J

our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch, I
nte
rna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８　　　　　　　　　　
ona

Ef
fec
tofd
isso
lvedn
iob
iumoneu
tec
toi
dtr
ans
forma
tionbehav
ior
Qi
Ｇlong Yong１ ２ ∗ , 　Zheng
ＧyanZhang , 　Xi
nＧunSun１ , 　J
j ian
ＧchunCao２ , 　Zhao
ＧdongL
i１
, , １

１
Departmen
tofS
truct
uralS
tees, Cen
l tra
lIronandS tee
lRese
archInst
itu
te, Bei
jng１０００８１, Ch
i ina
２
Departmen
tofMate
rial
sSci
enceandEnginee
ring, Kunmi
ngUn i
vers
ityofScienceandTechnoogy, Kunmi
l ng６５００９３, Yunnan,
China

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Keywo rds: Thee f

fec
to fd iss
olvedn iobi
um ont heeu t
ectoidtrans
format
ionbehav i
orinne a r
Ｇeutec
toidh ighＧ
carbon
Niobi
um st
e e
lshasbeens tudied．Dissolvedniobiumi simpo r
tantintheeut
e ct
oidtr
ansforma t
ionbehavior．Itinc
r e
aＧ
Highc a
rbonst
eel sestheeutect
o i
dc arbonc ont
en tsi
gn i
ficant
ly (by ~０􀆰０４７７％ per０ 􀆰００００１％ d i
ssolvedniobium),i nc
r e
aＧ
Eutec
toidtr
ans
forma
tion sesthehardenabil
ityo fsteelma rkedly, yiel
dsf i
ner, moreunif
o rm, po
lygonalp roeut
ectoi
df e
rri
te, i
nＧ
Pear
li
te ducesatransi
tioninmo rphologyofeu tecto
idc ementi
tefromlamellartosomewha tspheroi
dal, andinc
r e
aＧ
sesthemisorientat
ionang leo fpear
litec o
loniesfrombeingfocusednear０°tone ar６０ °．

l
eve l, requirether apiddevelopmen to fmanu facturＧ
１
􀆰In
trodu
cti
on ings teelsint heensu i
ngde cades９ , andt
[ ]
hee ffe
cto f
　Thee ff
e c
to fniobi um (Nb) a sami c
r oalloyinge lＧ Nbi nt heses tee
lsmus tbede t
e rmi ned．
emen tinl owＧ carbons teels, sucha st heab il
it yt oinＧ 　Ne ar
Ｇeu t
e c
toidsteelswereus edt os t
udyt heeffect
hibitaus ten i
ticg raing r owt handr et ardr e
c rystalli
Ｇ ofd issolvedNbont heeu tecto
i dt r ansforma tionbe Ｇ
zationo fde formedaus t eni
t e, andt hep reci pi
tation havio randt hemo rphologyoft heeu t
e c
toidt ransforＧ
streng thening, ha sbe enr esearchedand us edsuc Ｇ ma t
i on by me anso ft imeＧ
tempe r a tureＧtransforma Ｇ
cessf ul
lyi nt hel astha lfＧcentu ry ． Inmed i umＧand t
i on (TTT) cur ves, andanobs er va t
iono ft hec ri
tiＧ
[１５]
Ｇ

high Ｇcarbons tees, t

l hee f
fecto fNbha sno ta t
tracＧ calpo intsofs t
eelsandt hemicrostr u cture．Theamoun t
tedex tensivea t
ten t
ion．Ac cor d
i ngt ot hes o lubil
ity ofd issolvedNbi ns t
eelswa scalcu l a tedtheo reti
call
y
produc to fNbC, t heamoun to fd i ssolvedNbi st oo toexp l
aint her o
leo fNbi nh i
gh Ｇc a rbons te e
lquan tiＧ
sma llt obeo fc onc ern．Re centr ese arch wo rk ha s tati
ve ly．
shownt hatsma llamoun t
so fd iss olved Nba reimＧ
２．Exp
erimen
talPr
oce
dur
e
po rtanti ntermso feu tec t
oidt rans f orma tioncha racＧ
teristics, bec auset hey i nfluenc et he s teel mi croＧ 　 The chemi calcompos it
i on o ft he expe rimen t
al
struc ture and me chan icalp rope rtiess ignifican tl
y． ste e
lsi slistedinTab le１．Toavo i
dt heinfluenceso f
Thepe arl
ites tructur eappe arss eldomi nNb Ｇ bearing o thera l
loyi nge l
emen ts, expe rimen talsteelswi tha
lowＧ carbonc ons t
ruc tiona lst eel
sbu ti ti st he ma in ne arＧeutectoidCcon t
en twe r eus edandt he sedidno t
mi crostruc t
ur ei n med iumＧandh igh Ｇcarbon manu Ｇ con taino thera l
loyingel emen tsexc eptf o
rCandNb．
facturings teels, sot hee ffecto f Nb oneu tectoid S teelCcon ta
insnoNb, whe r
easS t
eelsAandBc onＧ
trans forma t
ionsi simpo r
tan t．Med iumＧand h ighＧ tain０􀆰０４０ma ss％and０ 􀆰０６４ma s s％ Nb,r espect
ively．
carbon manu facturings teelshavebe enus edt op roＧ Thes t e
elswe reme lt
edi na２５kgva cuumi nduction
duc ema chiner yc omponen ts, sucha sge ars, sha fts, furna ce; t hei ngots we ref orged t o ４０ mm ba rs
springs, be arings, r ai
ls, andt oo ls, wh icha reap Ｇ (heating t empe ratur
eo f １２００° C, i ni
tialf orging
pliedex t
ens i
ve lyinma ch i
ne ry, au tomob iles, me ta
lＧ tempe ratureo f１１５０° C, andf i
na ltempe ratureh ighＧ
lurgicaleng ine er
ing, chemi cal eng ineering, sh ipＧ ert han９００° C; ai
rcoo ledt or oomt empe rature) and
ping, andt heav i
ationi ndus try ．Deve lopmen tsin rolledt o１１ mm b ars (he a
tingt emp eratur
eo f１１００－
[６
Ｇ８]

thena tionale conomy o f Ch inaf r om f undamen ta

l １１５０° C,i n
itialrol
li
ngt emp er a
tureo f１０００－１０５０° C,
cons tructiont o manu fa cturing, e spe ciallya tah igh andf i naltempe ratureo f~７１０° C; ai
rc ool
e dtor oom
∗ Corr
espondingauthor．Pr
o , Ph．
f． D． ; Te
l． : ＋８６１０６２１８３６１６．
EＧma
iladdr e
ss: yongq
l＠１２６c．om , yongqilong＠nerca
stcom (Q ．
． L．Yong) ．

Recei
ved１Sep t
embe r２０１６; Rece
ivedinrevi
sedfo
rm７Ap r
il２０１７; Accep
ted１３Ap ril２０１７
Avai
lableonl
ine１５Sep t
embe r２０１７
１００６
Ｇ７０６X/Copyr
i tⓒ２０１７, Th
gh eedi
tor
ialo
ffi
ceofJou
rna
lofIronandSte
elRe s
ear
ch, I
ntern
ati
ona
l．Pub
lis
hedbyE
lse
vie
rLimi
ted．Al
lri
ght
sre
ser
ved．
 ９７４ 　　　Q
􀆰L ．
Yonge
ta /Journa
l． lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８
ona

Tab
le１
Chemi
calc
ompo
sit
iono
fexpe
rimen
tals
tee
lsa
tca
sts
tae (ma
t ss％ )
　S
tee
l C Nb S N S
i P Mn Fe
　A (０􀆰０４０Nb) ０
􀆰７５ ０
􀆰０４０ ０
􀆰００５２ ０
􀆰００１９ ０
􀆰０５７ ０
􀆰００７６ ＜０
􀆰１ Ba
lanc
e
　B (０
􀆰０６４Nb) ０
􀆰７８ ０
􀆰０６４ ０
􀆰００５１ ０
􀆰００１１ ０
􀆰０３０ ０
􀆰００８０ ＜０
􀆰１ Ba
lanc
e
　C (Nb
Ｇfr
ee) ０
􀆰７０ ０ ０
􀆰００６１ ０
􀆰００２８ ０
􀆰０７４ ０
􀆰００７４ ＜０
􀆰１ Ba
lanc
e

tempe rature) ．
Someexpe rimen talbarshavebe enanＧ respe cti
ve ly, ma ss％ ; (weNb 􀅰weC ) ist heNbandC
nealedf ul
lyt oob servet hee quil
ibri
um mi cro
structue,
r sol ubil
ityi naus ten ite, ma ss％ ; and T i st het emＧ
andt hef u
llanne a
lingp roce ssisshowni nF i􀆰１．
g pe rature, K．
　Th eme ta
llo r
gpa hi
c sam l
pesw ereetche
dw ith２v o
l􀆰％ 　Fo rS teelsAandB, Eq 􀆰(１) be come sl og(weNb 􀅰
nit
als olut
ion．A me tallograph icmi c
roscopewa sused wC)γ＝３
e
􀆰５２２－７８１０/T (Ccon ten to f０􀆰７５ ma s s％ )
tost udyt hemi crost
ructure, a ndSISCIAS V８ 􀆰０s oft
Ｇ andl ( 􀅰
og w Nb wC γ＝３
e e
) /
􀆰５２１－７７７０ T Ccon( tento f
warewa susedt od eterminet hev o
lumef ract
iono fthe ０􀆰７８ ma s s％ ), respe ctive
ly．
nonＧeutectoids tructure．The mi crohardnesso fthe 　Atananne a
lingt empe rat
ureo f８００° C (１０７３ K),
nonＧeu t
ectoids t
ruc turewa ste s
tedwi thloado f４９N． theequ ilibriumＧdis solved Nbquan tityc anbec alcuＧ
latedf r
om t heaboveequa tionsa s０ 􀆰０００２３５％ o r
０􀆰０００２４６％ , andt he ma ssfraction ofund i s
so lved
NbCi s０􀆰０４５０２％ o r０ 􀆰０７２００％ (f ixedCquan titya s
０􀆰００５１４％ o r０􀆰００８２４％ ) f orS teelAo rB, re specＧ
tive l
y．

３􀆰２．Pr
oeute
cto
idf
erri
tequan
tit
yandi
nfl
uenc
eof
Nboneute
cto
idCcont
ent

　 The me tal
log raphic pho tographs o ft he expe ri
Ｇ
men t als teelsa reshowni nF ig􀆰２, andt henon Ｇ pearl
Ｇ
ites truc turec an beobs erveda s wh ite pa rts．The
Fi
g􀆰１．　Schema ti
co ffullanne a
lingprocess． non Ｇeute ctoids tructurewa sf err
itea sde termi nedby
mi croha rdne ssandXＧ rayana lysis．Thevo l umef rac
Ｇ
　Theanne aledba rswe r ecu ti n t
oc ol
umns amp les t ionso fp roeu tectoidf er
ritei nananne aleds tat eare
wi t
hs iz esof３mmi nd iame te rand１０mmi nhe igh t． １０􀆰１０vo l􀆰％ , １５ 􀆰３vo 􀆰％ , and１２
l 􀆰６vo l􀆰％ f o rthe
Ul t
ra sonicwa sh ing wa sus edf ordeg reasing．A Fo rＧ t hrees te els, respe ct
ively．
ma storＧFI Id i
l a
t omet erwa sus edt otestt hec ri
tica l 　I ft hes teelcon tainsnoa ll
oy inge l emen ts, t heeu Ｇ
pointso fsteelswi thahe atingr atef ort her eheating t ectoidCcon tentwou ldbe０ 􀆰７７％．Thus, t hema ss
transfo rma t
ionand a c ooling r a t
ef ort he c ooling f ractiono fp roeutecto
idf er
rit
ewou ldb e(０ 􀆰７７－０ 􀆰７０)/
transfo rma t
iona t２００° C/h． Fo rS t
ee lC (noNb) and (０ 􀆰７０－０ 􀆰０２１８) ＝９ 􀆰３６％ f o rS teelCand (０ 􀆰７７－
SteelA (Nbc ontento f０ 􀆰０４０ ma ss％ ), theequ ilibＧ ０ 􀆰７５)/(０ 􀆰７５－０ 􀆰０２１８) ＝２ 􀆰６７％ f orS t
eelA, whe rea
s
riumt ransforma tioncu rveshavebe ente st
edwi t
han some pr oeutect oi
dc emen ti
ter athert han pr oeu tec
Ｇ
austeni zat
iont empe ratureo f８００° Candby ho l
d ing t oidf erri teex istsf orS teelB．Be causet heexpe ri
Ｇ
for５ mi n． men t als teelscon tainnoo the ralloyi nge lemen t sexＧ
ceptNb i , tc anbesuppos edt hatt het raceo fd is
Ｇ
３．Re s ult
sandDi scussion
solvedNbwou lda f
fe c
tt heeu tecto i
dCcon ten t．The
３􀆰１． The oret
icalca lculationf o rNbs o
lub i
lity calculated eu tectoid C con tent wa s０ 􀆰８８１５％ f or
SteelA and０ 􀆰８８９３％ f orS teelC．Thec alcu la
ted
　Theequ il
ibriumd i
s so
lvedamoun tso fNb (weNb) and ma ssf r
a c t
ion o fCt hat wa sf ixed by und i ssolved
C (wC) f
e
orNb Ｇbearings teelsc anbec alculatedf rom NbC wa s０ 􀆰００５％ and０ 􀆰００８％f orS te e
lsAandB,r e
Ｇ
theso lub i
litＧ
ypr oductequa tionbyc onside r
ingt hei nＧ s pectively, at８００° C． Byd educti
ngt hef i
x edC, t hec al
Ｇ
fluence so fall
oy inge lement s, andt hes toichiome tＧ c ulatede u tecto
idCc ontentwa sfoundt ob e０ 􀆰８８１０％
ricequa t
ionsa rea sf ol
lows５ ７ １０ :
[ , , ]
forS te e
lAand０ 􀆰８８８５％ f orS teelC．Thee utect oi
dC
　l og(weNb􀅰weC)γ＝３ 􀆰５５５－８８００/T ＋ (１３２０/T － contenti n creas
e d０􀆰１１１０％ o r０ 􀆰１１８５％ byd is so l
ving
　　　　０ 􀆰０４４)wC (１) ０ 􀆰０００２３５％ o r０ 􀆰０００２４６％ Nbi nS teelBo rCr e
Ｇ
w Nb－weNb ９２ 􀆰９０６４ sp e
ctiv e
l y , whic his~０ 􀆰０ ４７７％ p e
r０ 􀆰 ０００ ０１％ dis
Ｇ
　 ＝ ＝７ 􀆰７３５１ (２)
wC －weC １２ 􀆰０１１ solvedNb．Thus, t het raceo fd is
so lvedNbi nc r eas
es
whe re, wNba ndwCa ret heNba ndCc ontentsi nsteel, t heeu tect oidCcon tents igni
ficant ly．
 　　　Q
􀆰L ．
Yonge
ta /Journa
l． lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８
ona ９７５

(a) Ro
lledS
telA; 　 (b) Anne
e aledSt
eelA; 　 (c) Rol
ledSt
eelB; 　 (d) Anne
aledS
telB;
e
(e) Ro
lledSt
eelC; 　 (f) Anne
aledSt
eelC．
F
ig􀆰２．　Me
tal
log
raph
icmi
cro
str
uct
ure
sofr
oll
edandanne
aleds
amp
les．

Thei ncr easeini niti

alt ransforma t
iontimea llowsf or
３
􀆰３．
Inf
lue
nceof Nbo
ntr
ans
forma
tio
ntempe
rat
ure
thecoo lingt imet obeex tended, andt hei ncreasei n
　Thec r
iticalt r
ansforma tiont emperaturesatr eheaＧ noset empe ra t
ur eallowst hep r
ac t
icalcoolingt imea t
t
i ng, cool
ing, andt heequ ilibrium stat
eshavebe en acons tan tcoolingr atet oavoidsho rteningi npe arl
ite
testedbyus ingad i
latome t
r yt e
chnique, a
sshowni n transforma tion (i􀆰e． ,t herequiredcoo lingt empe raＧ
Tab le２．Theequ ili
brium t ransformationt empe raＧ turer angeha sde crea sed), andt hecomb inede ffect
tures (Ae１ , Ae３) andr eheatingt r
ansforma t
iont emＧ wou ldi ncreaset heha rdenabil
ityo fNb Ｇbearings teel
pe r
atures (Ac１ , Ac３ ) we r
ea lmostuna ff
ected, bu t signi
fican tl
y． Inl owＧc arbonNb Ｇbe ar
ings teels, many
thecoo li
ngt ransformationt empe ratur
es (Ar１ , Ar３ ) experimen t
alandp r
oduc t
ionr e
su l
tshaveshownt hat
increasedwi thNbadd iti
on． ape arli
t estructur e, sucha sa ci
cu l
arf e
r ri
teo rba inＧ
i
te, canno tbeob ta
inede asiy, andi
l nh ighＧ ca
rbon
Tabl
e２ stees, t
l hise f
fectha sno tob tainedex tensivea ttenＧ
Cri
tic
alt
empe
rat
ure
soft
est
eds
tee
ls (°
C) tionandapp l
ication．
S
tee
l Ac１ Ac３ Ar１ Ar３ Ae１ Ae３
A (０
􀆰０４０Nb) ７３０ ７５５ ６８０ ７１０ ７２７ ７４０
B (０
􀆰０６４Nb) ７３０ ７５５ ６９０ ７２５ ７２７ ７３９
C (Nb
Ｇfr
ee) ７３０ ７６０ ６７０ ７００ ７２７ ７４０

３􀆰４．Infl
uenc
eof Nbon pear
lit
etran
sfo
rma
tion
k
i ne
tic
s
　Thei sotherma ltransforma t
ioncu rvesf romunde rＧ
cooledaus tenitetope arl
ite (TTTcu rves) ofS teelC
and S te
e l A have be ent ested withad i
latome tr
y
technique, ass howni nF ig􀆰３．Ac omp ar
i s
onb e
twe en
theS teelCandS t
eelA showst hatt heno sepo int
tempe rature (f
a s
testtrans fo
rma tiont empe rature) of
the Nb Ｇbeari
ng s tee
lexc e eds５０° Cc ompa red with
Nb Ｇf
rees t
e l, whe
e r
ea st he i n
itialt ransforma ti
on
timeo ft he Nb Ｇbeari
ngs teeliss lowe rbyapp roxiＧ
ma tel
yoneo rdero f magn itudec ompa red wi th Nb Ｇ
freesteelandt hisisc onsistentwi tht hei ncreasein
Ar１ tempe rature．Nbadd itiont oeu tect oids t
eelr eＧ
tardst he pea r
litetransfo rma t
ion, wh ichi ncreases
theha rdenab il
ityo f Nb Ｇbearing steels ignifi
cantly． F
ig􀆰３．　TTTcu
rve
sofS
telC (a) andS
e telA (b) ．
e
 ９７６ 　　　Q
􀆰L ．
Yonge
ta /Journa
l． lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８
ona

enhanc est hee ffectand make st hep roeu t

ectoidferＧ
３􀆰５．Infl
uenc
eof Nbon pr
oeu
tec
toidf
err
ite mo
rＧ
ritef iner, mo reun i
f orm, andmo repolygona l．Fi􀆰２
g
pho
logy (b) showst hatt hepr oeutecto
idf errit
ei sagg lomerＧ
　Al owＧtempe raturer ollingp rocess (whe rethef iＧ a tedpa r
tlyi npr ioraus tenit
eg rainco rne r
sandimi Ｇ
nalr o
lli
ng t empe raturei ss omewha th ighert han ta tedt heshapeo ft heco rner, whe reasi nF ig􀆰２(a－
Ar１ ) wasus edtoob t a
i nthequa s
iＧequi
librium mi croＧ d), t he mo rphologyi sf ineand un iform, andt he
structure． The p roeu t
ect o
id f erri
te mo rpholo gy p h eno me nono f con r
g ge ation i
n p ri
o rau s
tenite gi
ra n
changedv i
siblyand Nbi nfluencedt he mo rphology, co rnercou ldbee limi nated．Thep roeutectoidferr
ite
asshowni nF ig􀆰２． LowＧ tempe ra
turer ol
lingne a
rAr１ wi t hpo lygo ni
zation , refinement , andau ni
for mdisＧ
yielded proeutectoidf er
rite po l
ygon i
zati ,
on r efineＧ tr ibut
i on wou l
d bene fitthe me chan icalp ropert
ies,
men t, and un iform d i
stribution, inc on t
rast wi th e speciallyt het oughne ssandp l
asticit ,
y andt heuniＧ
proeu tec
toidf err
itet hat wa sd istr
ibuted on pr iorＧ f ormd istr
ibu ti
ona l
sobene fit
st hep rope r
tyhomoge Ｇ
austeniteg r
a inbounda ries, especi
allyong rai
nco rＧ ne ity．The mi croha rdne sso f eu tectoidf erri
tei s
ners, andex tendeda longg rainbounda rie
sa tat radiＧ showni n Tab le３．Theave rage Vi ckersha rnesses
ti
ona lh i
gher Ｇ
tempe rat urer o
llings t
ate．Af teranne aＧ (Dave ) oft het hr ees tee
lsa rea lmos tt he same,
l
ing, t he mo rphology wa sinhe ri
tedbu twa scoa rsＧ whe reast heva ri
anc eso fNb Ｇbea ri
ngs t e
elsa reless
eneds omewha t．Se cond, t headd it
iono fNbi ns teel t hant hos eo fS teelC．

Table３
Vicker
sha
rdne
sso
ffe
rri
tef
orexpe
rimen
tals
tee
ls
S
tee
l D１ D２ D３ D４ D５ D６ D７ Dave Va
rianc
e Range
A １８９
􀆰７ １８８
􀆰８ １８６
􀆰１ １８２
􀆰２ １７９
􀆰４ １８３
􀆰６ １８７
􀆰９ １８４
􀆰７ １０
􀆰８ １０
􀆰２
B １８２
􀆰７ １８７
􀆰０ １８３
􀆰６ １８２
􀆰７ １８４
􀆰４ １８５
􀆰３ １８７
􀆰０ １８５
􀆰０ ２
􀆰０ ４
􀆰３
C １８１
􀆰１ １７８
􀆰６ １８４
􀆰４ １９２
􀆰４ １８７
􀆰９ １９２
􀆰３ １８６
􀆰１ １８７
􀆰０ ２２
􀆰７ １３
􀆰８

anexc e l
lent ma chinabil
ityo rt ofinish heatt re
atＧ
３􀆰６．Infl
uenc
eof Nboneu
tec
toidc
emen
tit
e mo
rＧ
men t, many med iumＧand h ighＧca
rbon ma chinery
pho
logy
steel
sob tai
nasphe roidals t
ructurewi t
hsphe roidi
zＧ
　Thec ommonmo rphologyo feu t e
c t
oidpe arl
iteisa ing, wh ichr equir
esal ongh ighＧtemperatureh o
lding
l
ame l
larstructurewi thah igh ers tren gtha ndh ard
Ｇ time１４ ．Theadd iti
on o f Nbt oh ighＧcarbons tee
ls
[ ]

nes
sbu tal owert oughnessandp lastici
ty than pea
rli
Ｇ couldchanget hemo rphology o
f thee ut
ectoidpearl
iＧ
tewithasphe roidalstructur
e１１ １２ ． Spher oidalpearl
Ｇ teand makei te asyt o spheroid
ize．Asshowni n
[ , ]

i
teise a
siert otransformt oun i
form aus t
en i
tecomＧ Fig􀆰４, t hepe arl
iteofNb ＧfreeSteelCi stypica
llylaＧ
par
edwi thl amellarpe a
rli
tea fterhe a
tＧtr e
atmen tr e
Ｇ me l
la r wi thana spectr at
i oofc emen t
iteo f ~１５,
hea
tingt oob ta
inun iform ma rtens ite１３ ．Thus, f o
r whe reast hoseo fNb ＧbearingSteelsAandBa red i
fＧ
[ ]

(a) S
telA, op
e tic
almi
cro
scopyOM; 　 (b) Ste
elA, SEM; 　 (c) St
eelB, OM; 　 (d) S
telB, SEM;
e
(e) S
telC, OM; 　 (f) S
e telC, SEM．
e
F
ig􀆰４．　Me
tal
log
raph
icmi
cro
str
uct
ure
sofanne
aleds
amp
les．
 　　　Q
􀆰L ．
Yonge
ta /Journa
l． lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８
ona ９７７

ferentwi thana spec trat

ioo f~５a nd４, r espectively． bu tonei si nt he (０１１) ando therisi nt he (１０１) or
(１１０) p lane t, heang le wou ldbec loset o６０ °．The
３􀆰７． Infl uenceof Nbonmi sorientationb etwe eneu Ｇ co lonybounda ry wi thami sor i
entationang l
ene ar０°
t
ect o
idpear li
tec o
lon ies canno tinh ibitt hes li
po fd islocat
iono rt hep ropagaＧ
tiono fmi croc ra cks, andt hus, willno tbene fi
tt he
　Wh ena usten
itetra ns
formst op earl
ite, ma nyp ea
r l
ite m echa nic
al p ro perties , esp e
c i
ally the plastic
ity of
coloniesa rep r
odu c
e di n on ep rior
Ｇau s
t eni
teg ra n１５ ,
i
[ ]
steel, whe rea st hatwi t hah ighang lehasanadve rse
anda KＧSo r
ientationr elationsh p (０１１)α ∥ (１１１)γ
i effect．I n supe rfineＧgr ai nedl owＧcarbon steels, the
[ ] [
and １１１ α∥ １０１ γex ] istswi t
h２４va riantsbe twe en mi sorientationang leo ff erriteg ra
inst hatisf ocused
priorＧausteniteand pe ar
liticf errie１６ , s
t ot ha tt he ne
[ ]
ar０°i sve r ypopu la randr esult
si nay ieldr at
io
mi sorientati
onang lebe twe ent hepe arlitec ol
on iesi s thati sg reate rt han０ 􀆰９andanev identde creasei n
focusedt oaspe c
ialang le． Fo rexamp le,ift hene ighＧ e longa ti
on．
bourc oloniesbe l
ongt ot hes ameva riant, the mi Ｇ 　Theco lony mi sorien ta t
ionang leha sbe ent ested
sorien ta
tionang lewou l
dbene ar０ °;ift hene ighbour by e lectronＧba cks cat
t er ed d iffra
ction as shown i n
coloni eshavet hes amec rys t
alp lane (０１１) bu twi t h Fig􀆰 ５, andt hee xp e
ri m entalr esultsh owst h a
t Nb
onei n [１１１] andt heo theri nt he [１１１] o rientation, add i
tiont oh igh Ｇcarbons t ee
ly i
eldsani ncreasei n
theang lewou ldbene ar７０ 􀆰５３ ;
° andi ft hene ighbour pe ar
liteco lony mi sorien t a
tionang lefrom be ingf oＧ
[ ], cu sedn ear ０° t
on e a
r ６ ０ ° , andt hem echani
c alpropＧ
coloni eshavet hes amec rys talo ri
en tationo f １１１

(a) EBSDo
fSt
eelC (Nb
Ｇfr
ee); 　 (b) EBSDo
fSt
eelA (Nb
Ｇbe
arng); 　 (c) Mi
i sor
ien
tat
ionang
led
ist
ribu
tiono
fSt
eel
sCandA．
F
ig􀆰５．　EBSDexpe
rimen
talr
esu
ltso
fanne
aleds
amp
les．

e
rti
eso
ftheNb
Ｇbe
ari
ngs
tee
lcanbeimpr
oved． ert
i s, e
e special
lyt het oughne s
sand p las
tic
ity and
thehomogene it
yo fp roperti
es．
４．Conc
lus
ion
s
　 (５) Theadd ition o f Nbt oh igh Ｇ
carbon steel
s
　 (１) Theadd itiono f Nbi nne ar
Ｇ eutectoidh ighＧ change sthe mo rpho logy ofeu tect
oid pearli
tef r
om
carbons teelsinc rea sestheeut e ctoidCcont entby lame l
lartosomewha tsphe ro
idaland make si teasy
~０􀆰０４７７％ pe r０ 􀆰００００１％ d issolvedNb, wh ichi n
Ｇ tobesphe ro
idized．
creasest hevo lumef rac
tionso ft hep r oeutectoi
df er
Ｇ 　 (６) Theadd it
iono fNbi nhighＧcarbonsteelcauＧ
rite． sesani ncreaseint hemi sor
ientat
ionang leofpe a
rli
te
　 (２) Theadd itiono f Nbi nne ar
Ｇ eutectoidh ighＧ coloniesfrombe ingf ocusedne a
ra０ °transi
tt onear
carbons tee
lsdoe sno tchanget heequ ilibr
iumt rans
Ｇ ６０°, andimp rove st he me chani
calp ropert
ieso fthe
forma t
i ont empe rat uresandt hehe atingt ransformaＧ Nb Ｇbeari
ngs teelvisibly．
tiontempe ratur s, whe
e reasthec ool
i ngt ransformaＧ
tiontempe ratur e
sa reincreased． Re
fer
enc
es
　 (３) Theadd itiono f０􀆰０４０ma ss％ Nbi nne arＧeu
Ｇ [１] 　A􀆰J．DeAr do,i n: P 􀆰J
􀆰P． Bo r
dignon, T．Ca r
neiro, J．Dunc ombe
(Eds．), Niob ium Sc i
enc e & Te chnology, TMS, Wa rrendae,
l
tectoidh ighＧcarbons teel
si ncreasest heno s etempe r
Ｇ
PA, USA, ２００３, pp． ４２７Ｇ５００．
atureo ft hepe a r
litet rans
forma t
ionTTTc urveabove [２] 　J
􀆰Y．Fu, Mi croalloyi
ngTe chno ogy３ (２００９) １４０
l Ｇ１４６．
５０° Candr e t
a rdst hei nit
ialt r
ans forma t
iont imeby [３] 　Z􀆰Y．Zh ng, Q
a 􀆰L．Yong, X 􀆰J．Sun, Z 􀆰D．L i, J
􀆰Y．Ka ng, G􀆰D．
app r
ox ima t
ely oneo rdero f magn itude (f rom l es
s Wa ng, J．IronS teelRe s． I
nt． ２２ (２０１５) ３３７Ｇ３４３．
than１t o９s), wh i
chr esultsi nar ema rkablei n
Ｇ [４] 　A􀆰J．DeAr do, Int．Ma ter．Rev． ４８ (２００３) ３７１Ｇ４０２．
[５] 　Q􀆰L．Yong, M􀆰T．Ma, B 􀆰R．Wu, Mi croal
loyingS tees—
l
creasei ns t
e elha rdenab i
lit
y． Physic
a land Me chanica
l Me tal
lurgy, China Ma chine Pr es,
s
　 (４) Theadd itiono fNbi nh igh Ｇ
ca rbons t
eelc au
Ｇ Bei
jing, １９８９．
sesp roeu te
c toi
df errit
et obef iner, mo reun iform, [６] 　S．Wu, X 􀆰C．L i, J．Zhang, C 􀆰J．Shang, Ac ta Me t
all．Sin．５０
andpo l ygonal, wh ichbene fi
tst he me chanicalp rop
Ｇ (２０１４) ４００Ｇ ４０８．
[７] 　Q􀆰L．Yong, Se condaryPha seinS tees, Me
l tal
lurgic
alI ndust
ry
９７８ 　　　Q
􀆰L ．
Yonge
ta /Journa
l． lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ９７３－９７８
ona

Press, Be
ijing, ２００６． [１２] 　T．Gl adman, I􀆰D．Mc Ivor, F
􀆰B． Picke
ring, J．IronSteelI
nst．
[８] 　J􀆰H．Ai, T 􀆰C． Zhao, H􀆰J．Gao, Y􀆰H．Hu, X 􀆰S．Xie, J．Ma Ｇ ２１０ (１９７２) ９１６Ｇ９３０．
ter．Process．Te chnol．１６０ (２００５) ３９０Ｇ３９５． [１３] 　Z􀆰D．L i, G．Miyamo to, Z
􀆰G．Ya ng, T．Furuhara, Met
all．Mate
r．
[９] 　Q􀆰L．Yong, Z 􀆰D． Liu, H．Dong, X．Yong, He atTr e
at．Me tal． Trans．A４２ (２０１１) １５８６ Ｇ１５９６．
３５ (２０１０) No􀆰１, ２ Ｇ
８． [１４] 　B．Wang, H．Peng, X．Song, H􀆰J．L i, N􀆰J．Gu, S 􀆰Q．Sh i,
[１０] 　R􀆰C． Sharma, V 􀆰K．Lak s
hma nan, J􀆰S．Kirka
ldy, Met
all．Tran
s． Trans．Me t
al．He atTr eat．２５ (２００４) No􀆰１, ２７ Ｇ３１．
A１５ (１９８４) ５４５ Ｇ５５３． [１５] 　P􀆰R．Howe ll, Mater．Cha rac
t． ４０ (１９９８) ２２７Ｇ２６０．
[１１] 　F􀆰P．L．Kav ishe, T􀆰J．Bake r, Ma te
r． Sc
i．Technol．２ (１９８６) [１６] 　N．Zhong, X 􀆰D．Wang, Z 􀆰H．Guo, Y􀆰H．Rong, J．Ma t
er．
８１６Ｇ８２２． Sci．Te chnol．２７ (２０１１) ４７５Ｇ４８０．