ELECTRICAL- FOR

NON ELECTRICAL
PRESENTED BY

NAVEEN
 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY

 A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons
or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a
current.

 Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow
of electric charge.

 Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static

electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current

 Common terms associated - Electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do

work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts.

 Electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically

measured in amperes.

 Electric power where electric current is used to energize equipment in watts.

 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

 An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply,

transmit and use electric power.

 An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a region's

homes and industry with power.

 Power system is also known as the grid and that can be broadly divided into
three stages

 1. Generation system that supply the power.

 2. Transmission system that carries the power from the generating centers to the
load centers.

 3. Distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. .
 GENERATION

 THERMAL

 HYDRO

 WIND

 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

TRANSMISSION

 Transmission Links generating station with distribution substation

 Voltage stepped up to 400KV to reduce losses during transmission

DISTRIBUTION

 Distribution transformers reduce voltage levels to domestic level-

(230v/440v)

 Distribution is made by ring main & radial distribution arrangement

to maintain continuity in supply
INSIGHT OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 HT Substation works

 Building Electrification

 DG / UPS Systems

 Lighting

 Earthing

 Lightning Protection
 CODES AND STANDARDS…
 National Building Code (NBC)

 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

 National Electric Code (NEC)

 Indian Electricity Rules

 International Electro technical Commission (IEC)

 Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

 National Fire protection Association (NFPA)

 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)

 FUNCTIONS

 Power supply scheme for HT & LT distribution

 Electrical Load calculation

 Design & Selection of type & capacity of transformers, DG sets, Capacitor

panels etc.

 Inverter for emergency lighting

 Short circuit calculation for HT & LT distribution

 Selection of cable size based on voltage drop and grouping factor calculation

 Design & Selection of UPS for IT & office applications

 Earthing & lightning protection design based on the type of application

 Indoor & Outdoor illumination design

 HT & LT SUBSTATION WORKS

 Total demand for entire campus has to be determined.

 Based on this Mains input voltage has to be determined.

 As most of the licensees have formulated their policy of

correlating the supply voltage with the connected load or the
contract demand., generally the supply is at 400/230 volts, 11 kV
(or 22 kV) for loads up to 5 MVA and 33 kV or 66 kV for
consumers of more than 5 MVA.

 Short circuit rating to be determined according to class of

voltage.

 Nearest Utility substation and the available voltage level shall be

found.

 Substation equipments, utility supply voltage, earthing system

and cable trenches shall be designed in coordination with other
service.

 Point of supply from main gate and location of metering room

shall be identified.
HT & LT LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION

 Total no of buildings, service building and their location shall be indentified

in the master plan layout.

 Lighting load, Power load, UPS load, HVAC load, lift load, PHE, FPS &
other miscellaneous loads shall be calculated for all the type of buildings.

 Anticipated total demand for entire campus shall be determined.

 Total no of Transformers, DG sets, UPS shall be arrived.

 Location of Transformers, DG sets, UPS shall be identified.

 Over all power distribution scheme shall be arrived.

 SUBSTATION
TRANSFORMER
CONSUMER HT PANEL
HT UG XLPE CABLE

BUSDUCT

HT UG XLPE CABLE
BUSDUCT

HT RMU-METERING PANEL
MAIN LT PANEL

415V DG SETS
TO BUILDING LOADS
EB SIDE CONTRACTOR/CLIENT SIDE

ELECTRICAL SERVICE – SUBSTATION

SCHEMATIC OF ELECTRICAL DESIGN

POINT OF SUPPLY ( EB HT)

CONSUMER HT PANEL

BUS BAR
TRANSFORMER DG SETS

LIGHTING & FIRE FIGHTING PLUMBING LOADS

POWER LOADS LOADS

HVAC LOADS CRITICAL LOADS (LIFTS &

EMERGENCY LIGHTING)
 HVAC LOADS
Chiller Cooling Tower

Pumps AHU

Air Washer

Split AC FCU
Air curtain

Terrace Exhaust
fan

exhaust fan Duct in-line fan

jet fan
 PHE LOADS Water treatment
Sewage plant
Water & treatment plant
landscape pumps

Sewage and ro plant

hot water boiler
drainage pumps
 FIRE LOADS
Hydrant pump
Sprinkler pump

Fire pump room

Jockey pump

Terrace booster
pump
INTERNAL ELECTRIFICATION…

Raw Power distribution

Lighting distribution

UPS Power distribution

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

 Voltage is stepped down from HV to

domestic level(230/415V) by using
transformers.

 Transformer is classified based on

 Capacity.

 Cooling method (Air cooled –Air

natural, Air forced, Oil cooled).

 The transformer is generally chosen with

capacity greater than 1.2 times the total
demand.
TRANSFORMERS REQUIREMENT

 For building above 15 m height transformer and its control gear

should be with in consumer premises.
 Primary and secondary control gear should be with in 15 m from
transformer.
 Clear space of 1 m around the transformer
 Bus duct provision for transformer above 750KVA. Expansion
joints to be used when Bus duct is more than 4.5m
 Doorways to be fitted with grilled rolling shutter for good
ventilation
 Adequate passage way for transport of equipment for repairs should
be provided in transformer room.
 Transformer Plinth to be of correct size to accommodate
transformer
DIESEL GENERATOR

 DG provides back up for critical

loads in case of power failure
within a short span of time.

 Acoustic enclosures and scrubbers

are provided to prevent noise and
air pollution.

 Automatic mains failure (AMF)

panel switches ON DG
automatically incase of power
failure and

 Synchronizing panels facilitates

parallel DG operation.
DIESEL GENERATOR REQUIREMENT

 The generator should be as close to the main change- over board as possible.

 In cases like textile mills, where there is fear of smoke affecting the quality the
quality of the yarn etc., generators may be located away from the plant
/department.

 The generator should be so erected that the radiator of the engine is facing the
opening for effective heat radiation .

 The generator should be erected in a well ventilated room preferably with a

point opening. It is not desirably to locate this in the basement.

 A minimum clear space of 1.5 m should be provided around the generator.

 When two generators are erected side by side, a minimum clearance of 2.5m
should be provided between the generators.
 UPS SYSTEM

 UPS is an intelligent device that provides continuous electrical power within

defined limits and without interruption upon failure or degradation of the
commercial AC source.

 Requirement of uninterrupted Electrical power supply with specified quality for the
critical load applications.

 UPS delivers electrical power output with

 Increased quality

 Lower Noise

 Protection against upstream network disturbances

 Compatible for non-linear loads

BASIC SCHEMATIC
HT INDOOR CUBICLE

 The substation should be located higher than flood

level and also higher than surroundings to prevent
water clogging.

 Enough space should be provided for accommodating future expansion.

 Cable should be laid only in cable trenches inside the substation.

 Wall ventilators should be provided at roof level the total area of

ventilators should be at least 1% of the floor area of the room.

 Door way should be fitted with grilled rolling shutter to facilitate cross
ventilation.
LT PANEL

 LT panel is a distribution panel feeding to main and sub distribution boards.

 Power is taken from transformer to LT panel through bus ducts.

 Rising mains in electrical shaft are used to provide power in case of high rise
buildings.
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF RISING MAIN
CABLE TERMINATION ARRANGEMENT AT FLOOR PANEL IN
ELECTRICAL ROOM (BOTTOM ENTRY)
CABLE TERMINATION ARRANGEMENT AT FLOOR PANEL IN
ELECTRICAL ROOM (TOP ENTRY – METHOD)
LT PANEL REQUIREMENTS

a. Front clearance : 2m with respect to HV/MV switch board.

: 1.5 m between panels facing each other.

b. Rear Clearance : min. 750 mm on rear side

if rear access is required.
: min. 200mm on rear side
if there is no rear access.

c. Side Clearance : 750mm on the either side of the board.

CABLES

 BASED ON VOLTAGE CLASSIFICATION

 HT CABLE (> 1.1 KV)

 LT CABLE (1100 V)

 BASED ON INSULATION

 XLPE Insulated PVC Sheathed

 PVC insulated PVC sheathed
 XLPE Insulated FRLS sheathed
 XLPE insulated LSF sheathed
 LSF insulated LSF sheathed
 Mineral insulated (Fire resistant)
CABLE CONSTRUCTION
MEASURES SHALL BE TAKEN DURING LAYING

 Laying and installation of cables as per IS:1255/84.

 Care shall be taken during laying to avoid sharp bending, and twisting.

 Shaft supported both ends with Suitable jacks / stands.

 Avoid twist during laying of cable.

 Suitable protection shall be provided to the cables against mechanical

stress

 Bending radius shall be maintained at turning as per manufacturer’s

recommendation.

 Recommended pulling force shall be applied during laying.

CABLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• CABLE LADDER

• CABLE TRAY

• STEEL TRUNKING

• WIRE MESH

• CONDUIT
 LIGHTING

 The form of energy that makes it possible to see things : the

brightness produced by the sun, by fire, a lamp, etc

 Lighting is made based on the requirement and also according to

the standards (IS 3646).

 The basis of lighting, arrangement of fixtures, and types of

fixtures collectively depend on the purpose of lighting and also
the lux (luminance) level needed .

 Optimum lighting design is reached by using specialized

softwares like DIALUX,WIPRO LIGHTING, CG LUX etc.
 AIMS OF GOOD LIGHTING

 The first aim is to promote work and other activities carried out
within the building.

 Second aim is to promote the safety of the people using the

building.

 The third aim is to create, in conjunction with the structure and

decoration, a pleasing environment conducive to interest of the
occupants and a sense of their well-being.

 Most buildings are complexes of working areas and other areas,

such as passages, corridors, stairways, lobbies and entrances.
The lighting of all these areas should be properly correlated to
give safe movement within the building at all tides.
FIXTURE ARRANGEMENTS

 It depends on

• False ceiling / reflected ceiling plan (RCP)

• Position of columns & beams

• Position of doors& windows

• Aesthetics

• Reflectance factors

 Position of other service equipment (fire fighting, HVAC) to be coordinated

with lighting plan in making RCP
 LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

The LUX level considered as per IS 3646 are as follows,

• Office area 500

• Reception area 300
• Halls 300
• Circulation areas, lounges 150
• Corridors 100
• Stairs 100
• Clock room 100
• Toilets 100
• Kitchen area 300
• Covered Car Parking 30
LIGHTING DESIGN
DIALUX
EARTHING
WHAT IS EARTHING? AND WHY EARTHING ?

 Earthing is an electrical connection between current carrying

conductors or non current carrying conductors to the General
mass of earth.

 Earthing serves two purpose,

1. Safety to personnel and
2. Safety to Electrical Equipments and Conducting and non -
Conducting metal parts.

 During abnormal condition (Earth fault) the system current

may increase in range of kA (Fault current) and it may damage
the equipments.
EARTHING
EARTHING – HOW STUFF WORKS
TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEM
International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing
arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-
supply equipment (generator or transformer)

“T"— Direct connection of a point with earth.

"I" — No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a
high impedance.

The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the
electrical device being supplied

“T" — Direct connection of a point with earth

"N" —Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation,
which is connected to the earth
TN SYSTEM TT SYSTEM IT SYSTEM
EARTHING

 Copper Strips / conductor shall be used for Neutral earthing of Transformer,

Genset and UPS.

 Body earthing shall be GI strip / conductor.

 Earth pits shall be installed as per IS 3043.

 Depth of earth rod shall be minimum 3 m.

 Minimum 3 m space shall be maintained between the earth pits.

 To have better conductivity, specialized maintenance free earth electrode shall be

used.

 Conductor size shall be chosen based on the fault current and local regulations.

 Combined resistance value of earthing system shall be less than 1 ohm.

 All the metallic structures and equipments shall be bonded to have equipotential.
LIGHTNING

 Lightning is a massive electrostatic discharge

between the electrically charged regions
within clouds or between a cloud and the
surface of a planet.

 The charged regions within the atmosphere

temporarily equalize themselves through a
lightning flash, commonly referred to as a
strike if it hits an object on the ground

 There are three primary types of lightning;

from a cloud to itself (intra-cloud or IC);
from one cloud to another cloud (CC) and
between a cloud and the ground (CG).
FACTS…

 The driving forces behind this lightning are downward streamers

(generated by the clouds) and the upward streamers (generated by the
earth objects).

 Basically the clouds are the integrity of charges. These charged clouds
induce an opposite charge (ground charge) on the surface of the earth
beneath it as they travel through the atmosphere.

 The energy dissipated in a lightning flash is in the order of 1000 to

10,000 MJ, much of which is spent the temperature rising to about
15,000 0C in a few tens of microseconds.

 The average current dissipated by lightning is of the order of kilo-

amperes. During an average lightning storm, a total of the order of
kilo-coulombs of charge would be generated.
PROPAGATION OF LIGHTNING CHANNEL
WHAT IS A LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

A lightning protection system provides a safe pathway for energy from a

lightning strike to find its way to earth, encouraging the energy to bypass
building components that might otherwise be damaged.

So it's job is
 To provide a path for the lightning strike to reach ground (instead of
reaching the ground through the building or its components), and

 To avoid damage to the building as the electrical current of the lightning

flows through the protection system components.
TYPES OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

Conventional Type
 Fixed Air termination

 Vertical termination

 Suspended type

 Integrally mounted type

 Fixed Air termination with Spikes

Advanced Type
 Earlier steamer emission

 Controlled Emission steamer ( Dynasphere)

CO-ORDINATION & INTERFACE WITH OTHER SERVICES

 Architecture

 Civil/Structural

 HVAC

 Public Health Engineering

 Fire Fighting

•
CO-ORDINATION LEVELS EXPRESSED AS %

10%
Architecture

10%
35% Civil/Structural

HVAC

20%
PHE

Fire Fighting
25%
GENERAL PANEL ROOM LAYOUT
GENERAL TRENCH LAYOUT
EXCAVATED TRENCH & CABLE PULLING