Rotary Tiller Design Parameters

Part HI-Ratio of Peripheral and Forward Velocities

James G. Hendrick and William R. Gill
M E M B E R ASAE MEMBER ASAE

HE capability of moving the tool the rotary tiller (i.e., thickness of cut, By varying X the radial thickness of
T at a velocity and direction other
than in the direction of movement of
geometry of cut, compaction of the un-
cut soil, depth of operation, throwing of
each slice can be varied (Fig. 1 ) .
Thinner slices tend to shear more fre-
the basic machine is a fundamental the soil and velocity changes, etc.). A quently, resulting in even smaller clod
difference between powered and non- much better technique would be to sizes. When using forward rotation, the
powered tillage machines (Parts I and analyze a well-developed, soil-machine clearance angle (5', Fig. 2) can be
II, this issue, see references 12 and 13). mechanics (equations) which would in- changed by varying X such that either
In the case of a simple tool rotating clude all the effects of tool geometry, adequate clearance between the back
about a horizontal axle, this movement mode of operation and soil conditions. side of the blades exists, or the back
occurs in a vertical plane and the path Since such mechanics are not available, side of the blades press into uncut
of the tip can be described by one or we can only try to visualize some of the soil, compacting it and significantly
more equations (Part I, see reference reactions. raising the power requirement. (This
12). While these equations could be With each cut the tiller blade makes also contributes to the tendency of a
used for design purposes, the velocity an initial soil entry, after which the tiller to "walk out" of the soil.) In-
parameter most frequently used, both effective depth of soil varies continu- cluded in this overall relationship is
as a design and use parameter, is the ally along the cutting path; this situa- the "angle of attack" (7) of the tiller
dimensionless ratio of the rotor periph- tion is unique to rotary-tiller operation. blade with the soil slice. Matsuo (1961)
eral velocity to the machine forward
velocity:
_ Ra>
V
where R = rotor radius
03 — rotational velocity of rotor
v = machine forward velocity
There are, therefore, three ways (and
combinations thereof) in which X can
be varied: change the rotor radius ( R ) ,
which is seldom done; change the rotor
velocity (w), which is common; and
change machine forward velocity (v)
which is common. REVERSE ROTATION FORWARD ROTATION
The manufacturer often provides a
means of varying the ratio between Fig. 1 Shapes of soil slices for forward rotation and reverse rotation as
PTO and rotor velocity, and the user a function of the ratio of peripheral speed to forward speed (Rw/v =
is free to use different vehicle gears. u / v = X). Number of blades operating in one plane Z = 3 (Bernacki,
1962)
(Each method can be used to change
the value of X.) The intended reasons
for changing the value of X vary from
decreasing the power input to increas-
ing the field capacity of the machine.
It is also true that drastic changes
can occur in the power requirements
and the final soil condition if X is held
constant as both OJ and v are changed
in a fixed ratio. The ramifications of
the effect of velocity will not be
discussed.
The Soil and the Tiller
It may be helpful, at this point, to
try to visualize some of what the soil
Fig. 2 Angles and speed of cutting with forward and reverse rotation:
"sees" as it is being operated upon by a is rotation angle, /3 is sharpening angle of blade, 7 is effective angle
of cutting (between blade face and trochoidal soil surface), 70 is apparent
Paper No. 69-661 (Part III) was presented at the Win- angle of cutting (between blade face and tangent to rotor circum-
ter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural ference), 5 is angle between back side of sharpened blade and tangent
Engineers, at Chicago, 111., December 1969, on a pro- to rotor circumference, A5 is angle between rotor circumference and
gram arranged by the Power and Machinery Division.
The authors are: JAMES G. HENDRICK, Agricultural trochoidal path (intersection angle), 5' is application angle of blade
Engineer, and WILLIAM R. GILL, Director, National edge, v is forward velocity of the machine, u is peripheral velocity
Tillage Machinery Lab., AERD, ARS, USDA, Auburn,
Ala. of rotor, and u s = u + v (Bernacki, 1962)
1971 • T R A N S A C T I O N S O F T H E ASAE 679
 shows that the magnitude of 7 can quirement can be decreased, up to a
greatly effect soil shattering action. point.
Larger values of X mean more cut- Lisunov (1968) presents a general
ting by the blade per volume of soil equation for the power required for a
disturbed, which increases the specific rotary tiller (originally by Dalin and
work of the tiller (Beeny, 1965 and Pavlov, 1950):
Mursch, 1957). This effect is true N = Nc + Nt±Np + NT +Nr
whether X is increased by increasing where N c = power to cut the soil
either w or R or by decreasing v. The ]Vt = power to throw the soil
reverse is not necessarily true; however, Nv — power to pull or hold back
decreasing X does not decrease the spe- the rotary tiller
cific power requirement except within ]VT = power loss in transmission
certain limits. For instance, increasing
Nr — power to roll the machine
v beyond the point of providing an
The power required strictly for rotary
adequate blade clearance ang le (§' ^ 0)
tilling is:
causes specific power to be increased,
as shown by Beeny (1965). N r t = Nc + Nt
Increasing X by increasing the radius Thus increases in cutting and/or greater
(R) while maintaining depth constant accelerations per unit volume of soil
results in a longer cutting path per unit will increase the specific power require-
volume. This effect is documented by ment. This assumes, of course, proper
information presented in the paper on soil-tool geometries, such as the clear-
the depth of operation (Part II, see ance angle, are maintained.
Lisunov (1968), found that (Figs. Fig. 5 Influence of X on the vertical (F y ) and longi-
reference 13), where the relation be- tudinal (F x ) forces on the rotor for the conditions
tween tillage depth versus diameter was 4 and 5) the energy requirement for of Fig. 4 (Lisunov, 1968)
considered. rotary tilling decreased with an increase
For a given rotor geometry (number of X (and tilling pitch) and experienced
of blades, diameter, blade shape, etc.) a minimum value at X = 2.4. He be- CO 80
LU o 100 R.RM. ROTOR SPEED
increasing X by increasing w results in lieved the initial decrease was due to X • 200 R.PM. ROTOR SPEED
a greater acceleration of soil particles. a decrease in the ratio of area of cut-

INC
70 A 300 R.RM. ROTOR SPEED
The resultant velocity of soil particles ting to volume of soil tilled. The sub-
is greater; thus more throwing and sequent increase occurred when the A 400 R.RM. ROTOR SPEED
0
crushing of clods against the hood takes back surface of the blades contacted 60
QJ
place. When X is increased, the num- untilled soil. At X = 2.1 the clearance
=>
ber of succeeding blades which will angle (5') becomes negative. At this O
pass through the area previously occu- point the pushing reactive force, F x , 50
(\J
pied by a volume of soil is increased reduces sharply and the vertical force,
and there is additional beating and F y , tends to make the tiller "walk out" CT 40
recirculating. of the soil. UJ
Frevert (1940) studied the specific Q.

X Versus Power Requirement power requirement as a function of if) 30

w and v using a spring-type blade. Fig. O
Kisu et al (1966) presented an inter- 6 shows that increasing v (decreasing Z
esting relationship in Fig. 3 which X) resulted in lower power require- Z> 20
O
shows the typical power requirement as ments in the range X = 2 to X = 167. a.
the value of X is decreased to provide Dalin and Pavlov (1950) also varied 1
10
a longer tilling pitch by two different forward velocity while holding w con- 0
methods: (a) v held constant as w is stant, to obtain different values for 0
reduced, and (b) « held constant as v tilling pitch. Fig. 7 presents data on u_
is increased. In situation (a) increasing c-blades in which both forward and 0 2 4 6 8 10
tilling pitch decreases the cutting path reverse rotations were used at a rotary T I L L I N G PITCH L (IN)
per unit slice volume; however, as « speed of 192 rpm, rotor diameter 0.660 Fig. 6 Influence of tilling pitch on specific energy
reaches some point, the power require- m, rotor width = l m and tilling 15 cm (Frevert, 1940)
ment begins to rise again when 8' ^ 0. deep. The range of forward speeds was
In situation ( b ) , the volume of the soil from v — 0.154 to 0.81 m per sec,
slice increases. The specific power re- which varied X between 42 and 8.1. power requirement increased with in-
The graph also shows that the tilling- creasing forward velocity, while the
specific energy decreased. The relation-
ships between v and L versus horizontal
A / 60 reaction force and power are included
\ A B/ 45 also. (Note that these are both nega-
tive for reverse rotation.) The data
30
r y show that an increase of forward veloc-
LU s 15 ity by a factor of 5 was accompanied
35 y ..
0 -~ 0
by only a threefold increase of the
0_ 35 L (CM) power requirement for tilling. One im-
10 2.5 1.7 X
portant factor, which can be of prime
importance depending on the intended
TILLING PITCH -OL Fig. 4 Effect of varying X by increasing forward use of the final soil condition, was the
velocity on tilling pitch (L) and tilling power
Fig. 3 Influence of tilling pitch as varied by: state of the final soil condition.
(a) reducing rotor speed ( « ) , (b) increasing ( N r t ) at 1 0 ( 1 ) , 15(2) and 2 0 ( 3 ) cm depths
Bernacki (1962) secured data (Fig.
forward speed (v) (Kisu et al, 1966) of operation (Lisunov, 1968)
1971 TRANSACTIONS O F T H E ASAE
680
 KG-M\
DM3/
FX(KG)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 v ( M / S E C )
1.6 4.2 6.3 8.4 L(CM)
Fig. 7 Results of tilling with a bog knife using forward (solid lines)
and reverse (dashed lines) rotation—showing specific work ( N s ) done
on soil, horsepower put into the rotor ( N r t ) , rotor force on the drawbar
(F x ) and the horsepower to move the rotor ( N r ) as the tilling pitch (L)
is increased by increasing forward speed (v) (Dalin and Pavlov, 1950)
8) showing trie influence of X on spe-
cific work of rotary tilling when X was
held constant at four values, in order
to obtain a constant tilling pitch, and
velocity was increased. He extrapolated
the curves to zero based on prior theory
and tests which showed the curves
could be represented by parabolas. He
defines the work at v = 0 the "specific
work of cutting," and he defines "spe-
cific work of the dynamic force" as the
difference between the total specific
work at any value of t; and at v = 0.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Furlong (1956) varied X by increas-
FORWARD S P E E D V ( M / S E C ) ing forward velocity while maintaining
Fig. 8 Specific work required to turn rotor a constant value of w. Fig. 9 shows the
( N s ) as a function of forward velocity (v) result of one typical test in which three
for different tilling pitches (L) (Bernacki, rotary velocities were used, both for-
1962) ward and reverse rotation, and forward
velocity was changed to vary the tilling
pitch between 2 and 6 in.
Kisu et al, (1966) found that when
X was varied by first reducing w over a
•FORWARD ROTATION
range and then increasing v, that a com-
•REVERSE ROTATION
plex relationship occurred similar to
• 'loOO F.PM.
that shown in Fig. 3.
From the foregoing examples, some
general conclusions are: (a) decreas-
ing X by increasing forward speed re-
sults in an increase in the power re-
quirement, but a reduction in specific
power (provided the geometry of the
soil-tool system is not varied too
greatly); (b) decreasing X by decreas-
ing rotary velocity decreases the power
requirement and the specific power
(again this occurs until the geometry
of the soil-tool system is extended be-
yond a favorable relationship), and (c)
increasing X results in a greater value
10 0 0 F.P. M ^ ^ p c T j of the ratio between cutting area and
I 2 3 4 5 6 volume per soil slice cut.
TILLING PITCH L (IN)
X Versus Clod Size
Fig. 9 Power expended for rotor and draft Creating a desired soil condition or
requirements during forward and reverse rota- clod size distribution is the main ob-
tions at rotor velocities of 400, 700, 1000 fpm
and forward velocities varied such that L = jective of rotary tillage. While we can
2.6 in. (Furlong, 1956) control the geometry of the soil-rotor
1971 • T R A N S A C T I O N S O F T H E ASAE
system, there are a number of other
factors which significantly influence the
tilling action. The initial soil condition
may largely determine both how well it
is broken up and the energy require-
ment. The hood and shield design and
adjustment may also significantly affect
soil breakup. These factors led Kisu
(1966) to conclude that, on a clayey
loam paddy field, with a moisture con-
tent in the range of 43 percent, the
tilling pitch had little effect on the aver-
age diameter of clods produced for six
different blades (Fig. 10), and that
Q 60h
A_
o
d 40
5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
TILLING PITCH L (CM)
Fig. 10 Influence of tilling pitch on average
clod diameter for six different blades (Kisu
et al, 1966)
there was no great difference in the
mean clod size versus power expended
in the tilling operation. He indicated
the clod size produced depended mainly
on the type of machine and adjustment
of hood and blades.
Frevert (1940) found that clod size,
as characterized by a "fineness modu-
lus," did not increase with increases in
tilling pitch (Fig. 11) when the tilling
pitch exceeded 3 in.
Matsuo (1961), using high-speed
photography, noted large differences in
the shattering effect of tiller blades in
the range in rotary velocity of 10 to
220 rpm. Measured values of the final
clod size distribution for three different
blades, as shown in Fig. 12, vary con-
siderably as the rotary velocity is in-
creased from 10 to 330 rpm. These
measurements were made in a soil bin
and the tiller is shown without a shield.
Thus the particle size distribution prob-
2 4 6
T I L L I N G PITCH L (IN)
Fig. 11 Influence of tilling pitch on fineness
modulus (Frevert, 1940)
681
 CLOD SIZE a significant role in what happens to
0-2 2-4 4-7 7 - 1 0 CM the soil after it is cut by the blade.

, CONCLUSION
N5
•^^M>m^^Mmtimm% 220 In addition to the general statements
••[.::.'•••:':.:: ;:.:: , .:::::z \,m&%mm& 3 3 0 already made regarding the effect of
CO the individual parameters discussed in
LU
IE no Parts I, II and III of this series of
Q
< N2
:*v.^o papers, there are some additional ob-
•:-.L: ....;. .: ^ S f t ^ 220
servations which should be mentioned.
CD Z ^ 330
• 1 . . . ^ . " . . . . " . . " . " . " . ...•"••••"."•
While in general some qualitative
;[::::,::;;.'.:::'.:::::,:zi
nsr 3 I 10 10
conclusions can be drawn from this
review of research literature, very little
N9
•:-m«MMMSS ^
• m M M M M ^ 220 can be gained quantitatively. This is
V
: ' , , B « ^ S ] 330 mainly due to the lack of sufficient
data and of uniformity of presentation.
20 40 60 80 100 (%) Some authors present descriptions of
initial soil condition, including moisture
Fig. 12 Influence of increase of rotor velocity (10 to 330 rpm) for
three blades on clod size distribution (Matsuo, 1961) content and resistance to penetration,
while others do not. There is no uni-
formity regarding reporting final soil
60
at a 6 in. depth. An attempt to develop conditions, description of tiller blades,
or a relationship between energy and clod and occasionally fundamental informa-
< size was not meaningful. tion such as rotor diameter is absent.
LU -" Grinchuk and Matyashin (1969) The prediction of the power require-
40
measured the clod-size distribution as ments or the performance of rotary
< ^
X was changed by using three different tillers from a theoretical basis is not
CZ O
=> O rotor diameters and three different till- possible at this time. Very little has
CO O
20 ing pitches. Table 1 shows no appreci- been done in the way of developing a
able trend toward a change in clod soil-tool mechanics applicable to rotary
< size as diameter was changed, but tools. Some of the approaches to soil-
o there appears to be a trend toward tool relationships such as those by Ser-
smaller clods as the tilling pitch dechnyi and Bernacki appear promis-
100 200 300 decreased. ing, but are far from being generally
ROTOR SPEED(RPM) Koszeghy (1964) found that, at a useful.
constant «, as the forward velocity was Information is lacking regarding the
Fig. 13 Influence of rotor velocity on total sur-
increased from 1.7 to 4.2 km per hr effects of soil reaction in the range of
face area of clods produced for three tilling the clods < 0.2 mm remained constant velocities at which rotary tillers oper-
pitches (Tsuchiya, 1965) at about 7 percent of the total, and the ate. Richardson (1958), for instance,
clods larger than 5 mm increased from measured power input to a rotary tiller
40 to 52 percent. in the same area on two successive
ably was not affected by the soil being From these results we cannot make years. The measured peak and residual
thrown against a rigid surface. general conclusions concerning soil values for soil shear strengths were
Tsuchiya (1965) investigated the re- breakup, because of the complex inter- the. same both years, but the moisture
lationships between operating condi- relationships among the three param- content was different. The effect of
tions and final clod size. He expressed eters involved in \, as well as blade rotor velocity upon power requirement
the degree of pulverization in terms of shape, depth of operation, hood and was pronounced one year (the dry year)
the "total surface area" of the resulting shield design and initial soil condition. and had little effect the wet year. But
clods using a technique he developed. We do know, however, that both till- the energy required was 30 to 70
Fig. 13 shows his results of tests involv- ing pitch and depth of operation will percent higher the wet year.
ing a range of rotor speeds and three set an upper limit on the final clod size Other researchers are finding that
tilling pitches. He further concludes distribution. But the research results the rate of moving tools through the
that a shorter pitch means that the clearly indicate that other factors play soil causes considerable variation in the
mean diameter of clods is reduced
(especially under high moisture condi-
TABLE 1. CLOD SIZE DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY ROTOR DIAMETER A N D TILLING
tions ). At the same pitch a higher rotor
PITCH (GRINCHUK A N D MATYASHIN)
velocity will reduce the mean clod size,
(This influence is reduced under high Size of Soil Fractions, m m
moisture conditions) and deeper till- Diameter Tilling Larger Less than
ing increases soil recirculation and re- of tiller pitch, than 50 50-25 25-10 10
duces mean clod size. -otor, mm cm Content of soil in fractions, percent
Furlong (1956) presented graphs 160 4.8 19.8 15.9 17.5 46.8
which were said to be representative of 7.0 21.5 17.0 17.5 44.0
the final clod size as a function of 11.8 44.0 12.8 12.8 30.4
rotor velocity and pitch length. In gen-
240 4.8 23.0 20.2 20.6 36.2
eral, the results indicated that, as X 19.3 28.7
7.0 36.8 15.2
was decreased by increasing forward 11.8 27.6 19.6 16.6 36.2
speed, the average lump diameter in-
creased at 2 in. and 4 in. depths, but 320 4.8 13.0 20.4 23.5 43.1
there was essentially no change in aver- 7.0 29.7 17.0 15.3 38.0
11.8 43.4 12.5 13.2 30.9
age clod size as the pitch was increased
682 1971 T R A N S A C T I O N S OF THE ASAE

soil reaction, and perhaps even in the
fundamental behavior of the soil.
And, in conclusion, it is interesting
to note the time and degree of research
activity in rotary tillage in various lo-
calities, as evidenced by technical pub-
lications available to this author. The
German journals had many rotary tool
publications in the late 1950s, the
Japanese in the early 1960s, and the
Russians are publishing in that area
now. The Russian articles indicate, too,
considerable interest in rotary tillage
work since the 1930s. The United
States literature shows the most interest
in rotary tillers, as tillers, in 1930 and
1940. A number of articles have been
published in the United States recently
evaluating the rotary tiller as an imple-
ment for incorporating chemicals into
the soil.
References
i Adams, W. J., Jr. and D. B. Furlong. 1959. Rotary
tillage in soil preparation. Agricultural Engineer
40(10) :6oo-6o3, 607, October.
PART I—
DIRECTION OF ROTATION
(Continued from page 674)
tion. Matsuo (1963) found that reverse
rotation resulted in soil clods that were
larger and more irregular, since they
were broken off as the blade came up
toward the surface and broke the soil
rather than cutting it. Furlong (1956)
presents some information on the size
clods resulting from both rotary direc-
tions (Fig. 19) which shows that the
clod size was generally larger for re-
verse rotation. Whether large or small
clods are desirable depends on the
intended use of the soil; a fine seedbed,
a well-mixed roadbed, or mixing lime
into a subsoil may require small clods.
Large clods may be more desirable
after fall plowing for water and wind
erosion control or for breaking up ma-
terial to be loaded and moved.
Other factors which would be
affected by the direction of rotation
include incorporation of amendments
and residue chopping and incorporation
into soil.
1971 • TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE
2 Bainer, Roy, et al. Miscellaneous tillage equipment,
Chapter 9, Principles of Farm Machinery, pp. 197-211.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.
3 Beeny, J. M. and D. J. Greig. 1965. The efficiency
of a rotary cultivator. J. Agr. Engr. Res. 10(1) :5-g.
4 Bernacki, Henry. 1962. Theory of the rotary tiller.
Inst, of Mech. and Elect, of Agric. in Warsaw, Bui.
No. 2, pp. 9-64. (P., E . ) t §.
5 Dalin, A. D. and P. V. Pavlov. 1950. Rotary soil
working and excavating machines. Mashgiz, 258 pp.
(R., e . ) t
6 Frevert, Richard K. 1940. Mechanics of tillage.
Unpublished M.S. thesis. Iowa State College, Ames,
Iowa.
7 Furlong, D. B. 1956. Rotary tiller performance
tests on existing tines. Tech. Report #1049, F.M.C.
Corporation, San Jose, Calif., September.
8 Gill, W. R. and G. E. Vanden Berg. Soil dynamics
in tillage and traction. Agriculture Handbook No. 316,
ARS, USDA.
9 Grinchuk, I. M. and Yu. I. Matyashin. 1968.
Systems of operation of soil rotary tillers. Mech. i
Elektrif. Sots. Sel. Khoz. 6:7-9. (R., E., PB-183
827T)*.
10 Grinchuk, I. M. and Yu. I. Matyashin. 1969.
The problem of selecting basic construction parameters
and systems of operations of soil rotary tillers. Traktory
i Sel'khozmashiny, 1:25-28. (R., E., PB-184 878T)*.
11 Hendrick, J. G. 1969. Depth, direction of rotation
and peripheral to forward velocities as design param-
eters of rotary tillers. ASAE Paper 69-661, ASAE,
St. Joseph, Mi. 49085.
12 Hendrick, J. G. and W. R. Gill. 1971. Rotary
tiller design parameters, I: Direction of rotation.
Transactions of the ASAE, this issue.
13 Hendrick, J. G. and W. R. Gill. 1971. Rotary
tiller design parameters, II: Depth of operation. Trans-
actions of the ASAE, this issue.
14 Kisu, M., Y. Kohda S. Yagi, and K. Seyama. 1966.
CONCLUSIONS
The reverse rotation of rotary-tiller
blades appears to have a 20 to 30
percent general reduction in power re-
quirement when h > R. Since the ver-
tical cutting component is reduced, the
vertical stability is increased. Reverse
rotation tends to throw more soil for-
ward where h < R so that it tends to
be recirculated when the drum has a
conventional orientation.
References
i Bernacki, Henry. 1962. Theory of the rotary tiller.
Inst, of Mech. and Elect, of Agric. in Warsaw, Bui.
No. 2, pp. 9-64. (P., E . ) t §
2 Blaauw, Andrew. 1968. Development of the Case
hydraulic tiller. ASAE Paper No. 68-615, ASAE, St.
Joseph, Mi 49085.
3 Bok, N. B. 1964. Determination of the angle of
mounting of working tools of rotary tillers. Traktory i
Sel'khozmashiny, 34(9):23-24. (R., E., PB-178213T)*.
4 Bok, N. B. 1965. Determination of basic parameters
of soil rotary tillers. Traktory i Sel'khozmashiny,
35(7) =30-32. (R., E., T.T. 67-61064)*.
5 Dalin, A. D. and P. V. Pavlov. 1950. Rotary soil
working and excavation machines. Mashgiz. 258 pp.
(R., e.)t
6 Furlong, D. B. 1956. Rotary tiller performance
tests on existing tines. Tech. Report #1049, F.M.C.
Corporation, San Jose, California, September.
7 Gill, W. R. and G. E. Vanden Berg. Soil dynamics
in tillage and traction. Agriculture Handbook No. 316,
ARS, USDA.
8 Grinchuk, I. M. and Yu. I. Matyashin. 1968.
Systems of operation of soil rotary tillers. Mech. i.
Elektrif. Sots. Sel. Khoz. 6:7-9. (R-, E., PB-183827T)*.
9 Grinchuk, I. M. and Yu. I. Matyashin. 1969.
Studies on trafficability, tractive and rotary tilling per-
formance of tractor. Technical Report Ins. of Agri.
Machinery, Omiya, Japan, 108 pp. (J. E.)f.
15 Kbszeghy, Geza. 1964. Some problems of research
with rotary tillers. Jarmiivek, Mezogazdasagi Gepek,
11(6)1220-226. (H., E . ) t
16 Lisunov, E. A. 1968. Expenditures of energy for
rotary tilling soil. Mech. i Electrif. Sots. Sel'khoz.
10:36-37. (R., E., PB-184 257T)*.
17 Matsuo, M. 1961. Fundamental studies on the
rotary cultivation. Bui. of the Yamagata Univ. (Agric.
Sci.) Vol. 3, No. 4, 197 pp. (J., e . ) | .
18 Mursch, B. 1957. Investigations on a rotary
cultivator. Landtech. Forsch. 7(4) :93. (G., e.)$.
19 Richardson, R. D. 1958. Some torque measure-
ments taken on a rotary cultivator. J. Agric. Engr.
Res. 3(4):66-68.
20 Serdechnyi, A. N. and I. M. Grinchuk. 1968.
Basic design parameters and systems of operation of
rotary drums of silage loaders. Mech. i. Electrif. Sots.
Sel. Khoz. 2:17-19. (R., E., PB-180 962T)*.
21 Tsuchiya, M. 1965. Studies on power tillers in
Japan (English translation). Yamagata Univ., Tsuruoka-
shi, Japan. Shin-Norin Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
* Paper has been translated and is available from
Federal Scientific & Technical Information, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151. (The
number is the translation number.)
f The article has been translated and a copy of the
translation is at the NTML.
t The article has an English summary, or portions
have been translated.
§ The letters in parentheses indicate: (a) First letter,
the original language if different from English (R =
Russian, P = Polish, J = Japanese, G = German);
(b) second letter, the language into which it was
translated or summarized (E = full translation into
English, e — English summary).
The problem of selecting basic construction parameters
and systems of operation of soil rotary tillers. Traktory
i Sel'khozmashiny, 1:25-28. (R., E., PB-184878T)*.
10 Hendrick, J. G. 1969. Depth, direction of rotation
and peripheral to forward velocity ratio as design
parameters of rotary tillers. ASAE Paper 69-661, ASAE,
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* Paper has been translated and is available from
Federal Scientific & Technical Information, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151. (The
number is the translation number.)
f The article has been translated and a copy of the
translation is at the NTML.
$ The article has an English summary, or portions
have been translated.
§ The letters in parentheses indicate: (a) First letter,
the original language if different from English (R =
Russian, P = Polish, J = Japanese, G = German);
(b) second letter, the language into which it was
translated or summarized (E = full translation into
English, e = English summary).
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