Vogel IPR

Sohail Nawab
Lecturer
Institute of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Mehran UET, Jamshoro
sohail.nawab@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Introduction

 In early 1900 wells were shallow and mostly single phase.

 In mid 1900s (1930-1960) wells were of intermediate depth with

 low k,
 dissolved gas
 and high DP.

 Gilbert IPR did not do well in such reservoirs.

Introduction (Cont.)

 Straight-line productivity index calculation is only valid for single-phase

liquids.
 Although Muskat pointed out that the curvature in the performance curve
of solution gas drive reservoirs is due to released gas after bubble point
pressure is reached, Vogel first published two-phase IPR in 1968.
Properties of Vogel IPR

 Vogel IPR is valid for solution gas reservoirs producing under bubble point
pressure only.
 It is single point IPR.
 Vogel used only one value of oil compressibility, co = 1.2x10-5 psi-1. Which causes ?
 Less accurate for heavy oil wells and well with high skin values.
 More accurate for high rate tests.
 Introduces greater error at the last stages of depletion.
 If well is stimulated, Vogel IPR does not guarantee the accurate
performance and requires that well must be tested again. HOW ?
Limitations of Vogel IPR

 Vogel IPR is based on Weller’s assumptions

 Weller Assumptions
 GOR is not constant as assumed in earlier work : (better)
 Gas desaturation rate is same everywhere in the reservoir
 It is independent of Skin
Vogel(Cont.) - Effect of Depletion
Vogel(Cont.)- Effect of Depletion
Vogel(Cont.)- Effect of Depletion
 (Shell 1966)SPE 1476

IPRs- Vogel

 Additional Assumptions
 Circular and Bounded Reservoir .
 Uniform and isotropic formation.
 Constant water saturation everywhere in the reservoir.
 Negligible gravity and Capillary effects.
 Pseudo steady state flow.
 Vogel’s methodology can be used to predict the IPR curve for the following
two types of reservoirs:

 Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑃𝑅 ≤ 𝑃𝑏

 Under saturated oil reservoirs 𝑃𝑅 > 𝑃𝑏 OR Two Rate Generalized IPR (TWO
CASES)
Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑷𝑹 ≤ 𝑷𝒃
IPR Vogel - Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑃𝑅 ≤ 𝑃𝑏

 Procedure
 Flow the well at a certain rate.
 After rate stabilizes, record the q and 𝑃𝑤𝑓
 Estimate the 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 using measured q and 𝑃𝑤𝑓

qo
qmax  2
 Pwf   Pwf 
1  0.2
 
  0.8
 

 Pr   Pr 

 Establish the IPR using Assumed Pwf values

  Pwf   Pwf 
2

qo  qmax 1  0.2   0.8  
  Pr   Pr  
IPR Vogel - Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑃𝑅 ≤ 𝑃𝑏
(Cont.)

 IPR as a function of reservoir pressure

 As reservoir pressure decreases, a new IPR has to be established.

 Experience has shown that the IPRs are parallel as the reservoir
pressure decreases.
 Vogel IPR

3000

Pr
2500

2000

Pressure [psi]
1500

1000

500

AOF
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Flow Rate [STB/D]
Remember

VOGEL IPR FORMULA IS DEVELOPED FOR GAUGE

PRESSURE (PSIG)

NOT PSIA
IPR Vogel - Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑃𝑅 ≤ 𝑃𝑏

 Problem: A well is producing from a saturated reservoir with an

average reservoir pressure of 2500 psig. Stabilized production test
data indicated that the stabilized rate and wellbore pressure are
350 STB/day and 2000 psig, respectively.
 Calculate:
• Oil flow rate at 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 1850 psig
• Construct the IPR by using Vogel’s method and the constant
productivity index approach.
HW

 A well discovered in medium depth onshore environment, was tested at

bottomhole flowing pressure of 1,200 psia and produced 521 STB/D. An
earlier pressure drawdown test indicated reservoir pressure of 1,850 psia.
The bubble point pressure for this crude oil was estimated as 2,120 psia.
Estimate the maximum flow rate and establish IPR for this well.
Undersaturated oil reservoirs 𝐏𝐑 > 𝐏𝐛
Two Rate Generalized IPR

(Two cases)
 Two Rate Generalized IPR -
Introduction
CASE-1  Composite IPR has been developed for reservoirs possessing pressure
above the bubble point, but can decline below the bubble point with
depletion
OR
CASE-2  if wellbore flowing pressure is maintained below the bubble point.

 It is the composite form of the Gilbert and Vogel IPRs.

Two Rate Generalized IPR

 When reservoir pressure is greater than Pb , and Pwf is lower than Pb , two IPRs
exist.
 Straight Line up to bubble point
 Curved below the bubble point

 Combination of both
 Case-1: PR > Pb and Pwf
 Two Rate Generalized IPR (Cont.)
Two Phase IPR

3500
Pr
3000
2500 Pb = 1500 psig
Pressure [psi]

2000
1500
1000
Extrapolated qmax
500 qmax
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Flow Rate [bbls/D]
 Pr

Pb

qb Act ual AOF Single Phase

AOF

AOF
Reduction Due
To G as Coming
out of Solution
How to Establish 2-Rate IPR
Case-1 Pr > Pwf >Pb
 Procedure
 Solve for J= PI
qo
J
P  Pwf
qb

q b  JP  Pb 
qc

P 
q b  1.8q c   1
 Pb 
 q max sum of 𝐪 𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐪 𝐜 After getting 𝐪 𝒎𝒂𝒙 , develop
IPR as like Vogel.
Problem

 A small field has an average reservoir pressure of 2,500 psig, the

bubble point pressure of 2,000 psig.

 For the following test data, establish the IPR and estimate the rate at
the bubble point and AOF.
Pwf qo
psig STB/D
2,200 350
Two Rate Generalized IPR
Case-2 Pr > Pb > Pwf
qo
 Procedure qc 
 P  Pwf   Pwf 
2

 Solve for qc, qb, & qmax 1.8   0.2   0.8   0.8
 in that order
  Pb   Pb   Pb  
 using Eqs..

P 
q b  1.8q c   1
 Pb 

qmax  qC  qb
Problem

 A small field has an average reservoir pressure of 2,500 psig, the

bubble point pressure of 2,000 psig.

 For the following test data, establish the IPR and estimate the rate at
the bubble point and AOF.
Pwf qo
psig STB/D
1750 475