KENDRI

YAVI
DYALAYA
CI
SF,
RTC(
A)THAKKOLAM.

PHYSI
CSI
NVESTI
GATORYPROJECT
2019-
‘
20

ACT
RANS
FORME
R
Gui
dedby
,
VENKATARAMESH
PGT(
PHYSI
CS)

Submi
tt
edby
,

KANCHAN
Cl
assXI
I
 CERTI
FICATE
Itis her eby t o cert
if
yt hat
,the ori
ginaland genui ne
i
nv estigation wor khas been car r
ied outt oi nvestigate
aboutt hesubj ectmat terandt herel
ateddat acol lection
andi nv estigati
onhasbeencompl et
edsol el
y,sincerelyand
satisfactor i
lydone BY k ANCHAN ofCl ass XII,Kendr iya
Vidy al
ay a CI SF RTC ( A)THAKKOLAM.,r egarding t he
projectt i
tled,”Toinvestigatet
herel
ati
onbet weent her at i
o
of:-
1.inputandout putvolt
age
2.numberoft urnsi n secondar
ycoilofsel fdesi gned
tr
ansf or mer "

Si
gnat
ureoft
heGui
de Pr
inci
pal
’
sSi
gnat
ure

Submitt
ed for ALL I ndi
a SENIOR SECONDARY
EXAMINATION held on _ _
___
___
___
__ at KENDRI
YA
VIDYALAYACISF,
RTC(A)THAKKOLAM.

I
nter
nal
Exami
ner Ext
ernal
Exami
ner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successfulcompletion ofanyt ask would be
i
ncompl ete without mentioning the names of t hose
persons who hel ped to make itpossi bl
e.It ake thi
s
oppor t
uni
tyt o expressmygr at
it
udei nf ew wordsand
respecttoallthosewhohel pedmei nt hecompl et
ionof
thi
spr oj
ect.
Iti
smyhumbl epl
easuretoacknowledgemydeepsenses
ofgrat
it
udet omyPhy sicsteacher
,Teachernamef orher
val
uabl
esuppor t
,constanthelpandguidanceateachand
ever
yst age,wit
houtwhi chthisproj
ectwouldnothav e
comefor t
h.
Ialsoregi
stermysenseofgrati
tudetoourpr
inci
palmam,
Mr s.C.A.MALARVIZHIforhisimmenseencouragement
thathasmadet hi
sproj
ectsuccessf
ul.
Iwould al
so l
i
ke t
othank myf r
iends and fami
l
yfor
encour
agi
ngmeduri
ngt
hecourseofthi
sproject
.
Last,
butnotthel
east
,Iwouldl
iketot
hankCBSEf
orgi
vi
ng
ustheopport
unit
ytounder
takethi
spr
oject
.
 Pr
ojectOv
erv
iew

Ai
m
Abs
tra
ct
T
oinv
est
iga
tet
her
ela
tionbe
twe
ent
her
ati
oof
:-

1.
inputa
ndout
putv
olt
age

2.number oft
urns i
nse
conda
ryc
oilofs
elfde
sig
ned
tr
ans
for
mer.

Pr
inc
ipl
e:

AT r
ansf
ormerbasedonthePr i
nci
pleofmutua li
nduct
ion
ac
cordi
ngtothi
spri
nci
pl
e,t
hea mountofmagne
ticfl
uxli
nked
wi
thacoilc
hang
ing
,ane.m.
fisi
nducedi
nthenei
ghbouri
ngcoi
l.

Cons
truc
ti
on:
-
Atransf
ormerconsi
st
sofar ec
tang
ularshaf
tir
onc oremadeof
l
aminatedsheets
,we l
lins
ulat
edfrom oneanother.Twocoi
ls
p1&p2a nds1&s 2arewoundont hesamecore,butar
ewe l
l
i
nsul
a t
edwi t
he achother.Notethatthebotht hecoi
lsare
i
nsul
ate
df rom thecor
e,thes ourceofa l
ter
nati
nge .
m.fis
c
onnectedtop1p2,t
hepri
ma r
yc oila
ndal oa
dr es
ist
anceRis
c
onnectedt
os 1s2,t
hesec
ondaryc oi
lthroughanope nswi
tc
h
S
.thusther
ec a
nbenoc ur
rentthroughthes ec
.coi
lsolongas
t
heswitchi
sopen.

Foranide
altr
ansf
ormer
,weas
sumethattheresi
sta
nceoft
he
pri
mary&s e
condar
ywindi
ngi
sneg
li
gibl
e.Fur
ther,thee
ner
gy
l
osesduetomagnet
ict
heir
onc
orei
salsonegl
i
gibl
e.

T
heor
yAndWor
king
Whe na na lter
inge .
m.f.issuppl
iedtot heprimarycoi lp1p2,an
alt
ernatingc urr
ents t
artsfall
i
nginit.T hea l
teri
ngcur rentinthe
pri
ma rypr oducesac hang i
ngma gne ti
cflux,whi chi nduces
alt
eri
ngv oltag
eint hepr i
ma ryaswe lla si
nt heseconda ry.I
na
good-t
ra nsformer,whol e oft he ma g net
icf l
uxl inked with
pri
ma ryi sa ls
ol i
nkedwi ththes econda ry
,t hent hei nduced
e.m.f
.induc edine achtur nofthes e condaryise qua ltothat
i
nduc e
di ne acht ur
noft hepri
ma ry.T husifE pandE sbet he
i
nstantane ousv a
luesoft hee .
m.f.’
sinduc edinthepr i
ma ryand
thes econda rya ndNpa ndNsa ret heno.oft ur nsoft he
pri
ma rys econdarycoil
soft hetransf
or me rand
Dфь/dt=r
ateofc
hang
eoff
luxi
nea
cht
urnof
fthec
oila
tthi
s
i
nst
ant
,wehave

E
p=-
Npdфь
/dt-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(1)

And

E
s=-
Nsdфь
/dt-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(
2)
Si
ncethea bov
erel
ati
onsa
ret
ruea
tev
eryi
nst
ant
,soby
di
vi
ding2by1,weg
et
E
s/E
p=-Ns/Np-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(
3)

AsEpi stheinst
antane
ousv a
lueofba cke.m.finducedinthe
pri
ma r
yc oi
lp1,sotheins
tantaneouscurr
entinpr imar
ycoili
s
duetot hediff
ere
nce(E–E p)i ntheinstant
ane ousval
uesof
theappliedandba cke.
m.f.furt
herifRpi sther esi
st
anceo,
p1p2coil,t
hentheinst
ant
aneousc ur
rentIpinthepr i
marycoi
l
i
sg i
venbyIp=E–E p/Rp
E–E
p=I
pRp

Whenthere
s i
st
anceoft
hepr
ima
ryi
ssma
ll
,RpI
pca
nbe
ne
gle
cte
dsothere
for
e

E–E
p=0orE
p=E

T
husba
cke
.m.
f=i
npute
.m.
f

He
ncee
qua
tion3c
anbewr
it
tena
s

E
s/E
p=E
s/E=out
pute
.m.
f/i
npute
.m.
f=Ns/Np=K

Whe
reKi
scons
tant
,ca
ll
edt
urnort
rans
for
mat
ionr
ati
o.

I
nas
tepupt
rans
for
mer

E
s>Es
oK>1,
henc
eNs>Np
I
nas
tepdownt
rans
for
mer

E
s<Es
oK<1,
henc
eNs<Np

I
fIp=v
alueofpr
ima
ryc
urr
enta
tthes
amei
nst
antt

AndI
s=v
alueofs
ec.
cur
renta
tthi
sins
tant
,the
n

I
nputpowe
ratt
hei
nst
antt=E
pIpa
nd

Out
putpowe
ratt
hes
amei
nst
ant=E
sIs

I
fthe
r ear
enol osse
sofpowe
rint
het
rans
for
mer
,the
nInput
power=outputpowerOr

E
pIp=E
sIsOr

E
s/E
p=I
p/I
s=K
I
nas
tepupt
rans
for
mer

Ask>1,
soI
p>I
sorI
s<I
p

i
.
e.c
urr
enti
nse
c.i
swe
ake
rwhe
nse
conda
ryv
olt
agei
shi
ghe
r.
Hence,wha te
v e
rweg aininvol
tage,wel os
eincurr
entinthe
samer ati
o.S i
mi l
arl
yi tcanbes hown,t hati
nas tepdown
tra
nsformer,wha t
e ve
rwel os
einv ol
tage,wegai
nincurre
ntin
thesa mer at
io.T husas tepupt rans
formerinreal
it
ys t
eps
downt hec urrent& as t
epdownt ra
nsforme
rs t
epsupt he
curr
ent.

Howt
oWi
reaS
tepDownT
rans
for
mer
Obse
rvea ndident
ifytheschemati
candrat
ingofthestepdown
tr
ansf
orme rtobei nstal
le
d.Re movetheterminalc
onne ct
ion
boxcoverplace
da tthelowersi
deofthetransf
ormer.Onlythe
hi
gha mpe ragetypeswi l
lha v
et hi
se nc
losur
e ,whil
el ower
poweredtransf
orme r
swillha
vea nex
posedscrewter
mi na
l.
Know ter
mina t
ion i
dent
if
ic
a ti
on fol
l
owsf ora llstep down
tr
ansf
ormers:H1,H2,H3andH4s ig
nif
yt hehighv ol
tagesi
deor
powerfee
de ndofthetr
ansformer.Thi
shol dstrueregar
dles
s
ofthe size oft he tr
ansformer.Interc
onne cti
on oft he
tr
ansf
ormerwi llvarydependingon thema nufa
cture
ra nd
vol
tag
eusedf orfe
edingt
hetransf
orme r
.

ACT
rans
for
mer

T
ermina
tet hefeedpowe rwir
esfi
rstbyc utt
ingthewir
esto
l
eng
th.Ifyoua reusinglar
gewirelug
sbes uretotak
ei nt
o
c
onsi
derat
ionthelengthoft
helugandthea mountofwi
rethat
c
anbeinserte
dintothefemal
ecri
mpa r
e a
.

Str
ipbacktheouteri
nsulat
ingofthewireswit
ht hepoc
k e
tkni
fe
orwirestr
ippers
.Inse
rtthee yeri
ngorwi relugoverthebare
copperwirea nd cri
mp t he conne c
ti
on de v
ice,us
ing the
appropr
iat
e-si
zecri
mpe r
,pe r
mane nt
lytothewire.

T
erminatethe hig
hs i
de,hig
hv olt
age ofthe st
ep down
t
ransf
ormer.I
fthehighsi
determinal
sarebolt
s,besureto
f
oll
ow a ny t
orque r
equi
rement
st hata r
el i
ste
d by the
ma
nuf
act
ure
r.

Terminatet
helows i
de ,lowv ol
tageoft
het r
ansf
orme r.Note
thesetermi
nal
swi llbei denti
fi
edbyX1,X2,X3a ndX4.Ag a i
n
fol
low the ma nufact
ur er'sindi
vi
dualschemati
csf or tha t
parti
cul
artypeoft ransformer.Notethatons ma l
lc ontrol
tra
nsformer
stherewi l
lonl ybeanX1andX2.X1isthepowe ror
"hot"si
deandX2i sgene ral
lyt
hegroundi
ngandneutra
l port
ion
ofthelowvolt
age.

T
erminatethes mallcont
roltrans formerforX1a ndX2.X1wi l
l
g
odi re
ctl
yt othec ontr
olcir
cuita ft
erpassi
ngt hroughas ma l
l
f
usethatisrate
df orthecir
cuit.X2wi l
lbete r
mina t
ednotonl y
t
ot hene ut
ralsideoft hec ontr olcir
cui
t,butt heg roundi
ng
s
afetyaswe l
l.I
not herwords,t heX2s i
deoft hes mal
lc ont
rol
t
ransf
orme rmus tbet i
edt ot heg r
oundings yst
em oft he
e
lectr
ical
cir
cuit
.

Replaceallcover
sonthetransformerandanye
nclos
uresthat
protectyouf rom el
ect
ri
ci
ty.Appl ythehighvol
tag
et ot he
transf
orme rbyswit
chi
ngont hef ee
derpowerc
irc
uit
.Turnon
thelows i
des a
fet
ycir
cui
tcontrol.
Us eavoltmete rtotestforpropervolt
ageonthes
tepdown
sideoft
het ra
ns former
.Itshouldbethes amet
hati
sli
st
edon
thespecsta
gpr ov i
dedbythema nufa
cturer
.

E
ner
gyL
oss
es:
-
F
oll
owi
nga
ret
hema
jors
our
cesofe
ner
gyl
ossi
nat
rans
for
mer
:

1.Coppe rl
ossistheenerg
yl os
sinthefor
m ofhea
tint he
coppercoil
sofatr a
nsf
ormer.Thi
sisduetojoul
ehea
tingof
conduct
ingwir
es.

2.I
ronl
ossistheenerg
ylossi
ntheformofheati
ntheir
oncore
oft
hetransf
orme r
.Thi
sisduetoformat
ionofeddycur
rent
sin
i
roncor
e.Iti
smi ni
mizedbyta
kingl
aminate
dcores.

3.Leaka
geofma g
neti
cfl
uxoc
cursinspi
teofbestins
ulat
ions.
Ther
efore,
rateofcha
ngeofmag
neticf
luxl
ink
edwi theac
ht ur
n
ofS1S2isles
sthantherat
eofchangeofma gne
ticfl
uxli
nk e
d
wit
he ac
hturnofP1P2.

4.Hy
ste
ret
icl
ossi
sthe l
ossofe
ner
gydue t
ore
pea
ted
magneti
zat
iona
nddema
gne
tiz
ati
onofthei
roncor
ewhenA.
C.
i
sf e
dt oit.5.Mag
net
ostri
ati
oni.
e.hummingnoi
seofa
t
ransf
ormer.

Conc
lus
ion
1.Theoutputv
olt
ageoft
het r
ansf
orme
racros
sthese
condary
coi
lde pe
ndsupon therat
io(Ns
/Np)wit
hr es
pecttoinput
vol
tage
.

2.Theout
putvol
tag
eofthet r
ansf
orme
racros
sthese
condary
coi
ldependsupon thera
tio(Ns
/Np)wit
hr es
pecttoinput
cur
rent
.

3.Ther
eisalos
spowe
rbe
twe
eni
nputa
ndout
putc
oilofa
tr
ansf
ormer