AYE

AROFRACI
STAT
TACKS:
ANT
I-AS
IANRACI
SMACROS
SCANADA
ONEYE
ARI
NTOT
HECOVI
D-19PANDE
MIC
ACKNOWL
EDGME
NTS

Wewoul dl
iketothankthesur
veyres
pondent
sforshar
ingthei
rexper
ienceswithus.Retell
i
ngour
experi
encesofraci
sm canbetr
aumati
zi
ngbutwehopethatbybri
ngi
ngtogetherourexperi
enceswe
canraiseourcoll
ect
ivevoi
cest
ospeakupthegrowi
ngissueofanti
-Asi
anracism andit
simpacton
ourcommuni ti
es.Letuswor ktogethert
owardsanti
-Asi
an r
acism and allf
ormsofhat e and
prej
udice.

Thisproj
ectwouldnothav ebeenpos si
bl
ewi t
houtt hecontri
buti
onsoft
heSteeri
ngCommi t
tee
organi
zat
ionsincl
udi
ng:TheChineseCanadi
anNat ionalCouncilT
oront
oChapt
er(CCNC Toronto),
Chines
eCanadi anNati
onal
Councilf
orSoci
alJust
ice,theChineseandSout
heas
tAsianLegal
Clinic,
andtheCi v
icEngagementNet
wor kSoci
etyOfCanada.

CCNC T
oront
owoul
dli
ket
orecogni
zet
hei
mpor
tantwor
kofEl
l
enK.
,Dor
i
sC.andPr
oject1907
wi
thoutwhi
chthi
sproj
ectwouldhav
ebeeni
mpos
sibl
e.Thanky
out
oDr
.Lor
neFos
terwhoas
sis
ted
i
nrevi
ewtheini
ti
als
urv
eydesign.

We lookt o ar esi
l
ientint
ernat
i
onalnetworkofant i
-raci
storganizi
ng,activ
ism and sol
idari
t
yi n
addressi
ngt hewavesofant i
-Asi
anracis
m,incl
udinggroupsint heUni t
edStates
,Unit
edKi ngdom
andAus tr
ali
a.Thanky oual
lwhocontinuethi
scol
lecti
vefi
ghtbefore,duri
ngandaftert
hispandemic.
Specifi
cthankst o STOP AAPIHATE whos eearlysurveywasani nspi
r
ati
onand infor
med t he
developmentofourpl at
for
m andours ur
vey.

Thankyout
o:AvvyGo,AmyGo,Gar
yYee,El
l
enK.
,Vi
nceWong,Edwar
dWongf
orpr
ovi
di
ngi
ni
ti
al
rev
iewstot
hisr
epor
t.

Thi
spr
ojecti
sfundedbyt
heGov
ernmentofCanada.

2
 P
ART
NERORGANI
ZAT
IONS

F
UNDE
DBY

Aut
hors:Justi
nKong,Jess
icaIp,Cel
i
aHuangandKennesLi
n
Dat
aAnal y
sisby:Fr
ancoLinandChri
sti
neYuen
Desi
gn:Kell
yLuiandPhil
bertLui

3
T
ABL
EOFCONT
ENT
S

Acknowl
edgment
s 2

Tabl
eofCont
ent
s 4

Towar
dsRaci
alJust
ice:ASt
atementofSol
idar
it
y 5

Execut
iveSummar
y 6

Summar
yofRecommendat
ions 7

I
ntr
oduct
ion 9

Met
hodol
ogy 11

Resear
chFi
ndi
ngs 12
A.Pr
ofi
l
eoft
hosewhor
epor
ted 12
B.Over
view ofr
aci
sti
nci
dent
sandat
tacks 16

C.Deeperanal
ysi
sofhow r
aci
stat
tackshappen 25

Concl
usi
on 31

Ref
erences 32
TOWARDSRACI
ALJUSTICE
:
ASTATEME
NTOFSOLIDARITY

Wer
ecogni
zeourwor
kagai
nstr
aci
alv
iol
encet
akespl
aceons
tol
enI
ndi
genousl
and.I
tisour

col
l
ect
i
ver
espons
ibi
l
it
ytopayr
espectandr
ecogni
zet
hatwear
eher
ebecaus
ethi
slandi
soccupi
ed.
Outofr
espectf
ort
he r
i
ght
s ofI
ndi
genous peopl
e,we r
ecogni
ze ourcol
oni
alhi
st
ori
es and

pr
esent
-dayi
mpl
i
cat
i
onst
ohonour
,pr
otectands
ust
ai
nthi
sland.Wer
ecogni
zet
hes
ehi
st
ori
esand

commi
ttobei
ngact
i
vepar
ti
ci
pant
sins
uppor
ti
ngdecol
oni
zat
i
onandf
urt
heradv
anci
ngt
her
i
ght
sand

s
over
eignt
yoft
heI
ndi
genouspeopl
esandt
hei
rnat
i
ons
.

Asr
aci
al
iz
eds
ett
l
ers
,wewr
i
tet
hisr
epor
tinwhatwecomet
ocal
last
heci
t
yofT
oront
o,i
ntheDi
sh
Wi
t
h One Spoon T
err
i
tor
y.The Di
sh Wi
t
h One Spoon i
sa t
reat
y bet
ween t
he Ani
shnaabe,
Mi
ssi
ssaugasandHaudenos
auneet
hatboundt
hem t
oshar
ethet
err
i
tor
yandpr
otectt
hel
and.

Subs
equentI
ndi
genousNat
i
onsandpeopl
es,Eur
opeansandal
lnewcomer
shav
ebeeni
nvi
t
edi
nto

t
hist
reat
yint
hes
pir
i
tofpeace,f
ri
ends
hipandr
espect
.

Wer
ecogni
zehow ant
i
-Bl
ackr
aci
sm,I
sl
amophobi
aandot
herf
ormsofr
aci
sm anddi
scr
i
minat
i
on
r
equi
r
eur
gentat
tent
i
onandt
hatwemus
tal
lcommi
ttoer
adi
cat
i
ngt
hes
ety
pesofs
yst
emi
cinj
ust
i
ce
i
nor
derf
oral
lourcommuni
t
iest
oachi
eves
oci
alj
ust
i
ce.Weal
sor
ecogni
zehowAs
iancommuni
t
ies

mus
tst
ri
vet
ocont
i
nuewor
kins
uppor
tofot
herr
aci
al
iz
edcommuni
t
iesandt
hei
rdemandsf
orr
aci
al

ands
oci
alj
ust
i
ceandt
hatwemus
tcommi
ttodoi
ngt
hewor
kinourowncommuni
t
iest
oaddr
ess

andcombatt
hes
ety
pesofdi
scr
i
minat
i
onandi
nj
ust
i
ces
.

5
E
XECUT
IVESUMMARY
• From Mar
ch10th,2020toFebruary28th,2021t
her
ewere1150casesofr
aci
statt
acksfr
om
acros
sCanadar epor
tedonourwebpl atf
ormswi
th835cas
esreport
edoncovi
draci
sm.caand
315casesreport
edtoeli
min8hat
e.or
g.Dataanal
ysi
swasconduct
edusi
ngdataupto
December31st,2020.

• 40% and44% ofal

lcas
esofr
aci
stat
tacksandi
nci
dent
swer
erepor
tedf
rom Ont
ari
oandBr
i
ti
sh
Col
umbi
ares
pect
i
vel
y.

• 11% ofallr
eport
edat
tack
sandi
nci
dent
scont
ai
nedav
iol
entphy
sical
ass
aul
tand/
orunwant
ed
phy
sicalcontact
.

• 10% ofallat
tacksandi
nci
dent
sincl
udedaf
orm ofas
saul
tthr
oughbei
ngcoughedatand/
or
bei
ngs paton.

• Thos
ewhoident
i
fyaswomenrepr
esentcl
oseto60% ofal
lr
epor
tedcas
es,whi
l
ethos
ewho
i
dent
if
yasmenaretwi
ceasl
i
kelyt
oreportaphys
ical
assaul
t.

• Whil
ethemajor
it
yoft
hoseimpact
edareEas tAsi
ans(account
ingfor84% ofal
lr
epor
ts)
,
Sout
heastAs
iansal
soaccount
edfor6% ofall
repor
tedinci
dents.

•I
naddit
iont
opubl
i
cspaces,spacesi
nthef
oodsect
or(
grocer
ystor
es,rest
aur
ant
setc.
)wer
ea
pr
ominents
it
eofr
aci
stat
tack
saccounti
ngf
oral
most1/
5thofall
raci
statt
acks
/i
nci
dent
s.

• Chil
drenandadol escents/
youth(
under18)andOlderAdul
t
s/seni
ors(55+)weremuchmor e
l
ikel
ytoreportbeingphy si
cal
lyas
saul
ted(42% and57% moreli
kel
yr espect
i
vely)andmor
eli
kel
y
t
or epor
tbeingcoughedatands paton(233% and250%,respect
ively
)thanthosewhoare
youngadult
s( Ages19- 35)
.

•I
ndivi
dualswhor epor
tedaninci
dentinChi
nesewer
emuchmor el
i
kel
ytorepor
tsuf
fer
ingfr
om
emotionaldi
str
ess(34% mor
el i
kel
y)andexper
i
enci
ngphy
sical
ass
aul
t(100% mor
elik
ely)t
han
thos
ewhor eport
edaninci
dentinEngli
sh.

•I
ndi
vidual
swhosuff
eredr
acis
tattacksandi
nci
dentswantedmorepubl
i
ceducat
i
on,col
l
ect
i
ve
act
i
onagains
traci
sm,pol
icychangesandmoreindiv
iduals
uppor
t.

6
SUMMARYOFRE
COMME
NDAT
IONS
Thes
erecommendat
i
onsar
ear
ri
vedatf
rom t
hedat
acol
l
ect
edf
rom ourpl
at
for
m andon-
goi
ngwor
kins
uppor
ti
ngt
he
communi
t
ywi
t
hint
her
i
singwav
esofant
i
-As
ianr
aci
sm.

A.Theseveri
t
yandper vasi
venessofanti
-Asi
anraci
smr eportedrequiresimmediate
att
ent
ionfr
om alll
evel
sofgov er
nment.Feder
al,pr
ovi
ncialandmuni cipalgov
ernment
s
andallpol
i
ti
calpart
iesmustrecogniz
eanti
-Asi
anracism asadi st
inctar eaof
di
scri
minat
iont
hatrequir
esimmedi at
eacti
on.Inpart
i
cular,thegov ernmentmus t
:

a.Recogni
zethei
mpor
tanceofanti
-r
acism educat
i
onbycommi t
ti
ngfi
nanci
aland
ot
herresour
cest
ocommunity-
ledorgani
z at
i
onstocar
ryoutant
i-
raci
sm
educat
i
on.

b.Provi
decompr ehensi
ve,communi ty
-based,cul
tural
l
yspecif
ic,col
l
ecti
veand
i
ndivi
dualsoci
alsupportsthatwouldbeacces s
ibl
eforthosefrom di
ver
se
backgroundsandofalllanguageabil
it
iestoensur
ethatvict
i
msands ur
viv
or sof
raci
statt
acksandanti-Asianraci
sm canrecei
vethesupporttheyneedsot hat
ourcommuni t
i
escanr ecov erhol
i
sti
call
y.

c.I
mplementcomprehensi
vepoli
ciest opreventthes
preadofmi si
nf
ormat
ioni
n
mediaandsoci
almediawhichincitesnegativ
epubli
cdiscours
eandfurt
her
pr
ovokesraci
sm(forex
ample,policiesproposedbyCCNC- SJ)
.

d.Fundmor eeducati
onali
ni
ti
at
ivesaboutt
helonghi
stor
yofChineseCanadi
ans
andAs i
anCanadiansinCanada,thei
rhi
st
ori
calex
peri
enceswit
hraci
sm and
thei
rcontr
i
buti
onstoCanada.

B.Recogni zethatwhi leant i

-Chi
neseandanti-
As ianracis
m happenst oanyonewhoi s
percei
v edtobef rom s uchagroup,adoptat argetedappr oachbas edoni nt
ersecti
onal
equit
y,toens urethos ewhoar emos tv
ulnerablearepr otect ed.Evi
dencefrom ourdata
sugges tsspeci f
i
cat tenti
onneedstobepai dt o:senior
s ,thos ewithli
mit
edEngl i
sh
f
luency,lowi ncomei ndivi
dual
s,women,f r
ontl
inewor kers ,indivi
dual
swithoutpermanent
i
mmi grations tat
us ,LGBTQ+communi tymember s,thos ef acingmentalheal
thissues
andot hers.

7
C.I
nl ightofthepreval
enceofraci
statt
acksinrest
aurants
,foodandgr ocer
y
establi
s hments
,accounti
ngforalmost1/5t
hofallreport
edinci
dent
s ,andthehi
gh
number sofChineseandAsianCanadianessenti
alworkersi
nthissector
,speci
f
ic
attenti
ondi r
ect
edt owar
dstheprotect
ionofworkers,operat
orsandcus t
omersinthes
e
areasi scri
ti
cal
.

a.Recognizethatworkersands mallbusines
sesi ntheChineseandAs i
anfood
sectorhavebeeni mpacteddoubly:notonlybyt helockdownmeas uresand
economi cdamager esul
ti
ngbutal sofr
om raci
s tatt
acksandr acial
i
zed
sti
gmat i
zati
onofthesector.Pr
ovidesuppor tt
ot hesesmallbusinessesand
work er
sinthesesectorsbyensur i
ngthereisrobustsupportanda
compr ehensi
verecoverysupportstr
ategy.

b.Equipcommunit
y,labourandbus i
nessesgroupsfrom As
iancommuni
ti
eswi
t
h
theresour
cest
os upportl
ocalbusines
s es
,wor ker
sandconsumersi
n
respondi
ngtor
acistatt
acksinthesewor kpl
aces.

D.Chines eandAs ianCanadi

ansal sofaceracis
m aswor kers.Asfr
ontl
ineandes s
ential
wor kersduri
ngt hepandemic,theyarev ul
nerabl
etoracistatt
acksandt hesame
vulnerabi
li
ti
esthatfr
ontl
i
neandes senti
alworkersf
ace.Fighti
nganti
-Asianraci
smi sal
so
aboutr ecogni
zinghows yst
emi cinequi
tyrendersraci
al
izedcommuni ti
esmor el
ikel
ytobe
f
rontli
neandes sent
i
alworkers,andalsoens uri
ngthattheseworkershav et
he
protecti
onstheyneed:

a.Ens
ureall
worker
shaveacces
stol
egi
sl
at
edpaidsi
ckday
s:sevenper
manent
pai
dsickday
sinregul
art
i
mesand14paids
ickday
sduri
nghealt
hemergenci
es.

b.Ens
ures
ati
sf
act
oryi
ncomes
uppor
tdur
i
ngandaf
tert
hepandemi
cforal
l
.

c.Ens
urestat
usonarri
valandimpl
ementaregul
ari
zat
i
onpr
ogr
am t
ogrant
per
manentres
identst
atustoal
lmigr
ant
sandpeoplewi
thpr
ecar
i
ous
i
mmigrat
i
ons t
atus.

8
I
NTRODUCT
IONS
.
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“AnAs i
an-l
ooki
ngTTC dr i
verischatt
i
ngwi t
hawomanwhowear sas carf
aroundhernos eandmout h.Thewomanbegant osayt hatt
hedri
v erwas
unprof
essi
onalandshouldnothav
eaconv ers
ation.Andshebegantos aythat
hedidnotlookCanadian,andwasangrythatthereweretoomanyinCanada
whodidnotlookCanadian.Thewomanal sosaidthatt
hedr i
ver
’
sEnglishwas
notgood and t ol
dthe driv
erto" go home and learnt ospeak Engl
i
s h"

I
nci
dentr
epor
tonCOVI
Draci
sm.
ca

.
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I
nr esponsetoaddressi
ngthegrowingant i
-Asianracis
mt hathasintensif
iedami dstCOVID-19,t
he
ChineseCanadianNat i
onalCouncilT or
ontoChapt er,ChineseCanadi anNat ionalCounci
lSocial
Justi
ce,ChineseandSout heastAs i
anLegalCl ini
c,andCi vi
cEngagementNet work-Societ
yof
Canadahav ecomet ogethertocreateCOVI DRacism.ca,awebs i
tepl at
form dedicatedtotr
acki
ng
self
-r
eportedandwitness-r
eport
edi nci
dentsofant i
-Asi
anraci
sm andx enophobi ainCanada.Thi
s
proj
ects eekstodocumentand det ai
lthes pectr
um ofex peri
encesf el
tacr ossAs ianCanadi
an
communi ti
es.

Thi
sreportdi
scussesfindingsfr
om thequant i
t
ati
veandqual i
tat
i
v edataanalysi
sgather
edf r
om t
he
COVIDRacism.cawebs i
t
eand ourpar tnersit
eeli
min8hate.or
g.I twil
lhighl
ightkeytrendsand
obser
vati
onsfrom r
isi
ngtidesofant i
-As
ianandanti-
Chines
er aci
s m Thi
sreportaddstothegrowi
ng
bodyofi nt
ernat
ionalres ear
ch surr
ounding t
he upti
ck i
n anti-Asi
an raci
sm accompany i
ng t
he
COVID-19pandemi cbyf ocusi
ngs peci
fi
call
yonCanadianex per
iences.

Whi et
l hi
sreportcentersontheur gentneedt oaddr essthereali
ti
esofChi nes eandAs ianCanadians
i
nt hecont extoftheCOVI D-
19pandemi c,italsoack nowledgesthatpr esentdayr acismissit
uated
i
nhi stori
calexcl
usionsofChines eandAs i
anCanadi ansi nCanada.Cons tructi
onsofEas tAsi
ansas
the“ Yell
ow Peri
l”andasbodi est hatwer etobeex cludedandper petuall
ydiseased,wer eseenas
earl
yast he1880’st hroughtheheadt axonChi neseimmi grantsfrom 1885t o1923,t heChinese
Exclus i
on Act(1923 t o 1947)and pr omi nentl
yagai n during the Second Wor ld Warwi t
ht he
i
nternmentofJ apanes eCanadi ans(Palmer ,1980;Wang,2006) .Thes eex clus
ionss peakt othe
percept i
onofEas tAs i
ansas“ perpet
ualforeigners”inCanada,r egardl
es sofgener ati
onalst
atus.

Ther
efor
e,recommendat
i
onsfr
om thi
srepor
tai
mt otackl
ethehis
tor
yandon-
goi
nglegaci
esof
ant
i-
Chines
eandanti-
Asi
ansent
imenti
nCanadathatpr
edateandhav
ebeenex
acer
batedbythe
COVID-19pandemi
c.

9
Anendur ingt hemeoft her acistat tacksisthatsome,i fnotal l
,Chi neseandAs ianpeopl eare
somehowr espons i
blefort heor i
gin,letalonethepai
nandar r
ivalofCOVI D-19i nCanada.Inli
newith
thepat ternofr acism dur ingSARSal sodocumentedbyouror ganizati
oni n2003( Leung,2003),
COVI D-19qui ckl
ybecamer aci
alizedast he“Chi
neseVirus ”
.Theabs urdi
tyofs uchanot i
onisnot
borneouti nfacts.Whi l
es omeoft hef ir
stcaseswereindeedt ravel
ler
sf r
om Wuhan,i thasbecome
apparentt hatthes pread,t heov er whelmingcasesthatbecamepr edomi nantinNor t
hAmer i
ca,
actual
lyor igi
natedfrom t ravell
ersfrom t heU.S.andEurope,andnott hos efl
yingfr
om Chi na(Ri
toet
al.
,2020;T umi l
t
y,2020) .Thes earchf ortheorigi
nofthevirusison- goi
ng,buti rr
egardlessofwhere
i
tor i
ginated,pandemi csr epr esentt hegr owi
ngchall
engesofhumandev elopmentandt henatur
al
wor l
d-notanypar ti
cularr aceoret hnici
ty.

Nonet hel
es s
,thet r
opeofChines eandAs i
ancommuni t
iesbeingr esponsi
bleforCOVID-19endur es.
Thiscomesdes pitethefactthatChineseandAs i
ancommuni t
ieswer esomeoft hefir
sttopracti
ce
safet
ymeas uresincl
udingselfi
solat
ingaft
ertravel
,pr ovidi
ngcar etocommuni t
ymember sretur
ning
f
rom ov erseas,ands hari
ngtheirknowledgeandunder standingoft hevir
uswi t
hthebroaderpubl i
c.
Chines eandAs i
anCanadi ans,li
kemanyot herraci
ali
z edcommuni t
i
es,areals
odi s
proport
i
onatel
yon
thefrontl
i
nesf i
ghti
ngagainstCOVI D-19,worki
nges senti
aljobss uchasinthefoodandcar esectors.
Chines e Canadians have also been acti
vei nl eading donat ion ef
fort
s ofper s
onalprotective
equipment( PPE)dur i
ngthemos tdi
reperi
ods.

I
ns t
eadofbei ngrecogniz edascont ributi
ngs i
gni
fi
cant l
yt othefi
ghtagai ns tCOVID- 19,Chineseand
As i
ancommuni t
i
esi nCanadahav ebeenmetwi thraci sm,viol
enceandat tacks.Ear l
yadoptionof
mas kwear i
nginAs i
ancommuni ti
esbecameandcont inuestobemar ksf orex cl
usionandv iol
ence.
Whi l
ewecannotundot hepas t,wes houldcert
ainlylearnfrom thelessonst heypr ovide.Thi
sr eport
andt heraci
s mthatitdocument sisat estamentofnotonl yhowant i-
Chi neseandant i-As
ianracism
haslongbeenpr esent( evenhis t
oricall
yfoundati
onal )toCanadi ans ociety,butals ohow its i
mply
takesonet r
agicpandemi ctoresurrecttheev er
ydayr acism againstChines eandAs i
ancommuni ti
es
anddr i
veitint
oaf ullbl
ownt i
dalwav eofanti
-Chineseandant i-
As i
anat tacksacros st henati
on.We
mus trecognizebot ht heex tentand s eri
ousnessoft hes eformsofr aci
s m and wor kt owards
eli
minati
ngs yst
emicr acismt hatex i
s t
sinours ocieti
es ,t
omov eust owar dsaCanadaandawor l
d
thati
sfairandjustforall.

10
ME
THODOL
OGY
Data was col
lect
ed t hrough t
he sel
freporti
ng ofpeople who wit
nessed r
acistincident
s or
experi
enced r
acis
ti nci
dentsthrough t
he websit
esCOVIDRacism.ca and el
i
min8hate.org.Data
col
lect
ionbeganinMar ch2020andendedonDecember31s t2020.Attheendoft hecol l
ect
ion
peri
od,datafr
om thet wowebs it
esweresortedandanalyzed.Whil
equest
ionsinthetwos ur
veys
wereroughl
ysimil
ar,duet osomev ar
i
ati
onsinthesurv
ey,somedatawasnotcollapsi
bl
e.

I
naddi t
iontot heov er
allresponsestothes ur
vey,ther eport
i
ngformsprovi
dedoppor
tuni
t
iesf
or
repor
teestoincludequali
tativ
edataaboutthei
rexperi
encesandwhatt heywoul
dli
ketos
eechange
asar esul
t.Relevantqualit
ativedat
ahasal sobeeni ncl
udedt hr
oughoutt
herepor
ttoprov
idean
underst
andingoft heexperiencesbehi
ndthequantit
ativ
edat a.

Duet ot hes urveybeingcar ri

edouti nmul t
ipl
ephas esandindiff
erentlanguages(Englis
h,French,
Chines etr
adi t
ional,Chi
nes es i
mpli
fied),weconsol
idatedtheCCNCTO s ur
veyresultsfr
om multipl
e
phas esandmappedal l quest
ionsandans werst
ot hei
rEngli
shequivalentsforanalysi
s.Toperform
met a-anal
ysiswi t
hPr oj
ect1907dat a,wemappedques ti
onsandans wer swher eappropri
at
e.Not e
thatnotallf
ieldsbet weent hetwos urveysal
lowedforaone-to-onemappi ng.Insit
uati
onswher ethe
datawasnotcol lapsi
ble,wer eli
edont hedatafr
om cov i
draci
sm.caduet othehi ghernumberof
casesr epor
ted.

Pr
i
ort
oanal
ysi
soft
hedat
a,wecl
eanedt
hedat
acol
l
ect
edbyt
aki
ngt
hef
ol
lowi
ngs
teps
:

• De-dupl
i
catesubmissi
onsfrom t
hesameI Pandanswers,whi
chwer
es ubmi
t
tedwi
t
hin
oneminuteofeachother
.
• Removefal
sereport
swithraci
stcommentsint
hedescri
pti
on
• Fi
l
linmiss
ingcit
yorprovi
nceinf
ormat
ionusi
nggeopandasforI
Paddr
ess
es

Toexpl
orerelat
i
onsbetweendif
fer
entvari
ablesinsect
ionC,weus edPyt
honpandasandpl
otl
yfor
dat
aanalysisandv i
sual
i
zati
onrespect
iv
ely.Thepr i
maryconcer
nofouranalysi
swastest
i
ngf or
pot
enti
alr
elati
onshi
psbetweenanswersfordif
fer
entquest
i
onpair
ings.

I
tiswor thnoti
ngthereare,ofcours e,l
i
mitati
onst ot
hisdat a.First
,thedataremainsrel
iantonthes elf
report
ingofv i
si
tor
st oourwebs i
t
es .Secondly,ther
earemanyr easonswhypeopl emaynotbeabl e
toreportormayf acebar ri
ersinreporti
ng,ass uch,theirex peri
enceswoul dnotfindrepresentati
on
here.Ov er
all
,whil
etherearemanymor eli
mitati
onswiththisr eport
,andwhi l
ewer ecognizethi
si sby
nomeansanex hausti
veov erv
iew ofthetopic,wehopei twi lls
erveasani mpor t
antentrypoint,as
ar el
ativ
elylarge communi tycollecti
on ofdat a,into how t he ris
e ofant i
-Asi
an racism dur i
ng
COVI D-19hasi mpactedourcommuni ti
es.Wehopet hatmor eresearcher
sandr esear
chf undingwill
conti
nuet hisimportantwor kbyengagi ng in mor ein-dept h and syst
ematicanalysis.Witht he
communi t
y’
sinter
estatt hefore,s uchresearchwillhelpusunder standhow ther i
seofant i
- Asi
an
hateandr acis
m hasi mpactedourcommuni ti
esacrossCanada.

11
RE
SEARCHF
INDI
NGS
A.PROF
ILE
SOFT
HOSEWHORE
PORT
ED
I
.Tot
alnumberofr
epor
tedi
nst
ances

From Mar
ch10th,2020toFebruar
y28th,2021t
herewere1150casesofr
acistat
tacksf
rom acr
oss
Canadarepor
tedonourwebpl atf
ormswith835casesrepor
tedoncovi
draci
sm.caand315cas es
repor
tedt
oeli
min8hate.
org.Dat
aanaly
siswasconductedusi
ngdatauptoDecember31s t
,2020.

Thedat aintheremainderoft hereportonlyanalyzesdat

arecei
vedupt oDecember31s t,2020,
whichis643cas es.Thereasonwewer eonl yabletoasses
sthedatauptothispointi
sbecaus eour
websit
ei sl
iv
eandcont i
nuest or
eceivesubmi ss
ions.Howeverduetopracti
calconst
raint
s,wear e
unabl
et o cont
inuouslyincorpor
ateand introducenew datainto ouranal
ysis.Ass uch,unless
other
wisenoted,thedat aanalysi
sthatfol
lowsisbas edonthe643r eport
sthatwerer ecei
vedby
December31s t,2020.

1
.0-NumberofI
nci
dent
s

Ofthet otal
cases,67% weres el
fr
eport
edinci
dents(wher
ebyani ndi
vi
dualwhofacesraci
smreports
theincident)
,24% wer ewi t
nessreport
s(wherebyani ndi
vidualwi
tness
esani ncidentofraci
sm
happeni ngtoanotheranddecidest
omak eareport)
and9% wer ethi
rdpart
ylogsofinci
dent
s(thes
e
mayi ncludestaf
fl
ogginginci
dentswit
nessedonthenews ).

.
..
..
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..

“Acol l
eague,anurs
e,askedmewhatIwaseat ingfordinner.Ir
epli
edIwas
eati
ngchi ck
en.Thenurs
eas kedi
fIwaseati
ngabat.Shet ur
nedtotherestof
thestaff
whower ewi
tnessi
ngthi
sexchange[
andsai
d]thathersontol
dhert
hat:
"t
hecoronavi
russt
art
edbecauset
heyeatbat s"
.”

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12
 SELF REPORTVS.
WITNESSEDREPORTBREAKDOWN

Iwi
tnes
sedt
hisi
nci
dent
.
I
tha
ppenedt
ome.
Ot
her
Unc
ategor
ized

1
.1-Repor
tingRul
es

I
I.Theagepr
ofi
leofi
ndi
vidual
swhor
epor
tedar
easasf
oll
ows*
:

Thebr
eakdownoft
heagedemogr
aphi
csi
sasf
ol
lows
:

7.
6% oft
hosewhorepor
tedwer
eintheChil
d&Adol
escent(
Under18)
cat
egor
y,47.
6% wer
eYoung
Adul
t
s(19-35)
,34% wer
eMiddl
e-AgedAdul
ts(
36-55)and10.
7% wereOl
derAdul
ts(
55+)
.

Youngadul
tswerebyf art
helar
ges
tgr
oupt orepor
tinci
dent
s.Thr
oughoutouranal
ysi
s,wewi
l
l
conti
nuet
oseethatageremai
nsani
mpor
tantf
actor
.

BREAKDOWNOFAGEDEMOGRAPHI
CS

Chi
ld& Adol
esc
ent(
Under1
8)
YoungAdul
t(1
9-3
5)
Mi
ddl
e-AgedAdul
t(3
6-5
5)
Ol
derAdul
t(5
5+)

1
.2-AgeDemogr
aphi
cs

I
II
.Thegenderpr
ofi
leofr
epor
teesi
sasf
oll
ows

59% oft
hos
ewhor
epor
teds
elfi
dent
i
fi
edasf
emal
e,36% asmal
e,2% i
dent
i
fi
edasot
her
.

13
 1
.3-GenderPr
ofil
e

I
nlinewit
hpr ev
iousf
indi
ngs,thos
eident
i
fyi
ngasf
emal
e/womengr
eat
l
yout
pacedmenandot
her
gender
sinreport
ingr
acis
tinci
dent
s.

I
V.Pr
ovi
nci
aldi
str
ibut
ionofdat
a

Themaj
ori
tyofcas
esdocument
edwer ef
rom Ontar
ioandBr i
t
ishCol
umbia,res
pect
i
vel
yaccount
ing
f
or40% and 44% ofal
lrepor
ted i
nst
ances.Together
,theyaccount
ed for84% ofal
lrepor
ted
i
nci
dent
sinCanada.

Quebecaccount
edfor6% ofallr
epor
tedi
nci
dents
,Albert
aaccountedfor5%,Saskat
chewanand
Mani
tobacombined t
o accountfor3% and t
heremainderofinci
dentswerefr
om theAtlant
i
c
pr
ovi
nces.

1
.4-Regi
ona
lDi
str
ibut
ions

14
V.Raci
alpr
ofi
leoft
hoser
epor
ti
ng

Whil
eEas tAsi
anpopulati
onsaccount
edforthemajori
tyoft
hosewhorepor
tedi
nst
ancesofr
aci
sm,
account
i
ngf or84% ofal
lthosewhoreport
ed,iti
scleart
hatther
aci
sminci
teddur
i
ngthepasty
ear
al
soimpactedotherraci
al
izedcommunit
ies
.

Thos
ewhoi dent
i
fi
edasSoutheas
tAsi
anaccount
edfor6% ofallt
otalcasesrepor
ted,whil
ethos
e
whoident
i
fi
edasIndi
genous
,SouthAs
ian,andbi
r
aci
al,eachaccountedfor2% oft
otalcas
es.

1
.5-Ra
cia
l/et
hni
cpr
ofil
eofr
espondent
s

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“Af
tercomi
ngupfrom t
hisintersecti
onwheret her
ewasnot raffi
cli
ght,asport
s
carwit
hsunr
oofopenspeedt owardmewhowasaboutt ocr osstheroad.The
whit
emaledri
verhadnos ignofs lowingdowni nhiscarspeed.Is t
oppedand
whenhepas s
ingme,her ais
edhi shandt hroughthesunroofandy ell
edatme
to"go back t
o Chi
na".Iam notChi nes
e buta mi xed r ace T
aiwanese.
”

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15
B.
OVE
RVI
EWOFI
NST
ANCE
SOFRACI
SMANDRACI
STAT
TACKS
Amongs
tther
epor
tedi
nst
ancesofr
aci
sm,t
het
ypesofr
aci
stat
tackswer
ewi
deandv
ari
ed,r
angi
ngf
rom
v
iol
entas
saul
t
stov
erbal
har
ass
ment
.Int
hiss
ect
i
on,weof
f
eracr
osss
ect
i
onoft
het
ypesofat
tackst
hat
happenedands
har
esomef
i
ndi
ngsonpot
ent
i
almot
i
vesf
orbot
hat
tacki
ngandr
epor
ti
ng.

I
.Wher
edi
dinst
ancesofr
aci
sm andr
aci
stat
tackshappen?

Oft
hos
erepor
ti
ngi
nci
dent
s,49% ofpar
ti
ci
pant
srepor
tedt
hatt
hei
nci
denthappenedi
napubl
i
cspace/
par
k/s
treetors
idewal
k,17% ofi
nci
dent
shappenedatagr
ocer
yst
oreandf
oodes
tabl
i
shment
,10%
happenedonpubl
i
ctr
ans
itand8% happenedatapubl
i
cst
ore.Ther
emai
ni
ngt
ypesofl
ocat
i
onsar
e
l
i
stedi
nthechar
tbel
owf
orr
efer
ence.

I
ti
simpor
tantt
ocl
ari
f
ythatt
houghs
omear
easappeart
ohav
efewerr
epor
tsofr
aci
stat
tacks
,wes
houl
d
notdi
smi
sst
hem f
ornotbei
ngar
easofs
eri
ousconcer
n.Asweknow,t
her
ear
emanyr
eas
onswhy
i
ndi
vi
dual
smaynotr
epor
t;f
ori
nst
ance,t
heymayhav
econcer
nsar
oundr
etal
i
ati
on,aswel
lasf
earofj
ob
l
oss
,ev
ict
i
onandot
herr
eper
cus
sions
.

2
.1Loc
ati
onofr
epor
tedi
nci
dent
s

16
Ov
erwhel
mingl
y,t
hemaj
ori
t
yofat
tackshappenedi
npubl
i
cspaces
.Thi
sisi
nli
newi
t
hbot
hther
eal
i
ti
esof
l
i
vingunderCOVI
D-19condi
t
ionsandt
heex
tens
iver
esear
cht
hathasdemons
trat
edhowr
aci
smi
s
s
igni
f
icant
l
yaboutdeny
ingr
aci
al
iz
edcommuni
t
iesequal
andf
ul
lacces
stopubl
i
cspaces
.

Thef
actt
hatt
hes
econdhi
ghes
tper
cent
ageofi
nci
dent
soccur
edi
ngr
ocer
yst
ores
,foods
tor
es,and
r
est
aur
ant
sindi
cat
est
hates
sent
i
alwor
ker
sandes
peci
al
lyv
ulner
abl
ees
sent
i
alwor
ker
ssuchast
hos
ein
t
hef
oods
erv
icess
ect
ors(
whi
cht
endt
obemor
egender
ed,r
aci
al
iz
ed,i
mmi
grant
/mi
grantheav
yet
c.)
,
maybepar
ti
cul
arl
yvul
ner
abl
etor
aci
stat
tacks
,ast
heyat
tendt
hes
elocat
i
onsdai
l
yforwor
k.

Ov
eral
l
,thebr
eadt
hofpl
aceswher
eraci
stat
tacksoccur
redi
l
lus
trat
ethegr
owi
ngcl
i
mat
eoff
eart
hat
Chi
nes
eandAs
ianCanadi
anscont
i
nuet
oface.Thi
srenewedandhei
ght
eneds
ens
eoff
earr
eachesev
en
i
ntot
hepr
i
vat
eres
idencesofpeopl
e:

.
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.

“Thoughit
'sunfort
unatethatther
ear eafew i
ndivi
dualswhofeelit
'snecessar
yto
blamethi
sglobalpandemiconAs i
ans(andi
nmycas e,aCanadi
an-bornAsi
anwho's
neverbeentoChina),Iam encour
agedbyt hemanywhos t
oodbymeandpr omptl
y
tookastandagains
traci
s m.”

.
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.

I
I.Whatt
ypeofr
aci
sti
nci
dent
sandr
aci
stat
tackswer
ethey?
Themos
tcommont
ypeofat
tackwasv
erbal
har
ass
ment
,account
i
ngf
or73% oft
otal
repor
ts.Account
s
ofv
erbal
har
ass
mentdemons
trat
ethati
ti
sper
pet
uat
edbypeopl
eofdi
f
fer
entagesandoccur
sbet
ween
s
tranger
sandacquai
ntancesal
i
ke.

.
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.

“
My15yearol
ddaught
erwaswal
ki
ngourdogandawomanwalkingtowar
dheron
t
hesi
dewal
kcros
sedtotheot
hersideoft
hestreetands
hout
ed,“Sorr
y,butI
’
m
al
l
ergict
oAsi
ans
!””

“Whi
lemydaughterwaspl
ayi
ngint
heopengreenareainthecomplexproper
ty,af
ew
gi
rl
sappr
oachedherandsaid"
WhyareyouChinesepeoplespreadi
ngtheCOVI D-
19
al
lov
ertheworld?I
t'
ssoannoy
ingandallofthethi
ngsareyourfaul
t!
!”

.
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.

17
Thenex
tmos
tcommont
ypeofat
tackwasphy
sical
ass
aul
t
/aggr
ess
ionorunwant
edphy
sical
cont
act
,
account
i
ngf
or11% ofr
epor
ts.

...
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...
..
...
..
..
.
.
“Asianmanwasgoi ngi ntotheQualit
yInndur i
ngabus inesstri
p.Intheparki
ngl otas
hewasgoi ngi
n,twomenas k
edformoney .Hes ai
dhedi dn'thaveany,atwhichpoint
theys ai
d"Whydon' tyougi veuss omemoneyf orthats hi
t[COVID-19]youbr ought
overtoCanada"andt henlungedathi m.”

.
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.

Thi
sisf
ol
lowedbybei
ngcoughedatands
paton,whi
chaccount
edf
orr
oughl
y10% ofr
epor
tsandbei
ng
s
hunnedorex
cluded,whi
chal
soaccount
edf
or10% ofr
epor
ts.Ot
hert
ypesofat
tacksar
erepor
tedi
nthe
char
tbel
ow.

2
.2Typesofa
tta
cka
nd/
ordi
scr
imi
nat
ion

18
Al
t
houghangermaybedi
r
ect
edt
owar
dsacer
tai
ngr
oup,at
tacksonal
l
iesal
soaccountf
oraper
cent
ageof
phy
sical
ass
aul
t
s.Suchbehav
iourdi
ssaudesanddi
scour
agesal
l
iesf
rom pot
ent
i
all
ycomi
ngt
otheai
dof
v
ict
i
ms,f
urt
heri
sol
at
ingandmar
ginal
i
zingChi
nes
eandAs
ianCanadi
answhent
heyar
eat
tacked.Asone
wi
t
nes
saccountgr
aphi
cal
l
ydet
ai
ls
,

.
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.

“TwoEas tAs i
anwomenwear i
ngpr otect
ivemas kss atdiagonal l
yacr ossf rom awhi t
e
man.Af ters eeingt hetwoAs i
anwomenwear i
ngmas ks,themans uddenl ys creamed
atthet wowomen:" Gobackt oy ourowncount r
y!"Althoughi ti suncer tainwhet her
thetwoEas tAs ianwomenwear i
ngmas ksareChines e,itcanbes eenf rom t heman' s
wor dsthathedi scriminatedagai ns tandt argetedtheChi nesecommuni ty.T woAs ian
womenwhower ei nexplicablys coldedbys t
rangerswer es hock edandangr y,but
f
acedwi ths uchacr azymor on,theydi dnotdar etores i
st.Atthist i
me,ak i
ndwoman
whohadwi tnes sedev erythingont hebuss t
eppedf orwar d.Sheas kedt hewhi teman
nott oattackt het woAs ianwomen.Thebr avewomanwass it
tingnex tt ot woAs ian
women,di rectlyoppos it
et hewhi teman.Thewhi t
emanwaschok edbackandwas
veryups et,s ohequar rel
edwi ththewoman.Thenher us hedov erands tartedk icking
thewomanf ranticall
y,thent orethewomanf r
om thes eat ,f
ell
tot hegr ound,punched
herhead cont i
nuous ly,and bowed l eftand right
!Thepoorwomanwasv i
ol entl
y
beat enont hef l
oorof t
hebusbyamadman!Thi smanwasex tremel yvicious ,notonl y
slappedt hewoman' sheadandf ace,butal sos mashedherhai r!Awhol epi eceoft he
woman' sscal pandal otofhai rwer etornoff!Fi
nall
y,themans toppedhi shandwhen
t
hebusar ri
vedatt hestati
onandr anof fthebus .
”

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.

I
ti
simpor
tantt
ohi
ghl
i
ghtt
hes
igni
f
icanceofbei
ngcoughedatands
paton.Bot
hoft
hes
eact
sar
edeepl
y
di
st
urbi
ngandr
epr
esentv
erydi
r
ectv
iol
enceagai
nstChi
nes
eandAs
iani
ndi
vi
dual
s.Notonl
yisbei
ng
coughedands
patataf
orm ofat
tackandaf
orm di
sr
espect
,buti
ntheCOVI
D-19pandemi
c,i
ti
sal
soa
di
r
ectat
temptats
ubj
ect
i
ngandex
pos
ingChi
nes
eandAs
ianCanadi
anst
othebi
ohaz
ardousr
eal
i
ti
esof
COVI
D-19.I
ti
stos
ay,“
youChi
nes
epeopl
eandAs
ianar
enotonl
yres
pons
ibl
e,butI
’
m goi
ngt
omakes
ure
y
ougett
hisCOVI
D-19”
.

19
I
II
.Whatwer
ethesuspect
edr
easonsf
orat
tacks?

Whenas
kedwhyt
heyt
houghtt
heywer
etar
get
ed,uns
urpr
i
singl
y,r
acer
emai
nedt
hepr
edomi
nantcaus
al
f
act
orasunder
stoodbyt
hos
ewhoex
per
i
encedr
aci
stat
tacks
.Howev
er,wear
i
ngoff
acemas
ksand
genderal
sor
epr
esent
eds
igni
f
icantcont
ri
but
i
ngf
act
ors
.

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.

“
Twomal esi
ntheirl
ate20s/ear
ly30satt
ackedmef r
om behindduri
ngmymorning
wal
k.Theyki
ckedmer epeat
edlyforacoupl
eofminutes,whi
leshouti
ngatmet
ogo
backtoChinawiththeCOVID-19v
ir
ust hatI
brought.
”

“
Awhi
t
emany
ell
edatmetot
akemymas kof
f
,thatIl
ookedri
di
cul
ous(
forwear
i
ngi
t
,
Ias
sume)andcal
l
edmeaChi nesebi
tch”

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.

2
.3Sus
pec
tedr
eas
onsf
ora
tta
ck

I
ti
simpor
tantt
onot
ethatwhi
l
eracer
emai
nst
hepr
i
mar
ysus
pect
edr
eas
onf
orat
tacks
,one’
sracecannot
al
way
sbedet
ermi
nedwi
t
houtdi
scl
osur
e.Ther
efor
e,t
hos
ewhodonoti
dent
i
fyasChi
nes
eCanadi
anor
As
ianCanadi
anhav
eal
sof
acedt
heef
f
ect
sofant
i
-Chi
nes
eandant
i
-As
ianr
aci
sm.

20
 .
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.

“Therewasonewhi temanwal ki
ngtowardmei nfrontofmeatthe[grocer
ystore].He
staredatmeandk eptwalk
ing,whenhewascl oseenought ome,hes aidYOU
DEATHGI VER!Ands omeotherdirt
ywor ds,Ididn'tr
eali
zewhatwashappeni ngand
j
us tkeptwalki
ngby… Afterafew seconds ,If
oundher ecogni
zedmeasaChi nese
andbl amedarandom Asian(t
hathethoughtisChi nese)f
orthepandemic… Iam v er
y
disappoint
edands ad,Iam notaChi nese.Ev enifIam,what '
swr ongwithbeinga
Chinese?”(edit
edfors pell
i
ng)

“
Awhitewomani
nacannabi
sst
orenotr
eal
i
zingI'
m Chi
nese,sayst
ome,"I
'm gl
ad
you'
rewear
i
ngamas
k.Weneedtoprot
ectours
elvesf
rom t
hesedi
rt
yChi
nese."
”

.
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.

I
V.Whendi
draci
sti
nst
ancesandat
tackshappen?

.
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.

“Iwasbrowsi
nginShoppersDrugMar twhenthi
scaucasi
anladycametowar
dsme
ands ai
dtome" Shameony ou"repeatedl
y.Thereweresecur
it
yguar
dsandot her
workerswhowit
nessedt
hatbutnobodys ai
danythi
ng,whi
chmademefeelext
remely
unsaf
e.”

.
..
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..
.

Themaj
ori
t
yofr
aci
sti
nci
dent
sandat
tacksoccur
edi
ntheaf
ter
noon(
12pm -5pm)account
i
ngf
or57% of
al
lat
tacks
.Raci
stat
tacksi
nthemor
ning(
6am -12pm)account
edf
or19% ofal
li
nst
ances
,20% occur
red
i
ntheEv
eni
ng(
5pm -9pm)and4% occur
redatni
ght(
9pm -6am)
.

V.Whatwer
etheconsequencesoft
her
aci
stat
tacks?

Ex
per
i
enci
ngr
aci
stat
tackscanbeat
raumat
i
cex
per
i
encet
hatmayi
mpactpeopl
einmanydi
f
fer
entway
s.
Sur
veyr
espondent
swer
eas
kedaboutt
her
eper
cus
sionsf
rom t
heat
tacksandr
aci
smt
heyex
per
i
enced.
Themos
tcommont
ypeofr
espons
ewasment
aldi
st
res
s/emot
i
onal
har
m,whi
choccur
edi
n73% of
r
espondent
s.

21
 .
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.

“MypartnerandI cr
ossedthestreetinfr
ontofaf ewwhi teguysinat r
uck.Therewas
no i
nter
action unti
lwe passed t hem,no es cal
ati
on.First,they l
oudlys hout
ed
somethi
ngatust hatIcoul
dn'tmak eouti nit
i
all
y(wasn'tsur
et heyweretalk
ingtous).
Theyt
henpr oceedtomak emockgunf i
res ounds-"powpowpow"-t ointi
midateus.
Theythent ol
dus" gobackf uck i
ngChi nese".Theincident,part
icul
arl
ythegunf i
r
e
noises,shookusup.

“Wi
lli
tgettot
hepointthatIwil
lonedayneedtoes capefr
om mybelovedCanadat o
sav
emyl if
e?Seeinghow thi
ngsareunfol
di
ng,Ifearthati
tmighteventual
lyhappen.
Thi
shasledtoimmens eanxiet
y,deepdepres
sionands l
eepl
essness.Verypainf
ult
o
feelhat
edbyev eryonei
none'sownhomecount r
y.
”

.
..
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..
.

Meanwhi
le,8% ofr
espondent
srepor
tedphy
sical
har
m,and3% not
edf
i
nanci
all
ossasar
esul
toft
he
r
aci
statt
ack.

2
.4Cons
equenc
esofa
tta
cksonr
espondent
s

Whi l
ethenumber saroundlossofjobs,fi
nanci
al l
oss ,l
ossofhous i
ngandot hercategoriesarerel
at
ivel
y
l
ow,acaut i
onarynoteisimport
ant.Weknowt hattheimplicat
ionsofment aldi
st
ressandemot i
onalharm
causedbyr acism canleadtoseri
ousallar
ounddamagest oracial
izedcommuni ti
esincludi
ngdecli
ni
ng
senseofwel lbei
ngandbel ongi
ngaswel lasfearofi nt
eracti
ngwi t
hothersands eeki
ngneces sary
resources(Chenetal.,2020;McMur tr
yetal.
,2019) .Manyr espondentsnotedthattheirexperi
encel
eft
them feel
ingunsafeandi nsomecas es,r
esul
tedint heiravoi
danceoft hespaceswher et heatt
ack
occur
red.

22
 .
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.

“MyfatherwasforcedoutofaFoodBas ic'sgrocer
ys t
orebyawhi t
eman.Thi swhi te
manwal keduptohi m andberatedhim,s houti
ngathimt o"gett
hehellout"andt hat
hedidn'tdeser
vet o"t
ak eups pace."Myf atherwass hockedandleftthestore.On
hi
swayout ,abl ackempl oy
ees poketohi m andencour agedmyfatherto"tak ehis
ti
mes hoppi
ngi nst
ead,"butmyf atherdidnotfeelver
ys afeany
mor einthes t
ore.”

“Whit
emanfor
bidmet ogetonthet r
ain,hetoldmetostandt
hereandbl
ock
edmy
ent
rancet
ogetontr
ain.Iwal
kedaroundhi m andhecal
l
edme" f*
cki
ngb*t
ch!
"Iwas
feeli
ngafr
aidt
ot akethetrai
nforaf
ewday s
.”

.
..
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.

VI
.Whydi
dpeopl
ewantt
orepor
tther
aci
stat
tackori
nci
dent
s?

Exper
ienci
ngar aci
stinci
dentmaybet r
aumaticf
ormany .Manyr
epor
tedinci
dentsonthewebs
it
e
pl
atf
ormst oext
ernali
zethei
rtr
aumati
cex per
i
ence,torecogni
zet
hatt
heirexper
iencei
snotani
sol
at
ed
ex
perience,andwiththehopesofcol
lecti
vechange.

.
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.

“Si
ncethenew crown epidemic,As i
anshav ebeen i
ncreasingl
yt hr
eat
ened.Our
demand f
orpubliceducat
ion around ant
i-
raci
sm.Meanwhi le,26% ofi ndi
vi
dual
s
hopedi
twoul
dl eadtomorecollecti
veacti
on,19% per
cents aw itasanopportuni
t
y
to mov
etowardspolicyrefor
m and 8% hoped s har
ing woul d prov
ideindi
vi
dual
support
.Summar yresult
saredispl
ayedi
nt hetablebelow.

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

2
.5Whydi
dres
pondent
srepor
t?

23
Thei
mpor
tanceofcol
l
ect
i
veact
i
oncanbes
eent
hroughoner
espondent
’
sref
l
ect
i
ononhav
ingt
he
s
uppor
tofhi
scommuni
t
ydur
i
ngt
hes
eunpr
ecedent
edt
i
mes
:

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

“Thoughit
'sunfort
unatethatther
ear eafew i
ndivi
dualswhofeelit
'snecessar
yto
blamethi
sglobalpandemiconAs i
ans(andi
nmycas e,aCanadi
an-bornAsi
anwho's
neverbeentoChina),Iam encour
agedbyt hemanywhos t
oodbymeandpr omptl
y
tookastandagains
traci
s m.”

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

24
C.
DEE
PERANAL
YSI
SONHOWRACI
STAT
TACKSHAPPE
N

I
.How di
ddi
ff
erentgr
oupsexper
ienceat
tacksdi
ff
erent
ly?

I
naddi
t
iont
oex
ami
ni
ngt
hepr
ofi
l
esofi
ndi
vi
dual
simpact
edbyr
aci
stat
tacksandwhatt
hos
eraci
st
at
tacksl
ookedl
i
ke,weal
sos
oughtt
olookdeeperi
ntowhet
herornott
her
ewer
epat
ter
nedbehav
iour
sin
t
her
aci
stat
tackst
hathav
edeepl
yimpact
edChi
nes
eandAs
iancommuni
t
iest
hroughoutt
heCOVI
D-19
pandemi
c.Speci
f
ical
l
y,wet
est
edanumberofr
elat
i
onswi
t
hint
hedat
atoex
plor
ehowdi
f
fer
entgr
oups
ex
per
i
enceandr
espondt
oraci
sm di
f
fer
ent
l
y.I
nthef
ol
lowi
ngs
ect
i
on,weof
f
eranov
erv
iewofs
omeoft
he
r
elev
antr
elat
i
onswehav
efoundi
nthedat
a.

I
I.Olderandyoungergr
oupsweremorel
ikel
ytor
epor
tbei
ngphysi
cal
lyassaul
ted,
andbeingcoughedatandspaton.

Ther
eappear
stobeapat
ter
nwher
eraci
stat
tacksar
etar
get
edt
owar
dst
hos
ewhoar
eseenas
v
ulner
abl
e,s
peci
f
ical
l
y,t
hey
oungandt
heol
d.Res
pondent
sint
hos
eagegr
oupsex
per
i
encedmuch
hi
gherr
atesofphy
sical
har
m,wi
t
hol
deradul
t
s,age55andabov
e,account
i
ngf
or15% ofal
lphy
sical
as
saul
t
srepor
ted,andt
hos
eundert
heageof18account
i
ngf
or14% ofal
lphy
sical
ass
aul
t
srepor
ted.

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

“
Whenthechi
l
dwasridi
ngabi
cycl
e,hechasedandabus
edt
hechi
ld.Thechi
l
dwas
t
ornof
fthebi
cycl
ewhil
epr
epar
i
ngt orecor
dthevi
deoand[
he]hi
tthechi
ldont
he
gr
ound.”

“Ij
ustgotnewsmymot herwaspunchedi ntheey eass hewasget ti
ngof
fthebus
duri
ngrushhour
.Shehas n'trepor
teditandwant stoforgetaboutwhathappened.
Shesaidi
twasraci
all
ymot iv
atedandnots ur
eifpeoplesawi thappenasi
twasquite
busy.I am hear
tbrokenthi
shappenedt oher .
”

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

25
Si
mil
art
rendswer
eobs
erv
edf
ort
hos
erepor
ti
ngbei
ngcoughedatands
paton,wi
t
hol
deradul
t
s,age55
andabov
e,compr
i
sing11% ofal
lr
epor
ts,andi
ndi
vi
dual
sundert
heageof18compr
i
sing10% ofal
l
r
epor
ts.

AGEGROUP& TYPEOFDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

Cougheda
t/Spa
ton Phy
sic
alAs
saul
t

1
5%
1
4%
s
dent

1
1%
1
0% 1
0%
nc
geofI i

7
%
6%
4
%
c
Per a
ent

Chi
ld& Adol
esc
ent YoungAdult Mi
ddl
e-a
geAdul
t Ol
derAdul
t
(under1
8) (19-
35) (
36-55
) (5
5+)

AgeGr
oup

3
.2Agea
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion1

3
.3Agea
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion2

26
I
II
.Ol
derandyoungergr
oupsweremorelikelytorepor
tphysi
calhar
m,youngest
mosti
mpactedemoti
onal
lyandmentaldistr
ess.

Amongs
tadol
escent
s,t
her
aci
stat
tackshav
eres
ult
edi
nsi
gni
f
icantment
alandemot
i
onal
har
m,
out
paci
ngt
hatofal
lot
heragegr
oups
.Thi
sdat
asugges
tst
haty
oungpeopl
ear
emor
edeepl
yimpact
ed
byt
her
aci
stat
tackst
hant
hos
eint
heol
dercohor
ts.

AGEGROUP& TYPEOFHARM

Phy
sic
alHa
rm Ment
alDi
str
ess/Emot
iona
lHa
rm

83
%
s

7
9%
dent

7
1%
66%
a
ent nc
geofI i

1
9%
c

1
0% 8%
Per

6%

Chi
ld& Adol
esc
ent YoungAdult Mi
ddl
e-a
geAdul
t Ol
derAdul
t
(under1
8) (19-
35) (
36-55
) (5
5+)

AgeGr
oup

3
.4Agea
ndt
ypeofha
rm1

3
.5Agea
ndt
ypeofha
rm2

27
I
V.Thoseident
if
yingasmenweremorel
ikel
ytorepor
taphysi
calassaul
t,andt
hose
ident
if
yingaswomenrepor
tedhi
gherrat
esofshunni
ng.

Thos
ewhoi
dent
i
fi
edaswomenwer
enear
l
ytwi
ceasl
i
kel
ytor
epor
tinci
dent
sofs
hunni
ngt
hant
hos
ewho
i
dent
i
fi
edasmen.Thos
ewhoi
dent
i
fi
edasmenwer
enear
l
ytwi
ceasl
i
kel
ytor
epor
tbei
ngphy
sical
l
y
as
saul
t
edt
hant
hos
ewhoi
dent
i
fi
edaswomen.

GENDER& TYPEOFDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

Shunni
ng Phy
sic
alAs
sault
7
1%
s
dent

1
2%
i

1
0%
nc
geofI

%
7
c
Per a
ent

Ma
le Fema
le

Gender

3
.6Gendera
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion1

3
.7Gendera
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion2

28
V.Thosewhor epor
tedi
nChinesewer
emoreli
kel
ytor
eportphysi
calassaul
tand
ver
balhar
assmentthant
hosewhorepor
tedi
nEngl
ish.

Si
nceourdat
asetcont
ai
neddi
f
fer
entl
anguages
,wewer
eabl
etocompar
ethepopul
at
ionofpeopl
ethat
r
epor
tedi
nChi
nes
eandt
hatoft
hos
ewhor
epor
tedi
nEngl
i
sh.I
ngener
al,wef
oundt
hatt
hos
ewho
r
epor
tedi
nChi
nes
ehadnear
l
ydoubl
ether
ateofphy
sical
ass
aul
tthant
hos
ethatr
epor
tedi
nEngl
i
sh.
Theyal
sohadahi
gherr
ateofv
erbal
har
ass
ment
.

LANGUAGEREPORTED I
N& TYPEOFDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

Ver
balHa
rra
ssment/Na
meCa
lli
ng Phy
sic
alAs
saul
t

60%
s
dent

9%
4
a
ent nc
geofI i

2
1%
6%
c
Per

Engl
ish Chi
nes
e
La
ngua
geRepor
tedI
n

3
.8La
ngua
ger
epor
teda
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion1

3
.9La
ngua
ger
epor
teda
ndt
ypeofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion2

29
VI
.Thoserepor
ti
nginChineserepor
tedamuchhi
gherdegr
eeofment
alandemot
ional
di
stresst
hanthoser
eporti
nginEngli
sh.

Languagef
l
uencyal
soappear
edt
obear
elev
antcons
ider
ati
onwhenl
ooki
ngathowr
aci
sm was
ex
per
i
enced.Fori
nst
ance,ov
er91% oft
hos
ewhor
epor
tedi
nChi
nes
erepor
tedment
aldi
st
res
sand
emot
i
onal
har
m asar
esul
toft
hei
rex
per
i
enceofr
aci
sm.Thi
scompar
eswi
t
hanot
i
ceabl
ylower
,68% of
t
hos
ewhor
epor
tedi
nEngl
i
sh.

3
.10La
ngua
ger
epor
teda
ndemot
iona
lha
rm

30
CONCL
USI
ON
Asourr
epor
thasai
medt
oil
l
ust
rat
e,at
tacksagai
nstAs
iancommuni
t
ieshav
eint
ens
if
iedi
nthepas
tyear
.
As
ianCanadi
ancommuni
t
iesnotonl
yfacet
hechal
l
engesofCOVI
D-19(
thes
oci
al
,economi
candheal
t
h
i
mpl
i
cat
i
onsofwhi
chhasdi
spr
opor
ti
onat
el
yimpact
edr
aci
al
iz
edcommuni
t
ies
)butal
sot
headdedr
aci
sm
t
hats
eesourcommuni
t
iesass
omehowr
espons
ibl
eforCOVI
D-19andi
t
shor
ri
fi
cdamages
.

Whati
sneededf
rom ourpol
i
cymaker
sisdedi
cat
edact
i
ont
owar
dsaddr
ess
ingant
i
-As
ianr
aci
sm.Aswe
out
l
inei
nthepol
i
cyr
ecommendat
i
onsear
l
ieri
nthi
srepor
t,r
ecogni
t
iont
hatant
i
-As
ianr
aci
smi
sani
ssuei
s
ani
mpor
tants
tep.Ens
uri
ngcommi
t
mentanddedi
cat
i
onacr
osst
hedi
f
fer
entl
evel
sofgov
ernmentt
ofund
ands
uppor
tant
i
-raci
smi
ni
ti
at
iv
est
hatwoul
dal
l
owourcommuni
t
iest
oheal
andr
ecov
erf
rom r
aci
sm
r
emai
nscr
i
ti
cal
.

31
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32