1. What are the major gases in our 11.

How could you prove that air takes up

atmosphere? space and has mass?
Nitrogen, oxygen, argon Think about your Air-Extraordinaire Lab
2. What is the greenhouse effect and when answering this question.
what gases contribute? 12. Under what conditions do gases expand?
The greenhouse effect is the trapping of Gases expand to fit their container; gases
solar energy by gases in our atmosphere, also expand when heated
namely carbon dioxide and water vapor. 13. What is diffusion?
Gas molecules moving from areas of high
3. Explain how greenhouse gases relate
concentration to low concentration.
to burning hydrocarbons. 4. Measuring Gases and STP
The combustion of hydrocarbons creates
...
water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of
14. What four quantities are needed to
which are greenhouse gases.
accurately describe a gas?
2. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Real
Pressure, volume, amount of gas (moles),
Gases
temperature
...
15. Define pressure.
4. Define kinetic-molecular theory.
Number of collisions between gas
This theory describes the behavior of matter
molecules and the sides of the container
in terms of particles in motion: all matter is
16. The SI unit for pressure is
made of tiny particles that are constantly in
_____________________.
motion.
Pascals or kilopascals
5. Restate the six assumption of the kinetic-
17. How does changing the area of contact
molecular theory of gases in YOUR words.
affect the amount of pressure exerted by an
Particles in an ideal gas... 
object?
-Are relatively far apart
Increasing area decreases pressure (inverse
-Are very tiny (almost no volume or mass)
relationship).
-Have elastic collisions, 
18. A device used to measure atmospheric
-Are in constant, random, straight-line
pressure is called a __________________.
motion, 
barometer
-Don't attract or repel each other, 
19. An instrument used to measure the
-Have an average KE directly related to
pressure of an enclosed gas is called a
Kelvin temperature
__________________.
6. What is the difference between elastic
manometer
and non-elastic collisions?
20. List the three common units of pressure
An elastic collision is one in which no KE is
and their relationship to 1 atmosphere (atm).
lost; in non-elastic collisions, KE is lost.
1 atm = 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) = 760 mm
7. What is the difference between an ideal
Hg = 760 torr = 14.7 psi
and real gas?
21. What does STP stand for? What are the
Ideal gases act EXACTLY as the KMT
values?
describes the behavior of gases; real gases
Standard temp & pressure; 101.3 kPa and
deviate from this, theory in some way.
273 K
8. What conditions lead to the least ideal
22. When studying gases what unit should
behavior? Why?
you always use for temperature?
High pressures and low temps Polar
, Kelvin
molecules - b/c they are attracted to each
5. Boyle's Law
other, Large nonpolar molecules - b/c they
...
have more mass and volume
23. State Boyle's law to account for
3. Properties of Gases
pressure-volume changes in a gas.
...
At a constant temp and for a constant
9. What is compressibility?
amount of gas, as the volume increases,
The ability to reduce the volume of the gas
pressure of the gas will decrease; and as
10. Why are gases easier to compress than
volume decreases, pressure will increase.
solids or liquids?
24. Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
More empty space between the particles
Indirect (or inverse)
25. A mass of air occupies a volume of 5.7L
at a pressure of 0.52 atm. What is the new
pressure if the same mass of air at the same
temperature is transferred to a 2.0L
container?
(0.52 atm) (5.7 L) = P2(2.0 L) P2 = 1.5 atm
26. The pressure on 2.5 L of N2O changes
from 105 kPa to 40.5 kPa. If temperature
does not change
what will the new volume be?, (105 kPa)
(2.5 L) = (40.5 kPa) V2 V2 = 6.5 L
6. Charles' Law
...
27. State Charles' law to account for
temperature-volume changes in a gas.
At a constant pressure and for a constant
amount of gas, as the temperature increases,
volume of the gas will increase; and as
temperature decreases, volume will
decrease.
28. Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
Direct
29. Why is it important to convert the
temperature from Celsius to Kelvin?
Kelvin is the absolute temperature, with 0
Kelvin measuring the temp. at which all
molecular motion stops.
30. A volume of 20.0 L of O2 is warmed
from -30.0°C to 85.0°C. What is the new
volume
if the pressure is constant?, 20.0 L = V2 V2
= 29.5 L, 243 K 358 K
31. If a sample of gas occupies 6.8 L at
325oC
what will its volume be at 25oC if the
pressure does not change?, 6.8 L = V2 V2 =
3.4 L 598 K 298 K
7. Gay-Lussac Law
...
32. State Gay-Lussac's law to account for
temperature-pressure changes in a gas.
At a constant volume and for a constant
amount of gas, as the temperature increases,
pressure of the gas will increase; and as
temperature decreases, pressure will
decrease.
33. Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
Direct
34. A rigid (constant volume) container
holds a gas at a pressure of 0.55 atm at a
temperature of -100.0°C. What will the
pressure be when the temperature is
increased to 200.0°C?
0.55 atm 473 K P2 = 1.5 atm 373 K
8. Combined Gas Law
...
35. State the combined gas law.
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/2
36. What is the volume at STP of a sample
of CO2 that has a volume of 75.0 mL at
30.0°C and 680 mmHg?
(680 mmHg)(75.0 mL) = (760 mmHg)V2
V2 = 60. mL 303 K 273 K
9. Dalton's Law of Pressure
...
37. State Dalton's law of partial pressures.
The total pressure of a mixture of gasses is
the sum of the partial pressures exerted by
each of the gasses in the mixture
38. Determine the total pressure of a gas
mixture that contains CO
Ne, and He if the partial pressures of the
gases are PCO = 1.53 atm,, PNe = 0.82 atm,
and PHe = 0.34., Ptotal = PCO + PNe + PHe
Ptotal = 1.53 atm + 0.82 atm + 0.34 atm
Ptotal = 2.69 atm
10. Avogadro's Law and Mole-Mass-
Volume relationship
...
39. What is Avogadro's hypothesis/law?
Equal volumes of different gases contain the
same number of molecules, if they are at the
same temp and pressure.
40. Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
Direct
41. What is the molar volume for any gas at
STP?
1 mol = 22.4 L
11. Henry's Law
...
42. What is Henry's law?
At a given temperature, the solubility of a
gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas above the liquid.
43. Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
Direct
44. The solubility of CO2 in a can of soda is
measured at about 0.11 g/L and the pressure
over the solution is measured at about 276
kPa. When the can is opened the pressure
drops to 100 kPa. What will the new
solubility be
in g/L?, sol1 = sol2 0.11 g/L = sol2 sol2 =
0.04 g/L P1 P2 276 kPa 100 kPa
12. Density of Gases
...
45. What is the formula for density?
d=m/v
46. One liter of a gas at STP has a mass of
5.75g. What is the density?
5.75g/1L = d = 5.75 g/L = .00575g/mL Neon will have a higher rate of effusion
47. Calculate the density of Cl2 at STP. since it has a lower molar mass than argon.
What would it be at 27°C and 1 atm?
d at STP = mol mass d = 70.90 g/mol d =
3.17 g/L 22.4 L/mol 22.4 L/mol
To find density at non-STP conditions
(27°C and 1 atm)
you must determine what the volume of the
same amount of gas would be before
calculating density. Since 1 atm is STP, you
only need to worry about how the changing
temp will affect the volume (Charles's
Law)., 22.4 L = V2 V2 = 24.6 L 273 K
300.K d = 70.90 g/mol d= 2.88 g/L 24.6
L/mol
48. The molar mass of a gas is 20 g/mol.
Calculate the density at STP.
d = 20 g/mol d = 0.9 g/L 22.4 L/mol
13. Gas Stoichiometry
...
Write a balanced equation for the reaction
of aluminum with hydrochloric acid.
Answer the following:
...
49. How many moles of aluminum are
required to produce 5 mol hydrogen gas?
2 Al + 6 HCl ! 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2(g) 2 5 mol
H2 2 mol Al = 3 mol Al 3 mol H2
 Pressure definition
50. How many liters of hydrogen gas can be
produced from 3 mol Al? =force per unit area
3 mol Al 3 mol H2 22.4 L H2 = 100 L H2 2  Common units for pressure
mol Al 1 mol H2 pressure = force/area
51. When 45.7 g of aluminum are burned in  Derived unit for pressure
the presence of oxygen at 2.13 atm and 1 Pascal = Newtons per sq meters
45°C  Why is mercury more suitable to
how many liters of O2 are used?___Al + use in a thermometer than water?
___O2 → __Al2O3, _4__Al + _3__O2 → Density....
__2_Al2O3 47.5g Al 1 mol Al 3 mol O2  Explain how a unit of length (mm
22.4 L O2 318 K 1 atm = 15.5 L O2 26.98 g Hg) can be used as unit of pressure.
Al 4 mol Al 1 mol O2 273 K 2.13 atm
760 mm Hg in a column = one
14. Diffusion and Graham's Law of Effusion
... atmosphere (p. 176)
52. What types of gas molecules typically  State Boyle's Law and the
diffuse and effuse faster? conditions under which the law is
Ones with a low molar mass applicable. Include the units.
53. What is the difference between effusion The pressure of a fixed amount of gas at
and diffusion? a constant temperature is inversely
Diffusion: Spreading of gas molecules proportional to the volume of the gas:
throughout a container until evenly P1V1 = k = P2V2 .
distributed. Effusion: Passing of gas  State Charles' & Gay-Lussac's
molecules through a tiny opening in a Law, the conditions under which it
container
is applicable, and the units.
54. Compare the rates of effusion of neon
and argon. The volume of a fixed amount of gas
maintained at a constant pressure is
directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas: V1/T1 = k =
V2/T2 .
 State Avogadro's Law, the
conditions under which it is
applicable, and the units.
-At a constant pressure and temperature,
the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles of
the gas present: k = RT/P
 Manometer
--Device used to measure the pressure of
gases other than the atmosphere.
The Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT at conditions 0 degrees C
(273.15 K) and 1 atm of pressure.
 1 mole of gas occupies .... volume?
=22.414 L at STP
 STP
-Standard Temp & Pressure: 0 degrees C
and 1 atm
 R in the ideal gas law
Proportionality Constant = 0.082057
L atm / K mol
 What is the volume (in liters)
occupied by 49.8 g of Hal at STP?
=30.6 L
 Calculate the volume in liters
occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric
oxide (NO) at 6.54 atm and 76
degrees C.
=9.29 L
 A sample of oxygen gas initially at
0.97 atm is cooled from 21 degrees
C to -68 degrees C at a constant
volume. What is its final pressure in
atm?
=0.68 atm
 A gas initially at 4.0 L, 1.2 atm, and
66 degrees Celsius undergoes a
change so that its final volume and
temp are 1.7 L and 42 degrees
Celsius. What is its final pressure?
Assume the number of moles
remains unchanged.
=2.6 atm
 What is the density in g/L of
uranium hexafluoride (UF6) at 779
mmHg and 62 degrees Celsius?
13.1 g/L
 The density of a gaseous organic
compound is 3.38 g/L at 40 degrees
Celsius and 1.97 atm. What is its
molar mass?
=44.1 g/mol
 State Dalton's law of partial
pressures.
The total pressure of a mixture of gases
is just the sum of the pressures that each
gas would exert if it were present alone. 
Total Pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 ....
 Mole Fraction
A dimensionless quantity that expresses
the ration of the number of moles of one
compound to the number of moles of all
compounds present.
 A sample of natural gas contains
8.24 moles of methane (CH4), 0.421
mole of ethane (C2H6), and 0.116
mole of propane (C3H8). If the total
pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm,
what are the partial pressures of the
gases?
CH4: 1.29 atm, C2H6: 0.0657 atm, and
C3H8: 0.0181 atm.
 What does SCUBA stand for?
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus
 SCUBA diving involves the direct
application of which gas law?
Dalton's partial pressures. (p. 200)
 Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Four assumptions: separated molecules,
constant motion, neither attracted nor
repulsed by each other, and KE
proportional to the temp in K. (p. 203)
 Graham's Law of Diffusion
Under the same conditions of T and P,
rates of diffusion for gases are inversely
proportional to the square roots of their
molar masses.
 Effusion
The process whereby a gas under
pressure escapes from one compartment
of a container to another by passing
through a small opening.
 van der Waals equation
Explains deviation for ideal behavior --
i.e., real gas behavior at the molecular
level.