HAZOP

Hazard and
Operability Studies
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي اﺳﺘﻘﺮاﯾﯽ و ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬

‫آﻏﺎز ﺑﺎ ﯾك ﻋﻠت ﻣﺷﺧص‬

‫‪FORWARD‬‬ ‫ﭘﯾﺎﻣدھﺎي اﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪FMEA-Inductive‬‬

‫ﻋﻠل ﻣﺣﺗﻣل‬ ‫‪Backward‬‬ ‫آﻏﺎز ﺑﺎ ﯾك ﻋﻠت ﻣﺷﺧص‬

‫‪FTA-Deductive‬‬
 ‫‪HAZOP‬روﯾﮑﺮد‬

‫‪Backward‬‬ ‫‪Forward‬‬
‫ﻋﻠل ﻣﺣﺗﻣل‬ ‫ﭘﯾﺎﻣدھﺎي اﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫آﻏﺎز ﺑﺎ ﯾك ﺧطﺎي اﻧﺣراﻓﻲ در ﻓراﯾﻧد‬

 FTA ‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬
Top Level Consequence

Backward Form

Set of Low-Level Events

Forward Possible
ETA Consequence
 ‫ﮐﻠﯿﺎت‬
‫• ‪:Block Diagram‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﭘﯿﺶ ﻧﯿﺎز ‪ PFD‬اﺳﺖ و ﯾﮏ ﻣﺪل ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي از ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﮐﻠﯽ در ﺑﺎره ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ وﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد‪.‬‬
 Block diagram
• Block diagrams rely on the principle of the
black box where the contents are hidden from
view either to avoid being distracted by the
details or because the details are not known.
• We know what goes in, we know what goes
out, but we can't see how the box does its
work.
 Black box
• Black box is a technical term for a device or
system or object when it is viewed primarily in
terms of its input and output characteristics.
• Almost anything might occasionally be
referred to as a black box: a transistor, an
algorithm, humans, the Internet.

input Output
Block diagram
Block diagram
 ‫اﺟﺰاء ‪:PFD‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﺸﯽ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬ ‫•‬

‫آﯾﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰاﺗﯽ اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫واﻟﻮﻫﺎي ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﯽ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ واﻟﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﺎي ﭘﺲ و ﮔﺮدش ﻣﺠﺪد ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫داده ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ )دﻣﺎ‪,‬ﻓﺸﺎر‪,‬ﺟﺮم‪,‬داﻧﺴﯿﺘﻪ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻮارد(‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﻧﺎم اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي‬
‫اﺟﺰاﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ در ﯾﮏ ‪PFD‬وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﮐﻼﺳﻬﺎ و ﺷﻤﺎره ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺎي ﭘﺲ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫•‬
‫واﻟﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻗﻄﻊ و ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬ ‫•‬
‫وﻧﺘﻬﺎ و درﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫واﻟﻮﻫﺎي اﯾﻤﻨﯽ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬
Process flow diagram
Process flow diagram
 ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت راﻫﻨﻤﺎ )‪(Guide Word‬‬
‫• ﮐﻠﻤﺎت راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﻪاي از ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫داراي ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫ﯾﮏ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار را ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﯽآورﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻠﻤﺎت راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
‫و ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺤﺮاف از ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻧﺮﻣﺎل در ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ را‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻠﯿﺪي در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
 ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ )‪(PARAMETER‬‬

‫• ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﻪاي از ﮐﻠﻤﺎت اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‪:‬‬
‫‪FLOW‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪PRESSURE‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪LEVEL‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪TEMPERATURE‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫اﻧﺤﺮاف )‪:(Deviation‬‬
‫• از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت راﻫﻨﻤﺎ و ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ﻣﻤﮑﻦ در ﯾﮏ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي رﺳﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي )‪:(Node‬‬

‫• ﯾﮏ واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ‪ HAZOP‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي‬

‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﮔﺮه ﯾﺎ ‪ Node‬ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻧﺪازه ﯾﮏ ‪Node‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﺮدي ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺮم ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و اﻗﺪام )‪(Action Sheet‬‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﭘﺮوژه در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮم ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﯾﮏ ‪ Node‬در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪Document‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Reference‬‬
‫ﻧﺎم ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ‪Title‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻧﺪازه و ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ Node‬در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪Node‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ Deviation‬آورده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‬ ‫•‬
‫در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ “ﻋﻠﺖ” )‪ ،(Cause‬دﻻﯾﻞ اﻧﺤﺮاف از ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ “ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ” )‪ (Consequence‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﯾﮏ اﻧﺤﺮاف آورده‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ )‪ (Safeguards‬اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﺸﮕﯿﺮاﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت )‪ (Action‬اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
Process flow diagram
‫)‪P&ID(Piping & Instrumentation Diagram‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات و ﭼﯿﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻧﺎم و ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﺷﻤﺎره آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ واﻟﻮﻫﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫درﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ و وﻧﺘﻬﺎ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺧﺎص‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﻔﻠﻬﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﻬﺎي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ورودي ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي ﮐﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ در ﯾﮏ ‪ P&ID‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫رﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭽﻬﺎي دﺳﺘﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﯾﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي ﻣﺜﻞ دﻣﺎ‪,‬ﻓﺸﺎر و دﺑﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫زاﻧﻮﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ ئ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﺳﺎﯾﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي‬
P&ID