‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Lecture 22‬‬
‫‪Phys. 251:‬‬ ‫‪Modern Physics‬‬
‫‪Physics Department‬‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪Yarmouk University 21163 Irbid Jordan‬‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ )ذي ﻋﻤﻖ‬
‫‪Finite Potential Well‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪود( ﻓﻲ ﺑُﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫)‪Schrödinger’s Equation (5‬‬
‫‪© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat‬‬
‫‪http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Courses/Phys251/Lec5-6‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة ‪٢٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ )ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ(‬

‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺟُﺴﻴﻤﴼ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬وﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ‪ E‬ﻗﺎدﻣﴼ ﻣﻦ ∞ ‪ x=-‬ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺻﻨﺪوق‪،‬‬
‫ف ‪ : ٢٥١‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪١‬‬
‫ذي ﺟﺪران ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮاق‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ‪ ،L‬وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ ، V0‬ﺑﺤﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺚ أن‪+‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك‬ ‫‪.E<U‬‬
‫‪ ٢١١٦٣‬إرﺑﺪ اﻷردن‬ ‫ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ أنْ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺌﺮ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴ‪+‬ﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮل ﺑﺄ ‪+‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺌ ًﺔ وذﻫﺎﺑﴼ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺪاري اﻟﺒﺌﺮ وﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺣﺒﻴﺴﴼ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(٥‬‬ ‫ﻧُﻌﺮ‪I‬ف ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:(6-5‬‬

‫د‪.‬ﻧﻀﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪات‬ ‫©‬

‫= )‪V(x‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬
‫‪0<x<L‬‬
‫‪x > L or x < 0‬‬
‫‪52-5‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(x<0 & x>L‬‬

‫ﻳُﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 6-5‬اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 54-5‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ I‬و ‪( III‬‬
‫) ‪h d ψ(x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪+ V0 ψ ( x ) = E ψ( x‬‬ ‫‪I & III‬‬ ‫‪54-5‬‬
‫‪2m d x2‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬ ‫‪d2 ψ ( x ) 2 m‬‬
‫‪+ 2 (E − U ) ψ ( x ) = 0‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬ ‫‪d x2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫ن اﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮاﻛﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ داﻟﺘﻴْﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ رأﻳﻨﺎ أ ‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪Region I‬‬ ‫‪ψ I (x ) = A e + K x + B e − K x‬‬ ‫‪55-5‬‬

‫‪Region III‬‬ ‫‪ψ III (x ) = C e + K x + D e − K x‬‬ ‫‪56-5‬‬

‫{‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0<x<L‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫= )‪V(x‬‬ ‫‪52-5‬‬ ‫) ‪2 m (V0 − E‬‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫‪V0‬‬ ‫‪x > L II or x < 0 III‬‬ ‫= ‪K2‬‬ ‫‪>0‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(0<x<L‬‬

‫‪ (1‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺟُﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬ﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪. 52-5‬‬ ‫ب( ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 53-5‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪(II‬‬
‫‪d2 ψ II ( x ) 2 m‬‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ – ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬ ‫‪+ 2 E ψ II ( x ) = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪d x2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪h d‬‬
‫‪H=−‬‬ ‫‪+V‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪d2 ψ II ( x‬‬
‫‪2 m dx 2‬‬ ‫‪+ k 2 ψ II ( x ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬
‫‪d x2‬‬
‫ن )‪ V(x‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ُﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬‫‪ (3‬ﺑﻤﺎ أ ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴ‪-‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮاﻛﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﻴْﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺘﻴْﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺘﻴْﻦ‬
‫) ‪h 2 d ψ II ( x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪= E ψ II ( x‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪53-5‬‬ ‫‪Region II‬‬ ‫‪ψ II (x ) = F e + i k x + G e − i k x‬‬ ‫‪57-5‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪2π‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪2 mE‬‬
‫) ‪h 2 d2 ψ(x‬‬ ‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫‪=2π‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫أو‬ ‫= ‪k2‬‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪+ V0 ψ( x ) = E ψ ( x‬‬ ‫‪I & III‬‬ ‫‪54-5‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪2 mE‬‬ ‫‪2 mE‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬
‫‪2m d x2‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ – ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ )‪ ،Ψ(x,t‬ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ أ ْ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ، ψα(x‬ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ ،α = I, II or III‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺤﺪد ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ψ I (x = 0 ) = ψ II (x = 0‬‬ ‫‪⇒ A =F + G‬‬
‫إذا ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ ، ψ1(x‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮي اﻟﺤﺪ ‪ B e- K x‬واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ∞‪) x → -‬وﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪ψ II (x = L ) = ψ III (x = L ) ⇒ D e − K L = F e − i k L + G e − i k L‬‬
‫ن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‪ ،‬ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻻﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈ ‬ ‫‪58-5‬‬
‫) ‪ψ I′ (x = 0 ) = ψ II ′ (x = 0 ) ⇒ K A = i k (F − G‬‬
‫وإذا ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ ، ψIII (x‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮي اﻟﺤﺪ ‪ C e+ K x‬واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ∞ → ‪) x‬وﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳُﻔﺘﺮض أ ‬
‫ن‬ ‫‪ψ II ′ (x = L ) = ψ III ′ (x = L )⇒ − K D e‬‬
‫‪−KL‬‬
‫‪= i k F eikL + G e−ikL‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‪ ،‬ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈ ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻻﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ  ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ )اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣُﻜﻤﺎة(‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫دوال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫ء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 7-5‬اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺜﻼث اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ΨIII‬ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫‪ ΨI‬و‬ ‫‪(1‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬

‫‪A e + K xe − i E t h‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ُأﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ + ik x − iEt h‬‬
‫‪ψ (x , t ) = F e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪+Ge‬‬ ‫‪−ikx −iEt h‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬
‫‪57-5‬‬
‫‪(2‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−K x − iE t h‬‬
‫‪D e e‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬ ‫ن‪:‬‬
‫ﻷ ‪/‬‬
‫‪2 m (U − E) 2 2 m E‬‬
‫= ‪K2‬‬ ‫‪<k = 2‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪λ I or III > λ II‬‬

‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪13‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة ‪٢٣‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 8-5‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺜﻼث اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ف ‪ : ٢٥١‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪١‬‬
‫ن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ أ ‪/‬‬ ‫ن أﻫ ‪/‬‬
‫إ ‪/‬‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻻ ﺗُﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮﴽ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك‬
‫)ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪(III‬‬ ‫‪ ٢١١٦٣‬إرﺑﺪ اﻷردن‬
‫ن اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫أي أ ‪/‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻻ ﻳُﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮﴽ!‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫ن اﻟﺠﺪران ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨ‪/‬ﻨﺎ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ أ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ‪/‬ﴽ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬
‫د‪.‬ﻧﻀﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪات‬ ‫©‬

‫‪Lecture 23‬‬
‫‪Phys. 251:‬‬ ‫‪Modern Physics‬‬
‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪Physics Department‬‬
‫‪Yarmouk University 21163 Irbid Jordan‬‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﺮض ﻣﺴﻴﺮه ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪Potential Barrier‬‬ ‫ﺑُﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫)‪Schrödinger’s Equation (6‬‬
‫‪© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat‬‬
‫‪http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Courses/Phys251/Lec5-7‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪19‬‬

‫)ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ(‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺟﻬﺪ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺟُﺴﻴﻤﴼ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬وﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ‪ E‬ﻗﺎدﻣﴼ ﻣﻦ ∞‪ x=-‬ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺟﻬﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺟُﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬ﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪. 59-5‬‬
‫ﺚ أن ‪.E<U‬‬‫ذي ﻋﺮض ﻣُﺤﺪد ‪ ،L‬وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ ، V0‬ﺑﺤﻴ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ – ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬
‫ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ أنْ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺌﺮ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪h d2‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار اﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ وﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫‪H=−‬‬ ‫‪+V‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 m dx 2‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎره‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺮى أن ﻣﻮﺟﺔ دي ﺑﺮوي اﻟﻤُﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫ن )‪ V(x‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ُﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻧ‪+‬ﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺑﻤﺎ أ ‪+‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﴼ وﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﴼ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻴُﺴﺮى!‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴ;ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪h 2 d2 ψ(x‬‬
‫ﻧُﻌﺮ‪L‬ف ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:(9-5‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪+ V0 ψ( x ) = E ψ ( x‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪60-5‬‬
‫‪2m d x2‬‬
‫= )‪V(x‬‬ ‫{‬ ‫‪V0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0<x<L‬‬
‫‪x > L or x < 0‬‬
‫‪59-5‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) ‪h 2 d ψ II ( x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2 m d x2‬‬
‫) ‪= E ψ II ( x‬‬ ‫‪I & III‬‬ ‫‪61-5‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(x<0 & x>L‬‬

‫ﻳُﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 9-5‬اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 61-5‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ I‬و ‪( III‬‬
‫) ‪h 2 d ψ (x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪+ U ψ(x ) = E ψ (x‬‬ ‫‪I & III‬‬ ‫‪61-5‬‬
‫‪Energy‬‬ ‫‪2 m d x2‬‬
‫‪d2 ψ ( x ) 2 m‬‬
‫‪+ 2 (E − U ) ψ ( x ) = 0‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪d x2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ رأﻳﻨﺎ أن اﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮاﻛﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ داﻟﺘﻴْﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Region I‬‬ ‫‪ψ I (x ) = A e + K x + B e − K x‬‬ ‫‪63-5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪ψ III (x ) = C e‬‬ ‫‪+K x‬‬
‫‪+De‬‬ ‫‪−K x‬‬
‫‪64-5‬‬

‫{‬
‫‪Region III‬‬
‫‪+V0 0 < x < L‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫= )‪V(x‬‬ ‫‪59-5‬‬ ‫‪2 mE‬‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪x > L II or x < 0 III‬‬ ‫= ‪k 12‬‬ ‫‪>0‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ )‪(0<x<L‬‬ ‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫ب( ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 60-5‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪(II‬‬ ‫ء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ً‬
‫‪h 2 d2 ψ II‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+ V0 ψ II = E ψ II‬‬
‫‪2 m dx 2‬‬
‫‪A e+ i 1 e− i‬‬ ‫‪k x‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪+ B e− i‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪k x‬‬
‫‪e− i‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪d2 ψ II 2 m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪− 2 ( V0 − E ) ψ II = 0‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬
‫‪dx 2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪Ψ (x , t ) =  C e − 2 e − i‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪+De‬‬ ‫‪+ k2 x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪− iEt h‬‬
‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪65-5‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮاﻛﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ داﻟﺘﻴْﻦ‬ ‫‪ +i 1 −i‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪F e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Et‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
‫‪Region II‬‬ ‫‪ψ II ( x ) = C e‬‬ ‫‪k2 x‬‬
‫‪+De‬‬ ‫‪k2 x‬‬
‫‪64-5‬‬

‫) ‪2 m ( V0 − E‬‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫= ‪k 22‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ – ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ )‪ ،Ψ(x,t‬ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ أ ْ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ، ψα(x‬ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫ﺚ ‪ ،α = I, II or III‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺤﺪد ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ψ I (x = 0 ) = ψ II (x = 0‬‬ ‫‪⇒ A + B=C+D‬‬
‫إذا ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ ، ψI(x‬ﻓﺈ ‪0‬‬
‫ن اﻟﺤﺪ ‪ B e- i k x‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﺜ‪6‬ﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺪار ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪ψ II (x = L ) = ψ III (x = L‬‬ ‫‪⇒ C e − k 2 L + D ek 2 L = F e i k1 L‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪ψ = ψ+ + ψ-‬‬ ‫‪66-5‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜ‪6‬ﻞ ‪ ψ+‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺒﺌﺮ )أي ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ‪ (x+‬و ‪ψ-‬‬
‫) ‪ψ I′ (x = 0 ) = ψ II ′ (x = 0 ) ⇒ i k 1 (A − B ) = − k 2 (C − D‬‬

‫‪ψ II ′ (x = L ) = ψ III ′ (x = L ) ⇒ − k 2 (C e − D e‬‬ ‫‪) = i k 1 F e i k1 L‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ‪.x-‬‬ ‫‪k2 L‬‬ ‫‪− k2 L‬‬

‫وإذا ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ ، ψΙΙΙ (x‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪0‬ﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧ‪0‬ﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮي اﻟﺤﺪ ‪ G e- i k x‬واﻟﺬي‬
‫ن ﺟﺰءﴽ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ∞ → ‪ x‬وﺑﻤﺎ أﻧ‪0‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أ ‪0‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ  ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ )اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣُﻜﻤﺎة(‬
‫ن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﺈ ‪0‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬

‫إﻳﺠﺎد ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫دوال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﻴﻞ‪ .‬واﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 10-5‬داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ A‬ﻷ ﻧﻪ ﻳُﻤﺜ>ﻞ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ‪ ψ‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ُأﺳﻲ‪،‬وﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ داﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫‪II‬‬

‫ن‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻷ )‬
‫‪A +B=C+D‬‬ ‫‪67-5‬‬ ‫‪2 m (U − E ) 2 2 m E‬‬
‫= ‪k 22‬‬ ‫‪> k1 = 2‬‬
‫‪C e − k 2 L + D e k 2 L = F e i k1 L‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪68-5‬‬

‫‪i k1 A − i k1 B = − k 2 C + k 2 D‬‬ ‫‪69-5‬‬

‫‪− k 2 C e − k2 L + k 2 D e − k2 L = i k 1 F e i k1 L‬‬ ‫‪70-5‬‬

‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5 : Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫إﻳﺠﺎد ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ‬

‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ B‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ 67-5‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻫﻲ ‪) vI+‬وﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧُﻌﺮ>ف ”ﺗﺪﻓﻖ“ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫‪B=C+D− A‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ )‪ (incident flux‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪6-5‬ﻧُﻌﻮض ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪S = |ΨI+| vI+ = A A vI+ = |A|2 vI+‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪71-5‬‬
‫‪i k 1 A − i k 1 (C + D − A ) = − k 2 C + k 2 D‬‬ ‫ﺚ | ‪ |Ψ‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‪ .‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪ S‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬ ‫‪I+‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻦ! أو اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬

‫‪ C‬وﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪C = i k 1 A − i k 1 (C + D − A ) = − k 2 C + k 2 D‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬
‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧُﻌﺮ>ف ”ﺗﺪﻓﻖ“ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻴُﻤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ )‪ (transmitted flux‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪S’ = |ΨIII+| 2 vIII+ = |ΨIII| 2 vI+ = F* F vI+ = |F|2 vI+‬‬ ‫‪72-5‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23‬‬

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29 31

(Transmission Probability) ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ‬ A/F ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬

،‫ﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬
َ ‫وﻧُﻌﺮف اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴ‬ . F ‫ و‬A ‫ن ﻧﺠﺪ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﻴْﻦ‬
ْ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ أ‬
:‫أي‬ A  1 i  k 2 k 1   ( i k 1 + k 2 )L  1 i  k 2 k 1   (i k 1 − k 2 )L
=  +  −  e +  −  −   e
S′ F F  2 4  k 1 k 2  
2
 2 4  k 1 k 2  
T= = 73-5
S A2 k 2 k1
− ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
k1 k 2

‫ن ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت‬

) ‫ن ﻫﻨﺎك اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ً أ‬
) ‫ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أ‬T > 0  k 2 k1  2 m (U − E) h 2 2 m E h2
 − = −
k k 
 1 2  2 m E h2 2 m (U − E) h 2
II ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ دﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
U 1
= −1−
E U
−1
E
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23 © Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23

30 32

(Tunnel effect) ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎت‬

‫ﺗُﺴﻤ)ﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ أي ﻣُﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة‬  k 2 k1   U  k2
 −  ≈ 
 k k  U >> E E − 1  = k
.(Tunneling effect) ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎد ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﻖ‬  1 2    1

َ ‫ ﺑﻴ‬ψII ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮض أﻳﻀﴼ ان اﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻹﺿﻌﺎف‬

x=L ‫ و‬x=0 ‫ﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴ)ﺔ ﻧﻔﺎذ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ‬Gamow ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻏﺎﻣﻮف‬
e k L >> e − k L 2 :‫ن‬
) ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ أ‬
2

‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳُﻌﺮف ﺑﺈﺷﻌﺎع أﻟﻔﺎ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻮراﻧﻴﻮم‬،‫أﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ذرات ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬

.441 ‫ و ف‬351 ‫ ف‬، 253 ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ – أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﺎت ف‬ : F ‫ و‬A ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﺗُﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

A  1 i  k 2 k 1   (i k 1 + k 2 ) L  1 i k 2  (i k 1 + k 2 ) L
= +  −  e + − e
F  2 4  k 1 k 2    2 4 k1  74-5
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23 © Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23

15 16
33 35

|F|2 / |A|2 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ أﺧﻴﺮ‬

2 m (U − E ) h 2 U
2
A*  1 - i k 2  ( - i k1 + k 2 ) L  1 i k 2  ( i k1 + k 2 ) L  k2 
= + + +   = = −1
e e k  2 m E h2
 2 4 k1   2 4 k1 
F *  1 E

A * A  1 ( - i k1 + k 2 ) L   1 ( i k 1 + k 2 ) L  − 2k2 L
‫ﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
 ‫ن اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴْﻦ ] [ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻗ‬
 ‫ن ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أ‬
 ‫إ‬
= e  e  e
F* F  2  2  .1 ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴْﻦ ] [ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.E ‫ و‬U ‫ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
 - i k 2 (- i k + k ) L   i k 2 ( - i k + k ) L 
+  e   (‫ ﺑ ِـ )دون ارﺗﻜﺎب ﺧﻄﺄ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬T ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
 4k e
1 2 1 2

4 k 
 1  1 
T ≈ e − 2k2 L 76-5
1 ik  1 ik 
+  2 e (i k 1 + k 2 ) L  −  2 e (i k1 + k 2 ) L 
2  4 k1  2  4 k1 
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23 © Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23

34 36

(Transmission factor) ‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣُﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬E = 1.0 eV ‫ﺔ‬%‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻴ‬
A* A 1 k2 
=  + 2 2  e 2 k2 L .V0 = 10.0 eV ‫ وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ‬L = 5 Å
F* F  4 16 k 1  k2 ‫ و‬k1 ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬-
−1 −1
 A* A 
F*F  1 k2   .‫ وﻗﺎرن ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬76-5 ‫ و‬75-5 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬T ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬-
T= =  =   + 2 2  e 2 k2 L 
* *
A A  F F    4 16 k 1   2 m c2 E 2 × 511000 × 1 0 −1 :‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
k1 = = = 0 .513 A
 −1
 − 2 k2 L h2 c2 1970
 4k2 + k2  16
=  1 2 2  e − 2k2 L =  2
e −1
 16 k 1   4 + (k 2 / k 1 ) 
75-5
k2 =
2 m c 2 ( V0 − E )
=
2 × 511000 × 9 0

= 3 × k 1 = 1.539 A
h2 c2 1970

2 k 2 L = 2 × 1.539 × 5 = 15 .39
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23

17 18
37

T ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ٢٤ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬
:‫ن‬

‫ ﻧﺠﺪ أ‬76-5 ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
Tapp . ≈ e −2 k 2 L = e − 15.4 = 2.07 × 10 −7
١ ‫ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬: ٢٥١ ‫ف‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك‬
:‫ن‬

‫ ﻧﺠﺪ أ‬75-5 ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
 16  − 2 k 2 L  16  − 2 k 2 L
‫ إرﺑﺪ اﻷردن‬٢١١٦٣
T= 2
= 2
‫اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
e e
 4 + (k 2 / k 1 )  4 + 3 
= 1.23 × 2.07 × 10 −7 = 1.23 Tapp
(٧) ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬
.‫ﺲ اﻟﻔﺎرق ﻛﺒﻴﺮﴽ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴْﻦ وﻫﺬا ﻳُﺒﺮر اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎه‬
َ ‫ﻟﻴ‬
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 23
‫ﻧﻀﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪات‬.‫د‬ ©

Lecture 24
Phys. 251: Modern Physics
Physics Department ‫اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬
Yarmouk University 21163 Irbid Jordan
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑُﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Schrödinger’s Equation (7)
© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat
http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Courses/Phys251/Lec5-8

19 20
‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﺰ
از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻬﺰ
از ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪(Harmonic Motion‬‬ ‫‪dx 2‬‬ ‫ن‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺈ *‬
‫‪F= −k x =m‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻫﺘﺰاز ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻮل وﺿﻊ اﺗﺰاﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪dt 2‬‬
‫‪dx 2 k‬‬
‫وﺷﺮط اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴ*ﺔ ﻫﻮ وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮة إرﺟﺎع ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫‪+ x=0‬‬ ‫‪78-5‬‬
‫‪dt 2 m‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدﺗﻪ اﻟﻰ وﺿﻌﻪ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮى أﺧﺮى ﻣﺒﺪ‪E‬دة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ )وﻧﻘﻮل أﻳﻀﴼ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴ*ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ن اﻻﻫﺘﺰاز ﺣﻮل وﺿﻊ اﻻﺗﺰان ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ!‬
‫ﻣُﺨﻤ‪E‬ﺪة( ﻓﺈ *‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )أي )‪(x(t‬‬
‫ء ﻣﻦ اﻫﺘﺰاز زﻧﺒﺮك اﻟﻰ‬
‫واﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ :‬اﺑﺘﺪا ً‬ ‫وﺣﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ
ﴼ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ داﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴ
ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻫﺘﺰاز اﻟﺬر*ات ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻠﻮرﻳ*ﺔ ﻣﺮورﴽ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ رﻗﺎص اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪x(t) = A cos(2 π ν t + φ‬‬ ‫‪79-5‬‬
‫ﻳُﺴﻤ*ﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )اﻟﺠﺴﻢ( اﻟﺨﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴ*ﺔ ﻫﺰازﴽ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﴼ‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5 : Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 22‬‬

‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﺰ
از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﺮدد واﻟﻄﻮر – ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ )ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ(‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﺰ*از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﴼ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻮة اﻹرﺟﺎع ﺧﻄﻴ*ﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺚ ‪ A‬ﻫﻲ أﻗﺼﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺰاز ﺣﻮل وﺿﻊ اﻻﺗﺰان و ‪ ν‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮدد‬‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻻﺗﺰان!‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪1 k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺰ*از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك اﻟﺬي ﻳُﺆ *ﺛﺮ‬ ‫=‪ν‬‬ ‫=‪⇒ ω‬‬ ‫‪80-5‬‬
‫‪2π m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻓﺘﺰﻳﺤﻪ ﻋﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻻﺗﺰان وﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺧﺎﺻﻴ*ﺔ اﻻرﺟﺎع ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺈن*‬ ‫و ‪ φ‬ﻫﻮ ﻣُﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻄﻮر ﻳُﺤﺪ‪E‬ده ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪.t = 0‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴ*ﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ إذ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻻرﺟﺎع ﻣﻊ اﻻزاﺣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ*از ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪F=-kx‬‬ ‫)‪(Hooke’s Law‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪77-5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪U(x) = − ∫ F dx = k x 2 = m ω2 x 2‬‬ ‫‪81-5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺚ ‪ k‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )ﻣُﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻄﺮدي( ﻳُﺴﻤ*ﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك أو ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﺗُﻌﻄﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴ*ﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ*از ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ن اﻟﻘﻮة )وﺗُﺴﻤ*ﻰ ﻗﻮة ﻫﻮك( ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪ .‬اﻻﺷﺎرة اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أ *‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪E = m v 2 + m ω2 x 2 = m ω2 A 2‬‬ ‫‪82-5‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ اﺗﺠﺎه إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك ﻋﻦ اﺗﺰاﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪47‬‬

‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬
‫‪ (1‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ‪ :‬ﺟُﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬ﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V(x ) = k x 2‬‬
‫وﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﻔﺎدي أي ﻟﺒﺲ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﻧﻜﺘﺐ )‪ V(x‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪84-5‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪85-5‬‬
‫= ) ‪V(x‬‬ ‫‪m ω2 x 2‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑُﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪k‬‬
‫= ‪ ω‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﺰاوي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ن )‪ V(x‬ﻳُﻤﺜ‪E‬ﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻬﺰ*از ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ أ *‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics Finite Potential Well Lecture 24‬‬
‫‪ m‬وﺗﺮدده اﻟﺰاوي ‪.ω‬‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ )‪(QSHO‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ – ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺴﻤﴼ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬وﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ‪” E‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮرﴽ“ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪h d2‬‬
‫‪H=−‬‬ ‫‪+V‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪V(x‬‬ ‫*‪V(x) = ½ k x2‬‬ ‫‪2 m dx 2‬‬
‫ن )‪ V(x‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ُﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻧ*ﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺑﻤﺎ أ *‬
‫‪83-5‬‬
‫ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴ*ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪h 2 d ψ(x ) 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ = 2A‬ﻋﺮض اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪+ m ω2 x 2 = E ψ ( x‬‬ ‫‪85-5‬‬

‫‪2 m d x2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴ*ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺬا‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪d ψ (x )  2 m E  m ω  2 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪+  2 − ‬‬ ‫‪ x  ψ (x ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪86-5‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪d x2‬‬ ‫‪ h ‬‬
‫‪-A‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ h‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ )ﻟﺰﻧﺒﺮك ﻣﺜﻼ ً(‬ ‫* ‪k‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬

‫ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ‬ ‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ )‪ ΨN(x,t‬اﻟﻤُﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ

از‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳْﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴْﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ )‪ Ψ(x,t‬اﻟﻤُﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰاز ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪2E m 2E‬‬ ‫‪km‬‬ ‫‪mω‬‬ ‫‪87-5‬‬ ‫‪Ψ (x , t ) = A e −‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪H (y ) e − i‬‬ ‫‪nt h‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪91-5‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‪, y‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪h k hω‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪ En‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﺰاز وﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﺗُﻜﺘﺐ ﻣُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻳﻨﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴ*ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪En =  n +  h ω‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪92-5‬‬
‫) ‪d ψ (y‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ (α − y 2 )ψ (y ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪88-5‬‬ ‫=‪y‬‬
‫‪km‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬
‫‪mω‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪d y2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫ن اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﺮﻳْﻦ ‪ α‬و ‪ y‬ﺑﺪون أﺑﻌﺎد )‪(dimensionless‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻘ ﻖ ﻣﻦ أ ‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺣﺪود ﻫﻴﺮﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ

از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻠ‪l‬ﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻣُﻘﻴﺪ وﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ اﻟﻜُﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ن اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻛﻤ &‬
‫إ ‬
‫‪− y2 2‬‬
‫‪ψ n (x ) = A n e‬‬ ‫) ‪Hn (y‬‬ ‫‪89-5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪E0‬‬ ‫‪hω‬‬ ‫ﻣُﻜﻤﺎة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ 6-5-5‬وﺗُﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺚ )‪ Hn(y‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺣﺪود )‪ (polynomial‬ﻣﻨﺘﻪ رﺗﺒﺘﻪ ‪ n‬ﻳُﺴﻤ*ﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ُ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ واﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت ‪، E1 = 3 h ω‬‬
‫*‬
‫ﺣﺪود ﻫﻴﺮﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ ... E 2 = 5 h ω ،‬و ‪ En =  n +  h ω‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤُﺘﻬﻴﺠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫و ‪ An‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ψ(x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ mω ‬‬
‫‪A n = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)!‪(2 n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪−1 2‬‬
‫‪90-5‬‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ...،‬ورﻗﻢ ‪ n‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ πh ‬‬
‫ﻳُﺴﻤ*ﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ (n=0, 1, 2, ...) n‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ‪quantum‬‬
‫‪ number‬وﻳُﺤﺪ‪E‬د اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺰ*از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ أو‬
‫‪*Hermite Polynomial, order n‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤُﺮادف ‪.En‬‬ ‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬

‫دوال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ‪#‬از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺰ
از اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫‪Ψ ( x, t ) = A e − α‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪α x e−‬‬ ‫‪iE‬‬‫‪nt h‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪α‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪Ψ0 (x, t ) =  ‬‬ ‫‪e− α x‬‬ ‫‪e− iω t 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ π‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ α ‬‬
‫‪Ψ1 (x, t ) =  ‬‬ ‫‪2 α x e− α x‬‬ ‫‪e− 3 iω t 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ 4π ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ α ‬‬
‫‪Ψ2 (x, t ) = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(4 α x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪− 2) e − α x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪e−5 iωt 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 64π ‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ α ‬‬
‫‪Ψ3 (x, t ) = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(8 α‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪x 3 − 12 α x ) e − α x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪e− 7 iωt 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 2304 π ‬‬

‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬

‫ﻳُﻠﺨ ﺺ اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ 1-5‬اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪m‬‬
‫وﺗﺮدده اﻟﺰاوي ‪ ،ω‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ 2-5‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻠﻴﻪ دوال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮادﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪En‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ‪n‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫اﻷرﺿ ّﻴْﺔ‬ ‫= ‪E0‬‬ ‫‪hω‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫اﻟﻤُﺘﻬﻴﺠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫= ‪E1‬‬ ‫‪hω‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫اﻟﻤُﺘﻬﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪E2 = h ω‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫اﻟﻤُﺘﻬﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪En =  n +  h ω‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪57‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻬﺰاز اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎو )اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴْﻦ‬
‫‪En+1 − En = h ω‬‬ ‫ﻳُﺴﺎوي ‪(hw‬‬

‫ﺚ ‪ E>V‬ﺗﻬﺘﺰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﴼ!!‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ E‬ﺑﺤﻴ ُ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ E<V‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ داﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ُأﺳﻴﴼ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻻﺗﺰان ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﴼ‬
‫ن ﻳﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﻬﺰاز اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻫﻨﺎك اﺣﺘﻤﺎل أ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 251 Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics SHO Lecture 24‬‬

‫‪Next Lecture‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﻴﺔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻳﺔﺔ ذذررةة اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫‪Chapter 6‬‬
‫‪Chapter‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Quantum Theory‬‬
‫‪Quantum‬‬ ‫‪Theory of‬‬
‫‪of the‬‬
‫‪the‬‬
‫‪Hydrogen Atom‬‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫‪Atom‬‬
‫‪End of Lecture 24‬‬

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