Carlos Saravia & Get - Training Trial Sesiosns Fracking & Stimulations May 2020 Rev 1

Fracking & Stimulation Training Sessions
Middle East - WEBINAR
DESIGN, OPERATIONS & WELL TESTING
By
MBA. MSC. CARLOS IVER SARAVIA VIDAL
May, 2020
www.getglobalgroup.com 1
AGENDA
DAY 1.- FRACKING:

 Conventional & Unconventional reservoirs
 Biogenic gas reservoirs
 Multistage fracking systems
 Fracking fluids
 Proppant, new generation (scale control, water control, radioactive, curable, etc)
DAY 2.- ACIDIZING & WATER SHUT OFF:

 Carbonates
 Sandstones
 Mature fields & Water Shut Off
 Bullheading Vs Coiled Tubing
 Foams acids systems
 Hot Rock Acid systems
 Matrix acidizing Vs Extended Matrix Penetration designs
Mba.B.Eng. CARLOS IVER SARAVIA VIDAL
(Freelander Global Consultant)
• 47 years old with 25 years O&G Global experience

• HPS Senior Technical Advisor Pinpoint & Well interventions Halliburton
UAE 2018
• Mba Business Argentina 2009 & Msc University Education Bolivia 2017
• Brenntag O&G manager Bolivia 2017
• Completions foreman & Tool man WFT Bolivia 2016
• Global product champion for Halliburton sand Control & Conformance
LATAM 2015
• Global Instruction SIGMA ATAC Engineering LATAM 2014
• Sales Manager Halliburton Venezuela 2011
• Account leader San Jorge Gulf Argentina & Punta Arenas Chile
Halliburton 2006
• Field Engineer Halliburton Bolivia 1996
Reservoirs
concepts
Conventional / Unconventional / BIOGENIC
Conventional Vs Unconventional reservoirs
Definition
 POROSITY
A
A: Lower Perm, Conventional Gas/OIl Reservoir:
40 Ac Spacing 90% Drainage /w 16 Wells
B: Low Perm Tight Gas/OIl Reservoir: 25 Ac Spacing

90% Drainage /w 4 Horizontal Wells w/ 7 fracs
10 m
Unconventional Shale
300 years
100 nD Shale
In Unconventionals – No Two Reservoirs Are Equal
Eagle Ford Woodford New Barnett Bakken Barnett Wise

Albany Johnson
Eagle Ford: 8% porosity, 0.5 mD Bakken: 5% porosity, 0.02

mD
Electron Microscopy Reveals Kerogen Porosity
Low Maturity Samples

Vro ~0.5%
High Maturity Samples

Vro ~1.6%
Unconventional rocks (Images from Loucks, et al., 2009)
Conventional rock
FIB SEM Kerogen Porosity Measurement
(Focused Ion Beam Scan Electron Microscope)
Blue = Kerogen Porosity

Red = Kerogen (mix of organic
materials in the rock)
White = Pyrite
Shale Clay Layering
Confirms need for Acoustic 3D Stress Measurements
Layered TIV Anisotropy = Higher Stress
BIOGENIC GAS - General Information
Shallow Organic gas reservoirs
Real case scenario in UAE
• Vertical cased hole cemented wells

• Shallow depth, low reservoir pressure
– Carbonate ~74%
– Mixed swelling & migration clays ~26%
• Gas & Condensate producer with H2S presence

– Water Cut < 10%
• Multi stages perforations

• XN-08 finished. Currently mobilizing to XN-09 to
complete, test & stimulate
• 25 wells for 2019 with 3 drilling rigs
– xxx stimulation proposal (2700-2830ft TVD)
• Conventional Coiled Tubing Acid HCl Stimulation
• Diesel as pre pad / stimulation fluid in order to reduce high overbalance hydrostatic pressure against
reservoir (~2000psi)
xxxx Well BIOGENIC UAE
Typical Completion
Recommendations based on Case Histories
(Canada & LATAM)
• Air drilling, Underbalance, MPD, etc to avoid reservoir skin damage
due low reservoir pressure and very sensitive reservoir mineralogy
• Cased hole cemented prepared for Fracking Stimulations
• STIMGUN/STIMTUB/PERFSTIM perforations systems
Resin
Stimulation
approach:
 Conventional Approach:  Multi-stage Fracturing Stimulation:
 All perforations at once  Hybrid Fracturing
» Conductivity Endurance and fines migration control
 Well Testing
» FracAcid + Proppant Frac (last 2-3 stages)
 CT Matrix Acid Stimulation
» RESINS system for fines migration control
» Optimize Acid Formulation (Nitrified Organic Acid)
» Micro emulsion in ALL completion fluids to enhance
» Rotating jet for maximum penetration flowback fluids recovery
 Well Testing » N2 pad and displacement to energize low reservoir

pressure
FRACKING TECHNOLOGIES
For all types of reservoirs
CARLOS SARAVIA GLOBAL FRACKING
PAPERS
• BOLIVIA
• USA
• PERU
• COLOMBIA
• ARGENTINA
• MEXICO
• UAE
Closest Current Solution: HydraJet Perforating or
Radial Slotting
Flow Restriction is Reduced
Propped Fracture
jetted
perfs
hydrocarbon
flow
production
casing
What is Fracking?
What’s your imagination about an ideal frac?
X-linked Gel + Proppant
• A new, virtually residue-free fluid system
We’re IN ZONE!!!
Mitigate Asphaltene, Paraffin, Scale, and Hydrate
Deposits for Shale oil production
• Accumulation of asphaltene, paraffin,
scale, and hydrate deposits can occlude
pipelines and tubulars, thus reducing or
terminating flow, and, in turn, creating
production loss.
• Flow assurance challenges are managed
through system understanding, prediction
models, and product performance testing
conducted by our specialists in
LABORATORY TESTING APPARATUS
Cold finger deposition testing

laboratories simulating field conditions.
Most efficient paraffin product and dosage evaluation using field crude
Hydrate rocking cells Methodology to reproduce field pressure temperature and gas conditions to select
most effective hydrate inhibitor
Tube blocking Methodology that uses candidate field brine to the point of scale precipitation that is
used to identify the most effective chemical, dosage and type for inhibition
Predictive water compatibility modeling Using water analysis from subject field, computer-based models predict type and
quantity of scale deposition
Geometric stage and perforation placement
 Variable stresses seen by clusters
 Poor perforation efficiency
 Sub-optimal Cost/BOE
We’re IN ZONE!!!
Geometric stage and perforation placement
 Ignores near wellbore conductivity
 Variable production
 Sub-optimal Cost/BOE
Near well-bore conductivity

is important for production
Engineered Completions allows
 Placement of stages in like rock.
 Placement of perforation clusters to
minimize stress contrast.
Stage X  Optimizes near wellbore reservoir
AND mechanical properties.
The Reality:
Variation in Rock Properties
is non-negligible
Engineered Completions Seek to:
 Improve perforation efficiency
 Reduce stimulation costs
 Optimize cost/boe
Acid System for:
STIMULATION
COILED TUBING
STIMULATION
MULTISTAGES FRACKING = Sand Jet perforation + Coiled Tubing
Fracking
• Require Hydra-Jet
perforation
• Diversion with Sand plug
• Require Insert trees saver
or sacrificial Christmas
tree.
• Case hole
MULTISTAGE FRAC TYPE
• Require Hydra-Jet
Sand perforation
• Diversion with
Dynamic effect
• Require Insert tree
saver or sacrificial
Christmas tree.
• Open hole
Multi stage frac, completions slide side door
• Permanent
completion
• Swelling packer may
take 2-3 weeks.
• Open the sleeve
either balls or with
well intervention with
CT.
• Wellbore should be
well cleaned.
Now FEED THE FRAC!
Ductile Rock Brittle Rock
 Customize the Stimulation
Design by the stage rock
Stg 6 & 7 Stg 12-14 properties and stratigraphic
104% Fluid Placed for 100% Fluid Placed for
74% of Prop Placed placement.
98% of Prop Placed
 Don’t waste your proppant

or your horsepower!
PILLAR TYPE FRACKING
PILLAR TYPE Frac Service
Advanced Pillar Frac – Infinite acting conductivity in

void spaces between proppant pillars
Infinite Conductivity concepts
26% Porosity 48% Porosity
65+% Porosity 85+% Porosity
Frac Service
Stable Pillars
• Chemical System
Advancements
– Stabilized pillars using “on
the fly” resin coating.
• Expedite
• SandWedge
– Proppant bonding agent,
provides channel stability
at reservoir pressure and
temperature.
– Helps retain fracture
channel conductivity over
well lifetime.
PILLAR TYPE Frac Service
• Chemical System
Advancements
– Stabilized pillars using “on
the fly” resin coating.
• EPOXY RESINS
– Proppant bonding agent,
provides channel stability
at reservoir pressure and
temperature.
– Helps retain fracture
channel conductivity over
well lifetime.
PILLAR Fracturing Service – Design Workflow
• Candidate Selection
• Optimize fracture geometry
– Stress environment
– Physical properties
– Well production
• Proppant selection
• Fracture simulation
• Pillar design
– Pillar distance
– Spacer volumes
– No. of proppant pulses
– Proppant volumes
PILLAR Fracturing Service -
Operational
NEW FRAC FLUIDS ERA Service – What is it?
• A high regained
permeability system that
has provided a better
return on investment
compared to guar-based
fluid systems.
• It centers around a residue

free natural polymer
FRAC FLUIDS Service – Advantages
 Clean
– <<1% insoluble residue
– High regained conductivity
– High regain core conductivity
 Efficient
– Enhanced formation mobility modifier
– Excellent proppant transport and suspension
 Versatile
– Wide temperature range 100-275 °F
– Salt tolerant (2-7% NaCl or KCl)
– Instant and delayed crosslinking
– Can be foamed with N2 or CO2
 Available
– Dry powder or LGC
– Stable supply from renewable natural
polymers
NEWS FRAC FLUIDS Service Can Benefit Your Well –
Clean: minimal residue
NEWS Fluid << 1 %

Guar 8 – 15 %
HPG 5–9%
CMHPG 2–5%
NEWS FRAC FLUIDS Service Can Benefit Your Well –
Clean: minimal residue
Radioactive proppants
Why to use?
Micro proppants
Why to use?
RPM’s coated proppants
Reduction of scale generations
Salt production control
Typical Layout Hydraulic Fracture & FracPack
ACIDIZING &
WATER SHUT OFF
 SPE paper CARLOS SARAVIA + SNOC ( UAE) on going
Types of Acid Stimulations for Carbonates
 Perforations Wash Out ( cleanout)
 Minimum Reservoir penetration (1-10 Gal/Ft)
 No Formation Damage removal
 Near Well Bore Acidizing
 Medium Reservoir penetration ( 20 Gal/Ft)
 Limited Formation Damage Removal
 Foam Matrix Stimulation
 Deep Reservoir penetration (25 -75 gal/ft)
 Effective Formation Damage Removal, close to frac pressure
Near Wellbore Acidizing
 Foamed Acid
 Energizing and diversion technique due low reservoir pressure & permeability
(improve fluids placement and post-stimulation flow-back fluids)
 Selective Acid placement through CT. Use of High CO2 and H2S scavenger additive
 (Micro Emulsion Surfactant)
 Premium technology for Acid Stimulation in gas reservoirs (improve flow back
fluids)
 Solvent pre-flush before main Acid Treatment
 Clean the rock reservoir from oil-wet in order to enhance Acid Penetration and
Solubility
GAS & CONDENSATE CARBONATE HT ACID- Halliburton System
 Designed for High BHST >290 F
 Recommended where traditional HCL systems spend quickly (minimum

penetration/conductivity)
 Delayed reaction systems: Combination of HCl and non-corrosive organic acids
 Premium micro-emulsion surfactant: Premium micro-emulsion surfactant for Gas reservoirs to

enhance penetration and flow back fluids recovery
 Acid dispersant for homogeneous additives mixing
 Penetrating Agent for low permeability reservoir – to enhance wormholes generation
 Improve etching effect increasing penetration/conductivity
 Acid Corrosion Inhibitor + HII Inhibitor Intensifier for BHST >250F
 Non-ionic surfactant to break emulsions
 Soda Ash to neutralize Flow Back Contaminated/Spent Acids
ACID STIMULATION EQUIPMENT
 2 x Twin Pumping Units

 2 x Nitrogen Pumping Units
 Foam acid system (Through the Coiled Tubing)
 N2 annular pumping (Coiled Tubing – Tubing Annulus / A-Annulus)
 1 Coiled Tubing Unit – 2in CT string
 2 x 500bbl Acid storage tank
 HRA Hot Rock Acid
 HTA High Temperature Acid
 1 x 500bbl Water storage tank
 1 x 50 bbls Tank for Guidon Acid Guidance System (AGS)
 1 Batch Mixer
SURFACE WELL TESTING – FLOW BACK
 Well returns will be neutralized through the production lines

 Fluids Management should be handled at the production facility or at the
well-testing flow back package
 FlowBack fluids should go to flare (SNOC)
 Monitor pH at production facility
 Considerations should be taken to manage multiple types of fluids:
 Spent acid
 Nitrogen
 H2S
 Condensate
(High Temperature Acid for Carbonate Reservoir)
Proper combination of Organic (Retarded Systems) + Inorganic Systems
Acid Stimulation run at 1bpm
Surface Press.
Liq. & N2 Foam Bottom Hole
Pressure 100-200 psi
Maintain Annular over Res. Press.
Pressure with N2
Radial Penetration
HTA Acid volume: 160 Bbls
Liq. Pumping Rate: 1 bpm
Nitrogen rate: 1250 scf/min
Ave. Foam downhole rate: 3 bpm
Foam quality: 90%
Ave. radial penetration: 4 ft
Av. Pen.
50in=4ft
ACID Coverage
Ave. Fluid coverage = 15

gal/ft
Ave. adial penetration: 4 ft
High Temperature Acid vs Traditional HCL acid systems
Inorganic Acids (HCl, ABF) HCl

Disadvantages HTA .- Organic Acids + Inorganic Acids Advantages
 Quickly spent in carbonates
 Delayed acids
 Requires huge volume to achieve same penetration of
Organic Acids
 More reservoir penetration
 Secondary Insoluble Precipitations
 Low treatments volumes
 Requires Large Over Displacements Volumes
 Its necessary increase corrosion inhibitors for old  Increase Production
completions accessories
 Additional resources in well testing equipment to  Less additives volumes
neutralize huge volumes
 High Cost
 Easy to neutralize in surface
 Additional Cost for Surface Neutralization  Lower Corrosion for completions
NODAL analysis
Inflow/Outflow Plot
350
Data to calibrate:
300
Prod. 1,6 MM scf/day

250
BHSP 315 psi
K 1,25 md (Average)
200
Porosity 3,9%
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
FLOW RATE (MMscfd)
Inflow Outflow
Inflow/Outflow Plot
350
Predicted Skin Before Acid:
300
Possible Scenarios After Acidification Predicted Skin After Acid:
250
200
After Acid
150 Moderate Conductivity
After Acid Expected

100 Before Acid Production
High Conductivity
Actual
Production
Maximum
Production
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
FLOW RATE (MMscfd)
Outflow InflowK = 1.210 InflowK = 1.450 InflowK = 1.810
OPERATIONS
Flow Back Contingency:
If well do not flow and still Liquid Acid in

Bottom Hole
N2+Li
BHSP = 315 psi q N2
N2
Hydrostatic Pressure
= 0.052 x Liq Dens (lb/gal) x Depth (ft)
N
2
Length (Fluid Level)

= 315 psi / (0.052 x 8.8 lb/gal)
686 ft Level Fluid
60 ft Btt Tub – Top Perfs
315psi BHSP
Length level fluid = 686 ft
Water and Gas Shutoff - Mechanical Isolation Technologies:
– Permanent / Retrievable Bridge

Plugs
– Swellable Packers
– Passive inflow control devices
– Inflatable Packers
Water and Gas Shutoff - Chemical Technologies:
• Porosity Temporary
Sealants
• Porosity Permanent Non selective treatments
• Chemicals Matrix injection treatment
Sealants (Hydrocarbon zones must be protected)
Non selective treatments
• Chemicals Matrix injection treatment
(Hydrocarbon zones must be protected)
Water and Gas Shutoff Chemical Technologies:
• Relative Permeability Modifiers

Selective Treatments
• No need waiting time, immediately production after treatment
• Applies for all type of hidrocarbons
• Only for sandstones (due electric charge composition)
(Potential applications through Coiled Tubing or Bullheading)
Rig-less Zonal Isolation via Conformance Technology (UAE case history)
CHALLENGE
 Cross flow detected behind the casing connecting injection water from the reservoir TH-II
to TH-III (producing layer). Such water was produced along with the oil. Hydrostatic
eventually killed the well.
 Rig options posed financial and logistical challenges and were not available for the rest of
2017 locking up approximately 3 - 3.5KBOD. Previous attempts to revive the well were
unsuccessful.
Cross Flow given by cement channel at CSG shoe
SOLUTION
 ADNOC Offshore and Halliburton collaborated to design a rig-less tailor-made
Conformance solution to stop the cross-flow between TH-II and TH-III Reservoirs.
 Through Coiled Tubing deployment, Halliburton premium Conformance technology MOC-
One™ was used taking advantage of its selective reaction properties to water. MOC-
One™ minimizes undesired water production addressing channeling, cresting or conning
MOC-ONE formulation tailored for pumping time conditions and providing optimum zonal isolation and reservoir Integrity.
CT  The Integrated approach was designed involving: CT logging, CT conveyed perforation,
Displacement
Fluid Lock-Up mechanical isolation with IRPP and Conformance Technology.
RESULTS
Squeez  100% reservoir integrity by successfully squeezing 70 bbls of MOC-OneTM behind the
e
liner. Lock-up pressure achieved 40min after squeeze started. (Matched laboratory
MOC-ONE treatment operational parameters design)
 Unlocked deferred production of approximately 3,500 BOPD
 Reduced cost by approximately $ 1.5 MM USD compared to an alternative Rig Operation.
I can talk by days if you need,
Best regards

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Fracking & Stimulation Training Sessions

Middle East - WEBINAR

DESIGN, OPERATIONS & WELL TESTING

DAY 1.- FRACKING:

DAY 2.- ACIDIZING & WATER SHUT OFF:

• 47 years old with 25 years O&G Global experience

B: Low Perm Tight Gas/OIl Reservoir: 25 Ac Spacing

Eagle Ford Woodford New Barnett Bakken Barnett Wise

Eagle Ford: 8% porosity, 0.5 mD Bakken: 5% porosity, 0.02

Low Maturity Samples

High Maturity Samples

Unconventional rocks (Images from Loucks, et al., 2009)

Blue = Kerogen Porosity

Confirms need for Acoustic 3D Stress Measurements

Layered TIV Anisotropy = Higher Stress

• Vertical cased hole cemented wells

• Gas & Condensate producer with H2S presence

• Multi stages perforations

 Well Testing » N2 pad and displacement to energize low reservoir

Flow Restriction is Reduced

What’s your imagination about an ideal frac?

• A new, virtually residue-free fluid system

Cold finger deposition testing

Near well-bore conductivity

 Don’t waste your proppant

Advanced Pillar Frac – Infinite acting conductivity in

26% Porosity 48% Porosity

65+% Porosity 85+% Porosity

• It centers around a residue

NEWS Fluid << 1 %

 Perforations Wash Out ( cleanout)

 Minimum Reservoir penetration (1-10 Gal/Ft)

 No Formation Damage removal

 Near Well Bore Acidizing

 Medium Reservoir penetration ( 20 Gal/Ft)

 Limited Formation Damage Removal

 Foam Matrix Stimulation

 Deep Reservoir penetration (25 -75 gal/ft)

 Effective Formation Damage Removal, close to frac pressure

 (Micro Emulsion Surfactant)

 Solvent pre-flush before main Acid Treatment

 Designed for High BHST >290 F

 Recommended where traditional HCL systems spend quickly (minimum

 Delayed reaction systems: Combination of HCl and non-corrosive organic acids

 Premium micro-emulsion surfactant: Premium micro-emulsion surfactant for Gas reservoirs to

 Acid dispersant for homogeneous additives mixing

 Penetrating Agent for low permeability reservoir – to enhance wormholes generation

 Improve etching effect increasing penetration/conductivity

 Acid Corrosion Inhibitor + HII Inhibitor Intensifier for BHST >250F

 Non-ionic surfactant to break emulsions

 Soda Ash to neutralize Flow Back Contaminated/Spent Acids

 2 x Twin Pumping Units

 Well returns will be neutralized through the production lines

Proper combination of Organic (Retarded Systems) + Inorganic Systems

HTA Acid volume: 160 Bbls

Liq. Pumping Rate: 1 bpm

Nitrogen rate: 1250 scf/min

Ave. Foam downhole rate: 3 bpm

Foam quality: 90%

Ave. radial penetration: 4 ft

Ave. Fluid coverage = 15

Ave. adial penetration: 4 ft

Inorganic Acids (HCl, ABF) HCl