaf.
As more stomata are present on lower surface of the leaf the rate of
transpiration is faster on the lower surface.
 5. Define the term ‘transpiration’.
Ans: Loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant
is termed as transpiration.

Q.10. Given below is an experimental set up to demonstrate a certain

phenomenon in plants.

a. Name the phenomenon being demonstrated.

Ans: transpiration
b. What is the purpose of putting oil in the test tube?
Ans: To prevent water loss from the surface.
c. What is the purpose of the spring balance in the set up?
Ans: To measure the loss of water by comparing it with the loss in weight.
d. Would it make any difference if the experimental set-up is kept in bright
sunshine?
Ans: Yes it would make a difference as there will be more loss in weight due to
increase in the rate of transpiration.

Q.11) Given below is a diagram of Garreau’s potometer designed to

demonstrate unequal transpiration from the two surfaces of a dorsiventral
leaf. Before keeping the leaf in between the cups, anhydrous calcium
chloride contained in two small vials were weighed and placed in both the
cups. The ends of the cups were closed with corks through which two
mercury manometers were connected. After few hours, CaCl2 vials were
taken out and weighed again.

a. What is the purpose of keeping CaCl2 vials inside the cup?

Ans : To absorb moisture.
b. After few hours CaCl2 vials were taken out and weighed again. Will you
expect any difference in weigh? If so, give reason.
Ans: The CaCl2 vial in the upper cup weighs less as compared to the CaCl2
vials kept in the lower cup. The upper surface of leaf has fewer stomata
than the lower surface so more transpiration takes place from the lower
surface.
c. What is the purpose of using a manometer?
Ans: Manometers are used to indicate the unequal transpiration from two
surfaces showing difference in rise in the mercury levels.
d. What is transpiration?
Ans: Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water from the aerial parts of the
plant.
 Q.12.The figure given below represents an experimental set up with a
weighing machine to demonstrate a particular process in plants. The
experimental set up was placed in bright sunlight. Study the diagram and
answer the following questions.

a. Name the process intended for study.

Ans: Transpiration.
b. Define the above mentioned process.
Ans: Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water from the aerial parts of the
plant.
c. When the weight of the test tubes A and B is taken before and after the
experiment, what change is observed.? Justify.
Ans Weight of test tube A will decrease after the experiment due to loss of water
from the leaves. Weight of test tube B will remain same as water is not lost by
transpiration as well as by evaporation due to oil on the surface.
d. What is the purpose of keeping test tube B in the experiment set up?
Ans: Test tube B acts as a control set up and helps to compare the level of
water in test tube A.

10. Give reasons for the following:

1. Xerophytes have their leaves modified to spines or reduced in size.
Ans. To decrease the loss of water by transpiration from the broad leaf lamina as
they are found in water scare areas.
 2. Perspiration and transpiration help to cool the body temperature of the
organism.
Ans. The heat required to convert water into water vapour is taken from the
organism’s body and this lowers down the body temperature.

3. Cork and bark of trees help in preventing loss of water.

Ans. They are made up of dead cells and are impermeable.

4. In most plant the stomata are more numerous on the lower surface of the
leaf. Why?
Ans. The lower surface of a leaf does not face direct sunlight and this helps in
reducing the rate of transpiration.

5. Leaves sometimes drip water at night.

Ans. Leaves sometime drip water at night due to the high root pressure and
lower rate of transpiration leading to guttation.

6. Guttation usually happens at night when stomata are closed causing water
evaporation to slow down.
Ans. At night when stomata are closed transpiration slows down so the
excess of water in plants is released through guttation.

7. A well-watered potted plant shows wilting of leaves on a hot sunny day.

Ans. On a hot sunny day the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of
water absorption by root which results in the wilting of leaves.

8. Transpiration is important for plants.

Ans. Transpiration is important as it:
1. Helps in the absorption of water and minerals
2. It has a cooling effect on plants
 9. Droplets of water may sometimes be seen along the margins of the leaves of
banana growing in wet soil, in morning.
Ans. These droplets are formed due to the loss of water from special openings
called hydathodes present on the margins of the leaves.
This phenomenon is called guttation and is caused by the high root
pressure.

Question 3
Answer the following questions:
1. List three anatomical adaptations of the leaf that check excessive
transpiration.
Ans: 1. Sunken stomata
2. Thick layer of cuticle
3. Narrow leaves
4. Fewer stomata.

2. Why does transpiration generally occur during day time?

Ans. The stomata are open during day time and close during night time and
hence transpiration generally occurs during day time.

3. List three conditions that favour (accelerate) transpiration.

Ans. 1. High temperature
2. Dry air (low humidity)
3. Fast moving wind

4. Why do plants absorb more water than what is required by them?

Ans. The plants absorb more water than required to obtain sufficient amount of
minerals as they are present in very small quantity in water.

5. How do light, wind and humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

Ans. 1. High intensity of light and strong wind increase the rate of transpiration
2. More humidity decreases the rate of transpiration.
 6. What is relationship between the rate of water absorption and the rate of
transpiration?
Ans. The rate of water absorption is generally proportional to the rate of
transpiration.

7. What is wilting? What are the causes of this condition?

Ans. The collapse of leaves due to loss of water (flaccidity) is called
wilting. It may be caused due to excessive transpiration, blocking of
xylem elements or some diseases.

8. Suggest why girdling a tree (removing bark layer down to the xylem) can
kill the tree.
Ans. Girdling damages the phloem, cutting off the food supply to the roots.

9. In what two ways does sunlight increase the rate of transpiration?

Ans. 1. Transpiration speeds up when light intensity increases because the
stomata respond to change in light intensity.
2. Sunlight may also warm up the leaves and increase evaporation.

10. Explain why, during day transpiration and photosynthesis are

interlinked.
Ans. During the day, the stomata are open to facilitate the inward diffusion
CO2 for photosynthesis and at the same time transpiration also takes
place.

11. There is a general belief that forests tend to bring more frequent
rains. Could you explain it scientifically?
Ans. 1. The trees in the forest give out large quantities of water during
transpiration.
2. This increases the moisture in the atmosphere leading to the
formation of clouds.
3. The clouds on condensation cause rains.
12. State how wind velocity affects water loss from leaves.
Ans. When the wind blows hard, the water vapour released during
transpiration is removed faster and the area outside the leaf does not get
saturated with water vapour.

13. What precautions would you take to set up a Potometer?

Ans. The leafy shoot should be cut obliquely and under the water to avoid
suction of an air bubble into the cut shoot’s xylem.
1. The apparatus should be completely water-tight.
2. The air bubble should be set on zero point by opening the reservoir
carefully.

14. Describe the structure of guard cells.

Ans. 1. Guard cells are kidney- shaped cells which surround the stoma.
2. Each guard cell contains a nucleus and chloroplast.

15. Mention any four adaptations to check excess of transpiration.

Ans. 1. The stomata are sunken.
2. The leaves are absent or reduced or modified into spines in
xerophytes.
3. The leaves may be covered with thick cuticle.
4. The number of stomata may be reduced.

16. Explain any two factors affecting transpiration.

Ans. Temperature: Increase in temperature allows more water to evaporate
and decrease in temperature reduces the rate of transpiration.
Humidity: Transpiration is reduced if the air outside is humid.

17. Give the disadvantage of transpiration to plants.

Ans. 1. Due to excessive transpiration, leaves undergo wilting and then may
dry.
2. It causes death of millions of plants all over.
 18. List three morphological adaptations of the leaf that check excessive
transpiration.
Ans: 1. Loss of leaves
2. Reduced exposed surfaces-leaves may get rolled or folded to reduced the
surface area
3. Leaves modified into spines as in xerophytes.