Module 1

The Scope of Geology

 RUANG LINGKUP GEOLOGI

• Pengertian dan cara belajar geologi

• Ilmu-ilmu terkait dengan geologi
• Sistem dalam geologi
• Mengapa belajar geologi?
Pengertian dan cara belajar geologi

• Geology is the study of the Earth as a whole, its origin,

structure, composition, and history (including the
development of life), and the nature of the processes
which have given rise to its present state.

Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of

Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 204.

Pertanyaan:
• Cari definisi lain dari buku‐buku geologi berbahasa
Inggris di Perpustakaan Pusat.
Pengertian dan cara belajar geologi

• Mengikuti pendidikan kebumian

• Lokatama untuk belajar geologi:
– Perpustakaan termasuk internet
– Laboratorium (studio) dan museum geologi
– Lapangan
• Sebagaimana pembelajaran ilmu alam yang lain,
dalam menghadapi bahan atau fenomena geologi
perlu dilakukan:
– Observasi (pengamatan),
– Analisis, dan
– Sintesis
Pengertian dan cara belajar geologi

Perhatikan
• Belum dikatakan belajar geologi sebelum ke
perpustakaan, laboratorium, dan lapangan (survei)!
•
Corresponding science to geology

MINING GEOTHERMAL AGRICULTURE

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ETC.
TECHNOLOGY
PETROLEUM CIVIL TOURISM
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
MINING
GEOLOGY GEOTHERMAL GEOARKEOLOGY
APPLIED GEOLOGY ETC.
SCIENCES PETROLEUM ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL
GEOLOGY GEOLOGY PLANOLOGY GEOLOGY

METEOROLOGY
EARTH
SCIENCES GEOLOGY BIOLOGY
HIDROLOGY

STATISTICS
BASIC PHYSICS CHEMISTRY
SCIENCES
MATHEMATICS
Corresponding science to geology

GEOPHYSICS PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY
GEOSTATISTICS STATISTICS
GEOLOGY HIDROGEOLOGY HIDROLOGY
PALEONTOLOGY BIOLOGY
GEOWISATA PARIWISATA
GEOARKEOLOGI ARKEOLOGI
ETC.

Pertanyaan:
• Mengapa muncul ilmu‐ilmu antara?
The branches of geology
Cabang-cabang geologi
GEOLOGY
GEOMORFOLOGY
PALEONTOLOGY
MINERALOGY STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY
STRATIGRAPHY PETROLOGY TEKTONICS

VOLKANOLOGY

HISTORICAL
GEOLOGY

SPELEOLOGY LIMNOLOGY SEDIMENTOLOGY ETC.

Pertanyaan:
• Mengapa banyak cabang‐cabang geologi?
GEOSPHERE

Initially, … it was an homogenous material

GEOSPHERE

ATMOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

SOLID EARTH
HYDROSPHERE
(CMC-SPHERE)

Diversifications …
GEOSPHERE
Dynamic equilibrium

ATMOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

HIDROSPHERE SOLID EARTH

(CMC-SPHERE)
Why study geology?

Because geology is all around us!

• 1. Geological Resources
• 2. “The Environment” Environmental
• 3. Geological Hazards Geology
(Changes posing risks)
• 4. Engineering
• 5. Landforms and Surface Processes
• 6. Historical Geology

Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations

Why study geology?
1. Geological Resources

– The Cradle of
Civilization (Fertile
Crescent)
– Development limited
by availability, e.g.,
soil, water, energy
– Conflicts based on
resources, e.g., water,
minerals, oil…
http://encarta.msn.com/
Why study geology?
1. Geological Resources

The Cradle of Civilization sprung from geology of the region

Tigris River, Iraq

http://encarta.msn.com/
Why study geology?
2. The Environment
Misuse of geologic resources

These Maps illustrate the

Fertile Crescent in 1973 (top)
and 2000 (bottom).
Permanent marshlands,
pictured in green, have shrunk
90 percent in that period.

Illustration courtesy United Nations

Environment Program
Why study geology?
2. The Environment (misuse of Geologic Resources)
desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan

http://www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm
Why study geology?
2. The Environment (overuse of Geologic Resources)
(Geology in the News)

• 1.7 billion are joining the consumer class and the

environment won’t sustain this standard of living
(World watch Institute 2004)
• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses is accelerating
global warming
• Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers
and driving mass extinctions
(The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)
Why study geology?
3. Geologic Hazard
(San Andreas Fault)

• Two die in 6.5

magnitude

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003
Earthquake near San
Lois Obispo
California
• Earthquake triggers
mudslides
Why study geology?
3. Geologic Hazards
(Geology in the News)

http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/
• Assessing Risks
• Avoiding Risks
• Preventing Damage
• Predicting Impact

“Major Quake Likely to

Strike San Francisco
Bay Region Between
2003 and 2032”
Why study geology?
3. Geologic Hazards
(Earthquake in Bam Bam, Iran)
• A Magnitude 6.5
Earthquake hits a
stone- and mud-house
city of 100,000 in Iran
12-26-03
– 30,000 Dead
– 30,000 Refugees
• US sends aid and
releases sanctions
• Relations improved

Photos from AP
Why study geology?
3. Geologic Hazards (Geology in the News)
Volcanoes

Mass Movement

Earthquakes
Why study geology?
4. Geology in Engineering

Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control

To prevent slope failure engineers must understand

the geology that forms and controls the slope
Why study geology?
4. Geology in Engineering
The Leaning Tower Straightens Up
In Pisa the tilted one is back in
business after an 11-year effort
to keep it from collapsing
Committee member John
Burland, an engineer,
promoted soil extraction as the
best way to save the tower.

Engineers use knowledge of

geology to design, protect
and correct structures

www.smithsonianmag.si.edu
Why study geology?
5. Landforms and Surface Processes
H.C. Berann (1915-1999)
Yosemite National Park, 1987
• Glaciers
• Mass Wasting
• Streams
• Shorelines
• Deserts
• Groundwater

http://www.berann.com
Why study geology?
6. Historical Geology
Sub Disciplines
Areas of Study Which Rely on Geology

• Environmental Geology
– Environmental Sciences: how we
influence the earth
– Geologic Hazards: how geology
influences us
• Engineering Geology
– Geologic Materials
– Foundations
– Geotechnical engineering
Sub Disciplines (cont.)
Areas of Study Which Rely on Geology

• Geological Resources
– Locating and characterizing amounts
and quality
– Extracting and
– Understanding environmental effects of
extraction and use (misuse, overuse) of
resources
• Historical Geology
– Deciphering Earth History and
– Evolution of life
Dengan demikian geologi digunakan dimana saja?
• …
• …
• …
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