􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇􀪇

JOURNALOFIRON ANDSTEELRESEARCH,INTERNATIONAL􀆰２
０１５,２
２(２):１
７１Ｇ
１７８
􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉􀪉
􀪉

Ef
fec
tofVandNon Mi
cro
str
uct
ure
sandPr
ope
rti
eso
fGr
ade
Ｇ７０
T
ireCo
rdS
tee
ldu
ringCo
ldDr
awi
ng
Hong
ＧyuLIU , 　Bao
Ｇ iWAN１ , 　Xi
aoyuZENG , 　ChongLIN , 　Hong
Ｇ Ｇ un WANG１
,
y j
１２ ３ １

(１．Col
legeofSc
i e, WuhanUn
enc ive
rsi
tyofSc
ienc
eandTe chno
logy,Wuhan４３００６５,Hubei,Chna; 　２．Hube
i i
Prov
inceKeyLaborat
oryofSy
stemsSci
enc
ein Meta
llu
rgic
alPr oce
ss,Wuhan４３００６５,Hubei,Chna;
i
３．Departmen
tofPhysic
sandAstonomy,Cl
r emsonUn i
vers
ity,Clemson２９６３４,Sou
thCaro
lina,USA)

Ab stract:Comme rci a
lg radeＧ７０t i
rec ords teelwa smi croalloyedwi thVandNt oexp lo
ret hepo ssibil
ityo fsubs ti
tuＧ
t
i ngVf orCandt hee f f
ecto fVandNonc emen tit
ed issolutiondu r i
ngc ol
dd rawingp rocess．Tens ilestreng th,e lonＧ
ga t
ionandt o r
sionl apso fc oldＧ
drawn wi re
swe rede termined．Mi c rostructure
so fs econdarypha s
eswe res tud iedby
transmi s s
ione l
e ct
r onmi croscopy (TEM)andene rgyd ispersivespe c
t r
o sopy (
c EDS)．Sa tu
r a
tion magne tizationwa s
me a
sur edbyus ingav ibrat
ings amp l
emagne tome te (
r VSM t ) oe valuatec ementit
ed issolut
iondu ringc o
l dd r awing
pr oces
s．Expe rimen talr e
sultsshowedt hatwi t
ht hei ncre a
seo fV c ontent,t ensi
les trengthi ncreased,e longa t
ion
slightl
yde creas ,
ed andt het ors
ionlapso fthec old
Ｇd r
awnwi resdec reased．Re sultsalsoshowedt hatwi tht hei nc r
ease
ofNc on t
ent,ape ak ( increas
ingf i
rstandt hende creasing)appe aredi nt hetensil
es tr
eng thg aph,andani
r ncre aseof
elongat ionandade c r
e aseoft ors
ionl apso ft hec o
ldＧdrawnwi reso ccu r
ed．Ni ss ol
ublei nferri
tewheni tsc on tentis
low．Thei ncreasei nt hec on t
ento fNt o８２×１０－６ wi l
lr esulti nthep recipi
tat
iono ftheVＧ contain
ings e
conda r ypha Ｇ
ses．Al s ,
o c emen ti
t et endedt obes t
ab ledu ri
ngc oldd rawi ngp roces swi ththeincreaseo fVandNc ontents．Gr adeＧ８０
t
ir ec o
r ds tee
lc anber eplacedbyg r
ade Ｇ７０t i
r ecords teelmi croall
oyedwi th０􀆰０８６ ma ss％ V．
Ke ywo rds:tirec ords tel;c
e oldＧdr
awnwi re;c emen t
ited issolut
ion;vanad ium;n it
rogen

　　Hi ghs treng tht irecords tel,t

e hekey ma teriＧ ination．Al loyingo ft ir
eco rds t
e els eemst obet he
alo fradialti
r eske leton,i sh ighlydemandedi no rＧ devel opingt rendi nt hef uture．Howeve r,t herea re
dert ome e
tt hedeve lopmen to fl
igh tweightau tomo Ｇ fewr eportsonmi c roa l
loyingo fh ighc arbonpe a r
li
tＧ
bile．C i st he c o ree lemen tf o r imp roving t he ics teel．Han e ta l􀆰２ i nve s
t iga tedt hee ffectso f
[]

strengtho fti
r ec ords teel,bu tasCi sincreased,t he add i
ng Von mi cros tructur eandha rdne sso fhype rＧ
presenceo fgr ainbounda ryc emen ti
t (
e GBC i ) sde tＧ eutec toi
dpe arl
iti
cs t eelswi thc arboncont entsupt o
rimen t
alt oc oldd rawing．The mo sts ignifi
can t １􀆰１５ ma ss％ unde rcond i
tiono fi sotherma ltrans fo
rＧ
structuralchangei nt hep ro cessofhe avyc oldd rawＧ ma tion,andconc ludedt hatadd ingVr e sult
edi nt he
ing isc emen tited is
s olut
ion, wh ich has nega ti
ve forma tiono fd isc
re teg rainbounda ryc emen t
itepa rＧ
effect
ssucha ss trengt hchangeo ft hewi resandt he ticl
esr athert han GBC and de c reasei n aust eni
te
forma t
iono fde lami nationwi thintwi stedwi res．Bu t rains ize．Za aceta l􀆰３ s tudi edt her o le
so fV,N
[]
g j
byadd ingp rope ramoun tofa lloyinge lemen t ,
s GBC and C i n con trolling t he mi crostructur e
s and
canber educed,wi res treng thc anbeimp rovedand streng tho fs t
eelsde s
ignedf orho tr o
lledl ongp rodＧ
cemen ti
ted is
s olutionc anbedep ressed． Pa
rke tal􀆰１ uc s,andconc
t ludedt hatNi save ryr e
li ablealloying
[]

investi
gated t he r ela
tionsh ips be twe en me chan ical elemen twh ichp romo test hep r eci pi
tationo fV,r eＧ
propertiesand t he o ccu r
r enc eo f de l
ami nation in finesg rai ,
ns andimp rove sstr eng t handt oughne ss．
coldＧdrawnCr Ｇaddeds teels,andf oundt ha tadd ing Howeve r,t her e
lat edr es e
a r
chl it era
tur eonadd ing
Cr wou l
dimp rovet ens i
les trengtho fc oldＧd r
awn VandNi nco ld
Ｇdr awnt ireco rds teelsha sno tbe en
pearli
ticsteelwi reswi thou tt heo ccu r
renceo fde lamＧ foundsof ar．

Founda
tionIem:
t It
em Spons
oredbyNat
uralSc
ienc
eFoundationofHubeiPr
ovinceo
fCh na (
i ２０１４CFB８０１)
Bior
gaphy:Hong
ＧyuLIU,Do ctr,Pr
o ofes
sor;　EＧmal:
i l
iuhongyu＠wust
􀆰edu􀆰cn;　Rec
eivedDae:Novembe
t r２１,２０１３
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　　Ti records teelisar epres entat

iveo fcleansteel,
１　Exp
erimen
talMa
ter
ial
sand Me
thod
s
andVo rNi sno rma l
lys eena sr es
iduale lementi n
i
tsp roduction．Thepu r poseo f thi
s study istoinvesＧ １􀆰１　Expe r
imen t
alma ter
ials
tigat
eg radeＧ７０t irec ords teel mi c
roalloyed withV 　　Gr adeＧ
７０ s(amp le
sS１t oS６)andg radeＧ８０ (
refＧ
andNi no rdert of i
gur eou t:( １)whe therg radeＧ
７０ erences t
eel,samp leS０ )ti
reco rds t
eelswi t
hd if
ferＧ
ti
r ecords tee
lc ontaininge ithe rV o rbo th Vand N entVandNc onten
tswe reme l
tedi na１０kgv acuum
canr eplac
eg radeＧ８０s oa st or educes egregat
ionr eＧ induct
ionme l
tingfurnace,andt henc a
sti ntoingots
sulti
ngf rom h igh Cc on tent,dep re
ssGBCandde Ｇ whos echemi ca
lcompos it
ionsa reshowni nTab l
e１．
creaseope r
ationd iff
icult i
n
y p roducti
o n;( ２)h owt o Allingo t
swe rehe atedupt o１１５０ ℃ i nacoa lＧf
ired
addVandNt otraditionaltirec ords t
e e
lc anchange furnaceandi s
othermall
yhe l
df o ,
r２h andt henforged
the me chanica
lpr operti
esanda f
fectt hec ementite intorodso f６􀆰０ mmi ndiamete
rb ef
ore９５０ ℃ ,u sing
dissolu
tiondu ringc oldd rawi ng． ana i
rpowe rhamme r．

　　　　　　　　　　Tab
le１　Ch
emi
calc
ompo
sit
iono
fte
ste
dst
ees　　　　　　　　　　　　ma
l ss％
Samp
le C S
i Mn P S V N Ti Fe
S０ ０
􀆰８３ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４８ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰０１０ ０
􀆰００１ ０
􀆰００２９ ０
􀆰０００５ Ba
lanc
e
S１ ０
􀆰７５ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４６ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰００９ ０
􀆰００１ ０
􀆰００３６ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e
S２ ０
􀆰７５ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４７ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰００９ ０
􀆰０３７ ０
􀆰００３５ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e
S３ ０
􀆰７５ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４８ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰００９ ０
􀆰０８６ ０
􀆰００３８ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e
S４ ０
􀆰７３ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４７ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰００９ ０
􀆰０７２ ０
􀆰００４３ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e
S５ ０
􀆰７４ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４７ ０
􀆰００７ ０
􀆰００９ ０
􀆰０７２ ０
􀆰００８２ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e
S６ ０
􀆰７０ ０
􀆰２０ ０
􀆰４６ ０
􀆰００８ ０
􀆰０１０ ０
􀆰０８１ ０
􀆰０２１０ ０
􀆰０００６ Ba
lanc
e

１􀆰２　Expe rimenta
lme thods (TEM )．Thei n
terl
ame l
larsp a
cingo fp e
a r
li
teandt he
　　Fo r gedr odswerep i
ckledinhyd roch
loricacidto t
ransve
rsesect
ionsofs amplesd rawnt ov ari
ousst r
ains
removet he oxidelayer．Af terpicklng,a bo
i rat
eＧ wereobservedandde terminedbys cann i
nge le
c tr
on
basedl ubricantcarri
er wa sapp l
ied．Co ldd rawing micr
oscopy (SEM)．Thes aturati
on magne tiz
ationo f
wa s pe
rf ormed accord
ing t othef ol
lowing passes: sampleswasde terminedbyus ingav ibrati
ngs amp le
thesamp l
e swerefi
rstl
yf orgedtobewi rewithd i
amＧ magne tometer( VSM)t oindirectl
yeva luatecemen tＧ
ete (
rd o) f６􀆰０mma ndt hendrawnt obe５􀆰５mmf o
lＧ i
tedissol
utionatva r
iouss t
r ai
ns．
lowedbys al
tb a
thquenching,thendrawntob e２􀆰４mm
２　Exp
erimen
talRe
sul
ts
afte
r７d rawi ngpa ssesf ollowedbys al
tba t
hquench Ｇ
inganda tla s
td rawnt obe０ 􀆰２０５mma f
t er２５d rawＧ ２􀆰１　 Varia
tion ofinte
rlame
llarspaci
ng of pe
arli
te
ingp ass
es．Th ed rawing wa sp erfo
rme datar e
lative
ly con
tain
ingVandN
lowd rawingspe edo f２ 􀆰５ m/mi nt oavo iddynami c 　　F i
g􀆰１showst hechangeofinter
lamell
arspacing
stra
inag inge ffect．Thed i
eswi thanang le２ αo f１２° ofpearl
itecontai
ning V and N．Thei nt
erl
ame ll
ar
we r
eus edandt ungs tenc arbidewa scho sena st hedie spac
ingofpearl
it
ed ec
rease
swithin
creas
ingVc onte
nt,
nib ma t
erialf ord r
aw ing．Th es altb ath qu en ch
ing anddecre
as e
sfir
stlyandtheninc
rease
swi t
hincr
easＧ
processwa st hatw i
res amp leswe reh e
atedupt o１１５０ ing Nconten ( )
t w N ．Thedataoftheref
erenc
estee
l
or１０４０ ℃ a tar ateo f１０ ℃/si na nargonf i
lledqu art
z
tubefurnace, iso
therma l
ly he
ld f
or ５m inbe fo
re pu tin
to
as a
ltb athf urnacea t５７０ ℃ f or５ mi n,andf inal
ly
cooledina irt or oom t empe ratur
e．Toexami net he
eff
ectso fs tra
in on me chanica
land magne tic perＧ
formanc ,
et hewi reswi thd iame te
ro f２􀆰４００ １, 􀆰４４０,
０􀆰９１０,０ 􀆰５４５,０ 􀆰３４９and０ 􀆰２０５mm ( trues trainε＝
,
０ １ ,
􀆰０２ １ 􀆰９４ ２, ,
􀆰９６ ３ 􀆰８６and４ ,
􀆰９２ r espe c
tively)
we r
es electedt ode termi nethet ensi
let, orsionaland
magne ti
cpr opert
ies． Pre ci
pitat
esc ontain
i ngVandN
insa l
tba th quenched wi reo f５􀆰５ mm i nd i
ame t
er F
ig􀆰１　Va
ria
tionofin
terl
ame
lla
rspa
cingo
fpe
arl
ite
we r
es t
ud i
ed by t ransmi ssion elec
tron mi croscopy con
tai
ningVandN
I
ssue２　　Ef
fec
tofVandNon Mi
cro
str
uct
ure
sandPr
ope
rti
eso
fGr
ade
Ｇ７０Ti
reCo
rdS
tee
ldu
ringCo
ldDr
awi
ng　 １７３

a
rea
lsoshowni
nFi
g􀆰１． wereon l
ytrea
tedbys a
ltbathwithou
tho tdeformaＧ
ti
oni naust
ini
te,andalso,theNcon ten
twa srel
aＧ
２
􀆰２　Exis
tingformofVandN t
ivel
yl ow (
２９×１０－６ －３８×１０－６ )．TEM photogr
aphs
　 　The
rea renovi
sib
lepr
eci
pita
tesofVandNi n andEDSspe ct
raofsample ,
sS４ S５andS６a reshown
s
ampl
esS０,S１,S２andS３．Th isisbe
caus
esamp
les inFig􀆰２．

F
ig􀆰２　TEM pho
tor
gaph
sofs
amp l
esS４(a),
S５(b)andS ６(
c)withd
iamet
erof５
􀆰５mmaf
ters
altba
thqu
ench
ingand
EDSse
pct
raofpr
eci
pit
ate
sinsamp
lesS５(d)andS６(
e)

　 　 Ni ss ol
ub l
ei nf e
rriteo rc emen t
ite wheni t
s ２􀆰３　 Me chanica
lpr opert
iesa f
tercolddr awing
conten tisl (
ow ４３×１０ ．The
－６
) r
efor ,
e precipi
tate
s 　　F i􀆰３s
g howsr elat
ionshipbetweent ens
ilestreng
th
containing V and N a red if
ficulttobeobs e r
vedby andtrues t
raino fsamp lesS０t oS６a tva riouscold
TEMf ors ampleS ４．AsNc on t
entisincr
easedto８２× drawingstrai
ns．
１０ －６
,asma llamoun tofp rec
ipitat
e scont
aining V 　　Tens i
les t
reng t
hi ncreasessigni
ficantl
y withinＧ
canbes eeni nf er
rie,ma
t inlyi ncircul
aro relli
pti
c crea
sing t
rue strain．When d r
awn t od iame te
ro f
shapewi t
hs izesinther angeo f２０－１００nm．When ０􀆰２０５ mm ( ε＝４ 􀆰９２),t ensi
les tr
engt ho fsamp l
es
N con tenti sincreasedt o２１０×１０－６ ,p recipi
tate
s S０,S１t oS３is３４４７MPa,２９６３t o３６９７MPa,r espec
Ｇ
changet oTi Ｇdomi na
tedc ompo s
ite( Ti,V)(C, N)． t
ivey,a
l ndt ha
tofs amplesS４t oS６is３３ ３
３t o３４ ４２MPa．

(
a)Samp
le oS３; 　 (
sS０t b)Samp
lesS４t
oS６．
F
ig􀆰３　Re
lat
ion
shi
pbe
twe
ent
ens
iles
treng
thandt
rues
tra
ino
fco
ldＧ
drawns
amp
les
 １７４ 　　　　J
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Att hes ames tran,t

i ensi
les trengthshowsani nＧ
creas
ingt r
endwi thincreasi
ng Vc ontentingene r
al,
andani nc
reasinga ndt hend ecr
easingtrend withinＧ
cre
asing Nc ontent．Whe nVc onten
ti s０􀆰０８６ mass％ ,
forne ar
l yallst r
ains,t ens
iles t
reng t
hisl arge
rt han
thato fsamp l
eS０．F i􀆰
g ４s how sther el
ationshi
pbe Ｇ
tweene longa ti
onandt ruestrainofs amp l
esS０t oS６
atdifferentc oldd rawi
ngs trains．

(
a)Samp
le oS３; 　 (
sS０t b)Samp
lesS４t
oS６．
F
ig􀆰５　Re
lati
onsh
ipbetweent
ors
ionlap
sandt
rue
s
trainofc
oldＧd
rawnsampl
es

creasings trai
n．Whent rues traini sabou t３,t orsi
on
(a)Samp lesS０toS３; 　 ( b)Samp l
esS４t oS６． laps reaches them aximu m ; w hentr uestrai
nc ontinＧ
F
ig􀆰４　Re lati
onshipb etweene longat
ionandt rue uest oi ncreas ,
e t or
sionl apsbeg int ode crea
seand
s
trainofc oldＧdrawns amples thenr ema int hes ame．Att hes ames tra
ins,t orsi
on
lapsde creaset osomeex ten twi thi ncreas
ing Vcon Ｇ
　 　E long ationd ecre
asesw i
t hi nc r
easings trains,and t ent．To r
sionl apso fgradeＧ７０s amp lecon t
aining V
reachesa p l
a teau whens traini sf urthe ri ncreased． arel owe rthant hato fgrade Ｇ８０s amp le( S０)a tt he
Att hes ames train,e longa tion de cre asess lightly samet rues train．To rsi
onl apso fs amp lesS４t oS６
withi ncr easing V c on ten t,andt he max imum de Ｇ increasewi thi nc reas
ings trains,andde creas
e wi th
creasei s２ 􀆰５％ ( ε＝０)．El onga ti ono fg r
ade Ｇ７０s amＧ i ncreasing Ncon tent．
plesc ontai ni
ng Va tva rioust rues trainsi sgene r a
lly
alittlel owe rt hant ha to fg rade Ｇ
８０ s amp e S０) ２
l ( 􀆰４　Cemen tited i
ssolut
ion
withou tanya ll
oy inge lemen t． Byc ompa rings amp les 　　Thee ffecto fVandNonc emen t
ited i
ssoluti
on
S４,S５andS６,i tc anbes eent hat whens tr a
ini s afterco ldd rawi ng wa seva luatedi ndirect
ly byt he
low,e longa t
i oni ncrease swi thi ncrea s
i ngNc ontent． relat
ivechangeo fs a
turati
onmagne tizat
ion,wh i
chi s
Butwhens traini sh igh,e longa ti
onchange sl it
tle defineda s:
withi ncre asingNc onten t． Fig􀆰５showst her elationＧ 　　ΔMεＧi ＝ ( MεＧi －M０) /M０ ×１００％ (
１)
shipbe twe ent orsionl apsandt rues t r
a ino fsamp les whe re,M０i ssaturati
onma gn etiz
ationb e
forecoldd r
awＧ
S０t oS６a td ifferentc oldd rawi ngs trains． ingandMεＧii ssaturati
onma g netiz
ationof it
h sam p a
le fＧ
　　To rs
i onl apso fsamp l esS １t oS ３i ncreas ewi thinＧ terco ldd rawinga tthetrues t ra
ino fε．T able２g ives
I
ssue２　　Ef
fec
tofVandNon Mi
cro
str
uct
ure
sandPr
ope
rti
eso
fGr
ade
Ｇ７０Ti
reCo
rdS
tee
ldu
ringCo
ldDr
awi
ng　 １７５

Tab
le２　I
ndi
rec
tev
alua
tiono
fcemen
tit
edi
sso
lut
ion changeo ft ens
ilestrengthf orthesamp l
e sS４ ( wN ＝
Tur
est
rai
n Samp
le ΔMεＧi/％ ４３×１０ )andS５ (
－６
w N ＝８２×１０ )i
－６
nF ig􀆰３( b)．
２
􀆰９６ S１ ５
􀆰７１ The reareal i
ttl
ep reci
p ita
tedn i
tridesins a mp ６
l
eS
S２ ９
􀆰６１ wit hhighe rNcon ten (
t w N ＝２１０×１０ －６
),butt he
S３ ３
􀆰４３ tensil
es t
r engthisde cr
e ased (
F i
g􀆰３( b))duet ot he
S４ －３
􀆰０６ largerinterlamel
larspa cingofpe ar
lit (
e Fi )
􀆰１ ．
g
S５ ５
􀆰３６
S６ －１５
􀆰６１
３􀆰２　Me chan icalpr ope rti
esa fte rc olddr awi ng
４
􀆰９２ S１ ６０
􀆰０５
S２ ３４
􀆰２７
３􀆰２ 􀆰１　Ten siles tr
engt hande longa tion
S３ １９
􀆰４９ 　　Af t erp lasticde forma ti on,t hes treng tho fs teel
S４ ９
􀆰３４ wi rei ncr e
as esandp lastici
tyde creaseswi thi ncre a
sＧ
S５ －２５
􀆰２３ ingt rues trains．Ther easonf o rt hisphenomenoni s
S６ －２
􀆰００ tha twhende forma tionbeg i nsbyco ldd rawi ng,c eＧ
men t
i teandf e r
r i
tel ame llai npe arli
teco l onya rer eＧ
f
i ned and t he amoun to fg ra i n bounda riesi si nＧ
t
her e
sul
tso
fre
lat
ivechangeo
fsa
tur
ati
on magne
tiＧ
cre ased,wh ichr esulti nt hei ncreaseo fr e sistance
z
ati
on．
ford i sl
oc ationt o move．Dur ingf urthe rco ldd rawＧ
i ,
ng c emen titewi l
lunde rgo mo res eriousde forma Ｇ
３　Di
scu
ssi
on
t
i onl ikes t
r etching,bend ingandshe aring,andd i
sＧ
loc a
tionswi llmu lt
iplyi nf e rr
i te．Thed issol vingo f
３􀆰１　Pr ecipitat iono fn i t
rid es
cemen titea tex treme l yl ar ges trains wi llr esulti n
　　TheNe l
emen tins teele i
t he rd iss olvesinf er
rite
carbona tomst rans f
e rringf r omc emen t
itet of errite．
orc emen titeo rpr ecipitatesi nt hef ormo fnitr
ideso r
The r
e fore,a tt hel a tes tageo fde fo rma tion,bo th
carbon i
t ride s( VNo rTiNo r( V, Ti )( C, N))．The
disloc at
i ons treng then ingandi n tersti
tialso l
i dso luＧ
amoun to fs ol
ids olutionwi llber educ edi fnitr
ideso f
t
i ons treng then ing le ad t ot hei nc reaseo ft ens i
le
VandTipr eci pitateins te el．Ac c ordi ngt ot heemＧ
streng th．Embur ye ta l􀆰 ６ exami nedt hemi cr ostrucＧ
[]

piricalfo rmu laso fs olub il

it yp r oduc tf orTiandVi n ,
tur eso fd rawn coa rseandf inepe a r
litebyt r ansmi sＧ
reference s４ ５ ,t heor e
ti ca
ll yc a lcul atedt empe rature
[ ,]
sionandr ep l
icae l
ect ron mi cr oscopy．Anemp irical
fort hen itrideso fVandTii ns amp le sS０t oS６t o mode lha sbe endeve lopedt or e latet hef lows tre sso f
pre ci
pitatei s８００－８７０ ℃．Ho tr olledwi rer odscon Ｇ drawnwi ret ot hespa cingo fsubs truc turalba rriers:
tainingon lyal ittleN,VandTihavev isiblep rec
ipiＧ K çε ÷
(
２)
æ ö

tatedn itride so fVandTiduet ot hede f ormationo f 　　　σ＝σ０ ＋ １/２expçç ÷÷

(２λ０) è４ ø
ho tr ol
lingi naus tenite,andt he sep recipi
tatedn iＧ whe e,
r σ０i sst rengthpr iort oco ldd rawi ng; λ０i st he
tridesc animpr ovet hes t
r eng tho fwi rer ods．Co ldＧ interlame l
larspa cingo fpe a rl
it ep rio rt oco l dd rawＧ
drawnt irec or dsno rma l
lyhavea tl ea stonc epa tenＧ K
tingt reatmen to ri sot herma lquench ing be foret he ing;K i s Ha llＧPe t
chcons tan tand １/２ iswo rk
(２λ０)
lastc oldd rawi ng．Then it r
ide ss e em t op recii
ptate ha rden ingr atedur ingco ldd rawi ng．Ononehand,
be causet he s orb i
t et empe rat ur e du ring pa tenting adding V c an r ef
ine t hei n
terl
ame ll
ar spa cing o f
treatmen tisbe low８００－８７０ ℃．Howeve r,therea re pearl
ite( Fi 􀆰１)and makewo
g rkhardeni ngr atei nＧ
l
ittlepr eci pitatedn itrideso fV and Ti s ( amp lesS０ creasedur ingco ldd rawi ng;ont heo therhand,pa rt
toS４);t her ea sonsa ret ha tthec on ten to fNi sve ry ofVaddedi sd is
solvedi nf err
iteduringpha s
et ransiＧ
low (＜８０×１０－６)s inceNi sr ega r deda sade t
rimen Ｇ ton,p
i l
ayingar oleo fso l
idso lut
ions trengthen ing．
tale lemen ti nt ir ec ords teelwh ichshou ldbecon Ｇ The setwo me chanismsl eadt o wires t
r engtheni ng
trolleda sl owa spo ssible,andt ha tt he rei snop lasＧ withi ncreasing Vcon tent．Fo rcords tee
lcon tain
i ng
ticde forma tioni naus tenit edu ringpa ten t
ingt reatＧ N,whenNcon t
enti slow,t heinter
lame llarspa c
i ng
men t．The refor e,t herea renov isib lep re c
ipita
tedn iＧ ofpe arl
itede crease s７ ,r
[]
esult
ingi nthei ncre
a seo f
trideso fVandTiandNi ss olub lei nc oldＧdrawnt ire wo rk ha rden i
ng r ate and t he imp rovemen t o f
cordi ft hec on ten to fNi sbe low８０×１０－６ ． str
eng th．Whenpe a rl
itei sunde r
goingapha set r
an Ｇ
　 　 Thec ont ribu ti
onf rom s o lids ol ution ofNt o si
tion,mos to fNi sd issolvedinf err
ite,p layinga
streng t
hen ingi slittlec ompa redwi tht ha tfromco ld rol
eo fso lidso lutions trengthening．The r ef
or ,
e t he
drawi ngde f orma tion,wh ichc an bes eenf rom t he str
eng tho f wi rei si ncreased．When N con t
en ti s
 １７６ 　　　　J
our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch,I
nte
rna
tiona
l　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Vo
l􀆰２２　

high,t hei nte r

lame lla
rspa cing o fpe arli
te wi llinＧ secti
onso fs amp les S２ and S５ d rawn a t va rious
crease,wh i
chr esultsinde c re
aseo fwi res trength． s
t ra
ins,i nwh icha rrowsi ndica
temi cr o
Ｇho leso rmi Ｇ
AlthoughNha ss olidsolutions trengtheninge f f
ect, crocracks．The rea renoho l
low ho lesi n mi crostrucＧ
i
tdoe sno t makes t
rengthi ncreas ,
e i nd i
catingt hat tureso fs amp lesS１t oS３whens traini ssma l (
l ε＜
wires trength ma inlydependsont hesi zeoft hei nＧ 􀆰０),sot
３ hed iame t
e ro f wirede te rmine st orsion
terl
ame llarspa cingo fpearli
t e． aps,name
l ly thes m a
ller thewire′sd i ame te
r is, the
３􀆰２􀆰２　To rsi
ona lpr operties greatert het orsionlapsa re．Wi thi nc reasings train,
　 　 Tu e ta l􀆰８ r esear
chedt hecha racteri
sticso f mi c
roＧhol esar egene rat
eda ti n
terfac esbe twe enf erＧ
[]

plasti
cd amagef ors te
elw ireu n derh ighs traind eＧ r
iteandc emen tite( Fi􀆰
g ６ (
a ))．A ss t r
ainc o nt
in ues
forma t
ion,ba sedondamage me chanicsand me ta
lＧ t
oi ncr e
a se,al argenumbe ro fd is
l oc a
tionsgoi nto
lographya n
aly s
is．Th eyfoundt hatc avi
tiesf o
rmo rigi
Ｇ mi c
roＧhol es,r esul
tingi ntheg rowthandcoa l
e sc
enc e
nall
ya roundi nclusionso ri nt hei nterfacebe twe en ofmi croＧho le
sandt her esultantmi cr ocracks F(i g􀆰６
pearli
teandf e rr
ite,andt henumbe ro fc aviti
e sinＧ (b))．The refore,t rues tr
ainde termi nest orsionl aps
creaseswi thi ncreasingtrues traindu r
i ngp last
i cdeＧ atthiss tage,name l
yt heg reaterthet rues traini s,
forma t
ion．Wang e ta l􀆰 ９ exp lored t he effecto f thelowerthet or
sionlapswi llbe．Thepe akva lueo f
[]

drawingde forma tionon mi crostructureandp roperＧ sampleS０wa sac

hievedwhe nthet ru
estrainwa sabou t
tie
so fmed iumc arbons te
e lwi r
eby me tal
lography, ４􀆰０,wh ich waslargerthant hos eofs amp le
sS１t o
and f ound t ha ta st rue s trai
ni s sma l ,
l t ensi
le S３andmaybeduet othel owerNandTicon tents．
s
trengthandt ors
ionlapso f medium carbon stee
l 　　Thechangel awo ft ors
ionl apswit htrues train
wireinc
r e
ase wi
thi nc
reas
ing truestra
in．Ast rue forsamplesS４t oS６i sd i
fferentfromt hatfors amＧ
s
trainexceedsabout２􀆰８,t ensi
lestr
engths ti
llinＧ plesS０t oS３．Exc eptt het o
r s
ionl apo fs ampleS４
cr
eases,buttors
ionlapsdecrease． with N contentof４３×１０－６ r eaches max imum a t
　 　F ig􀆰６showsSEM mi c r
ographsoft ransve
rse truest
rainofabout４, tors
ionlaps ofsamp l
eS ５ (
w N ＝

(
a)Samp
leS２ ,ε＝２
􀆰９６; 　 (
b)Samp
leS２,ε＝４
􀆰９２; 　 (
c)Samp
leS５,ε＝２
􀆰９６; 　 (
d)Samp
leS５,ε＝４
􀆰９２．
F
ig􀆰６　SEM mi
cro
graph
soft
ran
sve
rses
ect
ion
sofd
rawns
amp
les
I
ssue２　　Ef
fec
tofVandNon Mi
cro
str
uct
ure
sandPr
ope
rti
eso
fGr
ade
Ｇ７０Ti
reCo
rdS
tee
ldu
ringCo
ldDr
awi
ng　 １７７

８２×１０－６ )and S６ ( w N ＝２１０×１０－６ )have no t men titeandf er

riteins teelwi re sr e
spe ct
ively;Msi s
reachedpe akwi thi ncreasi
ngt rues train．Ther eason thespe cifics atur a
tion magne ti
zation o f wire and
fort hisi stha ts amp leswi thh i
ghe rNc ontenthave Ms(αＧFe)isthespe ci
ficsaturationmagne tiz
ationo fferＧ
similarho llow ho l es during c ordd r awing F( ig 􀆰６ rite．The rear ethreepha s e ,
si 􀆰e ,
􀆰 f err
it ,
ec ementite
(
c))．Wi thi ncreasingt rues train,ho llow hole sde Ｇ and ( Ti, V)( C,N),i ns tud i
eds teelsand Msi sa tＧ
velopi nt o mi crocracks ( F
i 􀆰
g ６ (d )) , whichi nt u rn tributedt oon lyferrit
e since ferriteisferro magnetic,
reduc et het orsionl apso fsamp les．Thes tronga ffinＧ wh ilec emen tit ( , )(
eand Ti V C N a , ) repa ramagne tＧ
ityo fNandVi ns amp leswi thmo r
eN make sVbe Ｇ ic．Unde rt hec ircums tancet hatt het rues t
raini s
comen i
trideso rc arbonitr
ide s who s ep inninge ffe c
t large , as ce mentite dissolutio n proc e
e ds further,
preven tst heg rowt ho faus teniteg raindu r
ingpa tenＧ mo reand mo rec arbona tomsf rom c emen ti
te wi l
l
tingt reatmen tandmake spe arli
tics tructuresr efi
ned enterf errite,supe rs
atura t
ingt hef err
itet hatresults
afterpha set ransit
ion．Th isc animp rovet het oughＧ inama rtensitico rbctc rystals tructuraltransforma Ｇ
ne ss,wh i
chc ompens a
tesf ormi cr oＧ
c racksont o rsion tion１２ １３ ．Andt h i
swi llc auset hechangeo fMs １４ ．
[ , ] [ ]

lapst oac ertainex tent．The r e

f ore,t hepe akso ft orＧ Thus,aboveapp roxima teequa tionc anno tbeapp lied
sionl apsdono tappe a
rwi thi nc reasingt rues t
r ai
ns． int hec aseo fl arges t
rain． Int hiss t ,
udy t her e
lative
　　Whent hec ont ento fNi sno th igh (w N ＜８０× changeo fs aturationmagne tizationc anbeus edtoi nＧ
１０－６),mo sto fV and N e lemen tsa red isso
lvedi n directlyeva luatet hed issolutiono fc emen t
ite．Iti s
steela fter pa tenting treatmen ,
t s amp lesa r
eso lid seenf r om Tab le２t hatt hechanger ateo fr e
lative
solutions treng thened;a st hec onten to f Ni sh i gh satur ati
on magne t
izati
oni s gene rallylow f ors amＧ
(w N ＞８０×１０－６ ),asma l
lamoun to fvanad ium n i
Ｇ pleswi thi ncreasing Vcon tent( samp le
sS１t oS３),
trideso rc arbon it
ridesex istands amp lesarep r e
cip i
Ｇ noma ttertruestrainofcolddr awingde fo
rma t
i oni s
tations treng thened． Soadd ing V o rNi sequ ivalent ２􀆰９６o r４􀆰９２．The refore,adding Vi ng radeＧ
７０t ire
tode fo
rma t
ions t
reng thening,l ead ingt ode creasei n cordsteelishe lf
pulf orthes tabi
lit
yo fcemen ti
te．
torsionl apsc ompa redwi ths amp leswi thoutVo rN． Ther ela
tiverateo fsatura
tion magne ti
zat
ionshows
ade cre
asing tr
endf o
rs amp l
es wi thi ncr
easing N
３􀆰３　Ceme nt
i t
ed issolutionc au sedbyc oldd r awi ng content(samplesS４t oS６ ),soadd i ng Ning r adeＧ
　　Thei ncrea seo fstr ainp roduc esl otso fd islocaＧ ７０tirecordsteeldoesno tobvi
ous l
yi ncrea
sethed isＧ
tionsi nf er r
ite．Ass traini sr aisedupt oac er tainde Ｇ solu
tiono fcementite．
gre e,t heb ind ing en thal py o fc arbon a tom i nc eＧ
men ti
tewi t
hd islo cationsi nf errite willbe g reater ３􀆰４　Fe asibi
lit
yo fg radeＧ７０t i
rec o
rds t
eeladding V
thant hato fc arbona tom wi t hi rona tom．Langu i
lＧ repl
acingg r
adeＧ８０tirec ordsteel
laumee ta l􀆰 １０ stud iedt hei nfluenc eo fco ldd rawi ng 　　Me chanica
lp ropertiesoft es
teds amplesS３and
[ ]

ont hes truc tu reo fape arlitics t ee

lwh ichc ontains S０a recompa redinF i g􀆰７．Fr omt hegene ra
lt end,
r
carbono f０ 􀆰７ ma ss％ andi ssub je
c t
edt os traino f tens
iles t
rengtho fg radeＧ７０t irecords tee
lwi thV
app roxima tely３ 􀆰５．They f ound by TEM t ha tc eＧ (sampleS３ i)sh i
ghe rt hant hatofg r
adeＧ８０wi thout
men ti
teunde rgoe sd issol utiondu ri
ng wi r ed rawi ng V( sampleS０),bu tthep last
ic
ityisdecreasedsli
gh t
ly．
andpo in tedou tt hatc arbona tomsa rec ap t uredby
dislocationst ha ta ree i
t he ri nters ect
ingwi thc emen tＧ
i
t elame l l
ao rne arf err
ite /cemen tit
ei nter
f ace sinf erＧ
rite,wh ichc aus est hed isso lutiono fc emen tite．
　　T u １１ andZhou７ i nv esti atedt her ul
eo fc hang ein
[ ] []
g
mi crostruc tur esandp rope rtieso fh ighc a rbons teel．
They me a suredt hechangeo f magne t
icp r ope r
ties
forwi resa td if
f eren tc oldd r awi ngs tra
insby VSM
andf oundt hatd iss ol
u tion o fc emen t
itec aus ed by
he avily c old dr aw ing w illi ncrease the sat uration
magne ti
z ationo fs amp le s．Whent rues traini ssma ll,
cemen ti
t ed issol utionduet oc oldd rawingc anbee sＧ
tima teda c cor dingt othef oll owi ngequa tion７ １１ :
[, ]

　　VFe３C ＝１－VαＧFe≈１－Ms/Ms(αＧFe)×１００％ (３) F

ig􀆰７　Compa
risono
fme chan
ica
lpr
oper
tie
sbe
twe
en
whe r e,VFe３C andVαＧFea ret hevo lumef ractiono fc eＧ tes
tedsamp
lesS３andS０
 １７８ 　　　　J
our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch,I
nte
rna
tiona
l　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Vo
l􀆰２２　

Wi
thinc
r e
asi
ngc o
ldd r
awing,theg a
pofel
ongat
ionb
eＧ ingnos ign i
fic anti nf
l uenc eonco ldd rawi ng．
tweentwos t
eel
sg ra
duall
yd e
creas
es,andwhenthedi
Ｇ 　 　 Wi thi ncr easing V and N con tents,c emen t i
te
ameterofthestee
lwi reiscold
Ｇdrawnto０􀆰２０５ mm, tendst o be s t
ab le dur ing co ldd rawi ng p roce ss．
elongationo fsamp leS３i sh igherthant hato fs amＧ Gr adeＧ８０t ireco rds teelc anber epla cedbyg rade Ｇ７０
pleS０duet otheh igherr efinemento fferri
teg rains． t
i r
eco rds t eelmi croalloyedwi th０ 􀆰０８６ma s
s％ Ve sＧ
Al t
hought het orsionl apso fsamp l
eS３a rel owe r pecially a sw irew asc oldＧdra wnt of iners iz
e ．
thant hoseo fsamp leS０,t hei
rt or
sionlapsa reve r
y
References:
closewhent hed i
ame t
eri s０ 􀆰２０５ mm ( ε ＝４ 􀆰９２)．
The re
f o
r e,whent hec arbonc on
tento fgradeＧ７０t ire [１] 　D 􀆰B． Park,E 􀆰G．Kang,W􀆰J．Nam,J．Ma te
r．Proces
s．Te chnＧ
cords teelisc ontrolleda tuppe rlimi (
t abou t０ 􀆰７５ ol．１８７Ｇ１８８ (２００７)１７８Ｇ１８１．
[２] 　K．Han,T 􀆰D．Mo t
tishow,G􀆰D 􀆰W．Smi th,D􀆰V．Edmonds,
ma ss％ )and mi c
roa l
loyed wi th０􀆰０８ ma ss％ －０ 􀆰０９
A􀆰G． St
a ey,Ma
c ter．Sci．Eng．A１９０ (１９９５)２０７Ｇ２１４．
ma ss％ V, g radeＧ７０ t i
rec ords teelc an rep lace [３] 　S．Za a
jc,T．S iwe i,W􀆰B．Hu
ck tch
inson,R．Lagnebo rg,ISIJ
gradeＧ８０t i
rec o rds teele specia
llya s wireisco ldＧ Int．３８ (１９９８)１１３０Ｇ１１３９．
[４] 　Q􀆰L．Yong,S 􀆰G．Yan,H􀆰Z．Pe i,J an,W􀆰Y．Yang,J．
drawnt of i
ne rsize． 􀆰G．Ti
Ir onS te
e lRe s． １０ ( １９９８)No 􀆰２,６３ Ｇ６６．
４　Conc
lus
ion
s [
５] 　Q􀆰L．Yong,J 􀆰G．Ti an,W􀆰Y．Yang,S 􀆰G．Yan,H􀆰Z．Pe i,J．
YunnanPo lyte ch．Un i
v． １５ (１９９９)No 􀆰４,７Ｇ１０．
　 　Thei n
te rlame l
larspa c
i ngo fpe a r
litede c
reases [
６] 　J􀆰D．Embur y,R 􀆰M．F isher,Ac ta Meta
ll．１４ (
１９９６)１４７ Ｇ１５９．
withincreasing Vc onten ,
t andde cr easesfirs
tlyand [
７] 　P． Zhou,H􀆰Y．L iu,J 􀆰H．L iu,X􀆰L．Chen,App l．Me ch．Ma Ｇ
te r．１７４Ｇ１７７ ( ２０１２)１１４１ Ｇ１１４６．
thenincreaseswi t
hi ncreasing Nc on tent．
[
８] 　Y 􀆰Y．T u,W􀆰K．Ca o,L．Ca i,F．Fa ng,J􀆰Q．Ji
ang,He a
tT rea
t．
　 　 Add ing V make st het ensil
es t
reng tho fco l
dＧ Me t．３０ ( ２００５)３５ Ｇ３７．
drawns amp lesi ncreaseove ral ,
le longa t
ionde crease [
９] 　L 􀆰M．Wa ng,H．Ya ng,G 􀆰Q．Xu,J 􀆰F．Wu,Q 􀆰H．Me ng,L 􀆰H．
s
lightly,andt orsionlapsde crea
se．Add ingN make s Liu,Me t．Pr od． ３６ ( ２０１０)１２ Ｇ１６．
[
１０] 　L．Langu i
llaume,G．Kape lski,B．Baudelet,Acta Ma ter．４５
thetensi
les treng tho fc old
Ｇ drawns amp lesincrease
(１９９７)１２０１ Ｇ１２１２．
f
irstl
yandt hende cre
a e,e
s longationi ncrease,and [
１１] 　Y􀆰Y．Tu,J 􀆰Q． Jang,L．Ca
i i,Phy．Te st．Chem．Ana l．A４５
t
o rs
ionlapsde crease． (２００９)７１ Ｇ７３．
　　Ph asescon tain
ingVs tar
tt op re
cipitat
ei nferr
iteas [
１２] 　A．Tan iyama,T．Takayama,M．Ar ai,T．Hamada,Sc ri
pta
Ncon tentisi ncrea s
edt o８２×１０ andp
－６
, r e
cipit
ates Mater． ５１ ( ２００４)５３ Ｇ５８．
[
１３] 　X． Sauva ge,N．Gu elton,D．B l
ave
tte,Scr
ipt
a Mater．４６ (２００２)
arema in
ly Ti Ｇdomi natedc ompound ( Ti,V)( C,N)
４５９Ｇ４６４．
asNc ont
entisinc
reas
edto２１０×１０－６ ．Thes
izeo
f [
１４] 　J 􀆰W ．Byeon,S 􀆰I．Kwun,Ma ter．Trans．４４ (２００３)２１８４ Ｇ
pre
cii
pta
tescont
aini
ngVisfrom２０t ,
o１００nm havＧ ２１９０．