Geology Intro 4U PDF

1
What do geologists study?

Can you guess?
3
What good are rocks?
Can we eat rocks?
4
Some rocks are
pretty…
5
6
We can learn a lot about the Earth’s
history by studying rocks and minerals.
7
Do geologists study chemicals?
8
Geochemistry: the chemistry of
rocks, minerals, hot springs, etc.
This is the Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone.
9
Do geologists study rivers?
10
Do geologists study the ocean?
11
Do geologists
study the
beach?
12
A marine geologist could estimate how much
time before the waves destroy this house!
Yes! Marine geology is

beachin’
13
Do geologists study ponds and lakes?
14
Do geologists study whales?
15
We do study whale fossils
16
Do geologists study poop?
No! 
(Thank God)
17
Do geologists study strange sea slugs?
18
Do geologists study
dinosaurs?
19
Do geologists study human bones?
I
20
Excavations at Garama, Libya
Geologists often work with

archeologists
21
Do geologists study dirt?
22
But sometimes dirt is more
than just dirt
This is a midden at a Native American

campsite on Santa Cruz Island.
23
Good soil is important for growing plants
24
Do geologists study caves?
25
Caves form in many ways
26
Do geologists study landslides?
27
Yes!
28
What if the landslide is on another
planet?
29
Do geologists study blueberries?
30
Planetary geology is an
exciting field within geology.
31
Do geologists study stars?
32
Do geologists study metals?
33
But geologists
DO study
ores and ore
deposits.
Vulcan iron mine, 
Mojave Desert
34
Do geologists study crazy people?
35
Do geologists study cakes?
36
Do geologists study earthquakes?
37
Do geologists study earthquakes?
38
We can learn
about Earth’s
interior using
seismic waves
39
Do geologists construct buildings?
40
Do geologists study the weather?
41
Do geologists
study ice?
Glaciers can tell us about 42

the Earth’s climate:
past, present and future.
Geologists study
glaciers, and
Earth’s climate.
(Glaciology and
climatology)
43
Do geologists study volcanoes?
44
This is Jupiter’s moon, Io. Notice

the red hot lava flow on the left.
45
46
Do geologists study energy?
47
Geophysicists use different types of energy, including electricity,

magnetism and seismic waves, to find out what’s underground.
48
And geologists DO study
energy resources
Oil (petroleum)
49
energy resources
Natural gas
50
energy resources
Coal
51
energy resources
Uranium (for nuclear power)
52
energy resources
Geothermal energy
53
Oil exploration will be important,
as the known oil fields run dry…
54
Do geologists
study landforms?
San Andreas fault
55
Do geologists ever perform evil experiments?

56
Why bother studying

geology?
(After all, an asteroid

could wipe us all out
tomorrow…)
57
Your turn!
• It’s your turn to answer!
• Why study geology?
• Think of at least 5 reasons to study geology.

Write these in your notes.
58
Reason #1
We get a lot of resources from the Earth:
• Food, grown in soil

• Metals (iron, gold,
copper, etc.)
• Salt
• Non-metallic ores,
• Energy (oil, coal,
used to make con-
natural gas, uranium,
crete, glass, paint,
geothermal)
rubber, toothpaste,
Gemstones cosmetics, etc.
59
Reason #2
• We need to know about possible hazards from

the Earth:
• Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunami,

floods, etc.
60
Reason #3
Sometimes we make
hazards in our
ignorance.
61
Example: The Saint Francis Dam
• Built between 1924 and 1926 by the Los

... 62
Angeles Department of Water and Power, under

the supervision of the city's chief engineer
William Mulholland.
• The reservoir was full by March 7, 1928.
• Two and a half minutes before midnight on

March 12, 1928, the St. Francis Dam
catastrophically failed.
63
After collapse
64
• The wave was 140 ft (43 m) high when it hit the

dam keeper’s cottage.
• The flood carried a piece of the dam weighing

10,000 tons for 3/4 mile downstream.
• The flood went all the way to the ocean, 54

miles (87 km) away.
• When it reached the ocean at 5:30 am, the

flood was almost two mi. (3 km) wide, traveling
at 5 mph (8 kph).
65
I I
• More than 600 died.
• One victim was found deep underground near

Newhall in 1992.
• Others were washed out to sea…
I ,
66
Why did it fail?
Was it the rock on the west side, that crumbled
when it got wet?
• Was it the rock on the east side that had a

“grain” that made it weak?
• Was it the giant landslide under the east side?
• Or maybe it was the fault under the center?
67
Change
• Needless to say, the law was changed, requiring

dam builders to get geological advice!
• Note that there were engineering problems,

along with the geologic problems…
68
M Pr
oj es
Reason
av er
e ve
N
at
.
#4
Geology is fun!
69
Reason #5 : We should know about our home.
70
Systems
71
Earth as a System
• What is a system?
• A system has parts.
• The parts interact.
• So Earth is a system.
72
Other systems
• What are some other systems?
• Hint: See p.15.
• The cooling system of your car.
• The city transportation system.
• Our nation’s political system.
• A weather system.
73
What are the parts?
• What are the parts of the Earth system?
• The Earth’s spheres:
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
• Geosphere
74
How do they interact?
• The parts of the Earth system constantly

interact.
• This creates cycles.
• What Earth cycles can you think of?
• Water cycle, rock cycle, climate cycle,
etc.
75
Energy
• A system must include energy.

• What are the energy sources for the
Earth?
• Sunlight
• Heat from Earth’s interior
76
Where do we ﬁt in?
M6.2 - 10km SE of Norcia, Italy
08/24/16, at 01:36:33 UTC
• Are humans part of the Earth system?
77
The end

Geology Intro 4U PDF

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1

What do geologists study?

Can we eat rocks?

This is the Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone.

Yes! Marine geology is

Geologists often work with

This is a midden at a Native American

Glaciers can tell us about 42

Do geologists study volcanoes?

This is Jupiter’s moon, Io. Notice

Do geologists study energy?

Geophysicists use different types of energy, including electricity,

Uranium (for nuclear power)

Do geologists ever perform evil experiments?

Why bother studying

(After all, an asteroid

• It’s your turn to answer!

• Why study geology?

• Think of at least 5 reasons to study geology.

• Food, grown in soil

• We need to know about possible hazards from

• Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunami,

• Built between 1924 and 1926 by the Los

Angeles Department of Water and Power, under

• The reservoir was full by March 7, 1928.

• Two and a half minutes before midnight on

• The wave was 140 ft (43 m) high when it hit the

• The flood carried a piece of the dam weighing

• The flood went all the way to the ocean, 54

• When it reached the ocean at 5:30 am, the

• More than 600 died.

• One victim was found deep underground near

• Others were washed out to sea…

• Was it the rock on the east side that had a

• Was it the giant landslide under the east side?

• Or maybe it was the fault under the center?

• Needless to say, the law was changed, requiring

• Note that there were engineering problems,

• The parts of the Earth system constantly

• A system must include energy.

• Are humans part of the Earth system?

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