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GEOLOGY •Father of Modern

Geology: Geology: James Huttons,
Geo=Earth; 1726, Scottish geologist.
Logia=Study. •Hutton devised one of
geology’s fundamental
•Derived from principles of uniformitarianism –
which says that the same natural
Greek word. processes we see operating today are
the ones that have always operated,
and that these everyday natural
•Therefore, in general geology can be defined as the processes have shaped our world.
study of Earth.

•The study of earth, its origin, history,

•Tony Hagen- First composition, structure together with the
geologist- 1917 -United nature of process that involve to form
Nation Program- rock. So also known as earth science.
Economic minerals
(1950)

•People who study

Geology is Geologist.

• Branch of Geology:
Branches of geology – Historical geology-history of earth
– Physical geology-internal and external agencies and various processes
such as wind, water, glaciers and sea waves that bring about changes on the
earth’s surface
•Pure geology – Structural geology-structures present in rock
– Crystallography-arrangement of atomic structure, shape etc
– Mineralogy- mineral composition, characteristic, occurrence
•Applied geology – Petrology- (from Greek petra, rock; and logos, knowledge) rock type,
properties, origin
– Geophysics- concept of physics use to determine subsurface geology
– Geochemistry-bonding of minerals, ratio of composition
– Hydrogeology-groundwater movement & geological process of surface
water

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Historical Geology
Physical Geology
•History of earth
(reconstruct).

•The principles and Physical geology: internal and

techniques of geology external agencies such as energy,
to reconstruct and wind, water, glaciers and sea
understand the waves were acting inside and
geological history of outside the earth that bring
Earth. changes on the earth’s surface

Structural Crystallography
Geology •Forms of rock •Branch that deals with the geometry of crystal
•Strain and •Arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solids
stress distribution

Mineralogy
SiO2

•definite chemical composition.

•Origin and formation
• Classification of minerals
• Geographical distribution
•Utilization.
Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
CaCo3

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Petrology Geophysics
Geophysics is the branch of geology in which the
principles and methods of physics in the field of geology.
Generally, gravitational method, magnetic method,
seismic method, electrical method use in the field of
geology.

(from Greek Petra-rock; and logos-knowledge)

•Rock type Petrography: Study through microscope
•Properties Petrogenesis: origin and formation of rocks

•Origin
•Uses

Hydrogeology
Geochemistry

• Study of chemical composition of earth

-groundwater
• Bonding of minerals, ratio of composition
movement & geological
• Determination of age of rock (dating) process of surface
• Exploration of minerals water

Geomorphology Environmental geology

application of geology in the field of
Tectonic environment

Limestone

Study of
landforms

Volcanic River
Wind Delta
Yardang

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Economic geology
Ores, construction material having economic
value
Engineering geology -application/knowledge of geology
applied in the field of civil engineering for the construction of
infrastructure.
Scope of Engineering Geology
In the field of Civil Engineering
•To gain knowledge of construction material, its
occurrence, composition, durability and other properties.
• To gain knowledge of the geological work of natural
agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquakes helps
in planning and carrying out major civil engineering
works.
•To understand the occurrence and movement of
groundwater, depth of groundwater table etc
•To gain knowledge of sub-surface. (soil and rock type)
• Identify different geological hazard like earthquake,
flood, landslide etc.
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Paleontology- fossil
The study of the forms of life
existing in prehistoric or
geologic times, as represente
d by the fossils of plants,
animals, and other organisms.
Engineering geology -application/knowledge of
geology applied in the field of civil engineering for the
construction of infrastructure.
• Provides the use of geological data for practical
engineering purposes.
IAEG- the science devoted to the investigation, study and
solution of engineering problems which may rise as the result of
the interaction between geology and the works or activities of
man as well as of the prediction of and development of
measures for the prevention or remediation of geological
hazard.
IAEG – International Association for Engineering
Geology
•To identify the appropriate site for the construction of
infrastructures like road, tunnel, dam, reservoir, multistoried
buildings etc.
•To gain knowledge about erosion, transportation and deposition
of sediment o river system, so can control soil erosion and provide
mitigation measures.
•If the geological features like faults, joints, beds, folds, solution
channels are found, they have to be suitably treated. Hence, the
stability of the structure is greatly increased.
•The knowledge of geological agents like water, wind, glacial helps
in planning while carrying out civil construction. (Identification of
erosional land and depositional area)
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• The foundation work of the civil structures are directly related

with earth.
• Mitigation of different natural hazards.
Dam construction
• Geological information helps in planning construction project.
• To recognise potential difficult ground conditions prior to
detailed design and construction
• To minimized the risk factors. (probability of failure)
• To reduce the total cost for the construction of infrastructure
(engineering works).

Importance of GEOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING

•Major work of civil engineer (Aim) Engineering Geology in the field of
•Construction
•Infrastructures: Road, Bridge, Tunnel, Irrigation canal, Airport,
infrastructure development
Reservior, High rise building etc

•Type
•Safe Why-Safety and stability planning,
•Durable
•Economy precaution and economy, successful
•Where
construction
•Air
•Ground / Earth’s surface
Geology plays the vital role in the
field of civil engineering.
•Knowledge
•Study of Engineering Geology

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Civil engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the

design, construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, large
buildings, airports, ports, subways, dams, mines and other large-
scale developments.
Landforms
Geology helps in the selection of appropriate site for the
construction of any civil engineering structures durably, safely
and economically.

Landforms (Orogenesis)
Landforms are the natural shape or features. Landforms on the
surface of the earth OR A landform is any physical feature of the
Earth’s surface having a characteristic, recognizable shape, produced
by natural causes.
1. Mountains
2. Plains
3. Shield
4. Plateau
5. Valley
6. Coast
Mountain:
• Landmass on the earth’s surface that is higher than the surrounding land
around it
• Generally steep and higher than a hill (>600m), else called hill
• Formed by folding and faulting of earth’s crust by plate movement and the
volcanism
• It is a slow movement of huge landmass
Mountain Range
Mountain System
Mountain Chain

Types of tectonic mountains

1. Fault mountains: formed by the relatively displacement
Mountain may be of the blocks or plates along the boundary. Sierra
1. Tectonic Mountains Naveda, Harz mountains
2. Residual Mountains 2. Fold mountains: formed by the folding of the earth’s
crust or called Block mountain. Himalayan range
Tectonic mountains: 3. Volcanic mountains: formed by the eruption of the
Formed by the tectonic activities of the earth like plate volcano. Eg. Mt. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo etc
movement and volcano 4. Dome mountains: when
Generally formed at plate boundaries Magma allows to push upward
Eg:………………….. Instead of eruption, cools below
Surface.

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Residual mountains
Mountains formed by the weathering and erosion of
different rocks of the earth’s crust.
Due to erosion soft rocks are worn down into sand and
hard rocks are left standing up in the area.
Shield: a large area of exposed Precambrian
igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
Is an old and stable part of continent, in which the
basement rock crops out at the surface, is overlain
by sedimentary rock and sediment.
•The Shield was formed by tectonic forces
(mountain building) and was at one time far higher
than any mountains presently on Earth.
•Over its long history, the shield was worn down by
erosion, and now is nearly flat, with rounded hills
of rock.
Eg. Canadian Shield
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Major Mountain Ranges of the World
• Antarctica: Antarctic Peninsula, Transantarctic Mountains
• Africa: Atlas, Eastern African Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands
• Asian: Himalayas, Taurus, Elburz, Japanese Mountains
• Australia: MacDonnell Mountains
• Europe: Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Urals, Balkan Mountains
• North American: Appalachians, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, Laurentides
• South American: Andes, Brazilian Highlands
European Alps Himalaya
Mountains
Rocky
Mountains Appalachian
Mountains
Andes
Mountains
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Plateau: large highland area of fairly level land
separated from surrounding land by steep slopes.
Eg. Tibetan plateau.
Valley: is a hollow or surface depression of the earth
bounded by hills or mountains
Hills: are elevations of the earth's surface that have
distinct summits, but are lower in elevation than
mountain
Coast: a coast is an area where the ocean touches
the land.
Plain: Low lying relatively flat with minimal relief.
Usually formed by the deposition of sediments
brought by rivers. Average height is less than 200m