DI

SMANTLESSC104
COMPI
LEDBY

OMI
LEYEJOSEPHAYOMI
KUN

AND

Oshi
nyemi
Blessi
ngSamuel
 BASI
CKEYPOI
NTSI
NSSC104
Pol
i
ticsi
sgot
tenf
rom t
heGr
eekwor
d"Pol
i
s"meani
ngci
ty-
stat
e
Accor
dingt
oAr
ist
otl
e,manbynat
urei
sapol
i
tical
ani
mal
.
Pol
it
icswasdefi
nedas"Whogetwhat,whenandhow"byHarol
d
l
asswell
(1930)
.Hefur
therdef
inedi
tastheshapi
ngandshar
ing
ofpower.
DavidEast
on(1957)-
-Pol
i
ticsi
snot
hingbutt
heAut
hor
it
ati
ve
al
locat
ionofv
alues.
Aust
inRanny-Pol
i
ticsi
sapr
ocessofr
esol
uti
onofconf
li
cti
nthe
soci
ety
.

Twodi
mensi
onst
opol
i
tics
1.Pol
i
ticsasanar
tofgov
ernance
2.Pol
it
icsasanartorSci
ence(i
nter
msoff
iel
dofst
udyor
Academicdi
sci
pli
ne).

Twomaj
orAppr
oachest
ost
udy
ingpol
i
tics
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Approach--
-Pol
i
ticsi
sanar
tsubj
ectandcannotbe
st
udi
edSci
ent
if
ical
ly
Behaviour
alAppr
oach--Thiscamei nt
oexistenceaftert
he
secondwor l
dwar.Thescholarswhopostulatedthi
s,bel
iev
ed
poli
ti
cscanbestudiedSci
ent i
fi
cal
l
y.

Not
e-Pol
i
tical
sci
enceasadi
sci
pli
ne,
canonl
ymakemeani
ngi
n
thecontextofBehav
iour
alAppr
oachandnotTr
adi
ti
onal
Approach
Whatdi
sti
ngui
shespoli
ti
cal
sci
enceasanacademi
cdi
sci
pli
nei
s
i
temphasi
sonGov er
nmentandpower.
Ther
ear etwotr
adi
tional
Approachesusedbyint
ernat
ional
Rel
ationshi
pschol
arswhichare;Li
beral
i
sm/Ideali
sm and
Real
ism.
Realism __I
temphasi
zethedangerofthei
nter
nat
ional
system,whereWarisonl
yapossibi
li
tyandtheonl
ysourceof
orderisthebal
anceofpower.
Liberal
ism /I
deal
ism __Itismorei
deali
sti
candhopeful,
emphasi zi
ngtheproblem sol
vi
ngabil
it
iesofi
nter
nati
onal
Insti
tut
ionssuchasUni t
edNat i
onOrgani
zati
on(UNO),Nort
h
Atlanti
cTreat
yOrganizati
on(NATO)andWor ldTrade
Organizati
on(WTO) .
Empi
ri
cimi
stheHal
l
mar
kofSci
ent
if
ici
nvest
igat
ion/enqui
ry

Appr
oachest
othest
udyofpol
i
tical
sci
ence
1.Behav
ior
alAppr
oach
2.Thephi
l
osophi
cal
Appr
oach
3.Thesoci
ologi
cal
Appr
oach
4.Thepol
i
tical
economyAppr
oach
5.Thesy
stem Appr
oach
6.TheGameAppr
oach
7.Thegr
oupAppr
oach
8.Thedeci
si
on-
maki
ngappr
oach
9.Thest
ruct
ural
-funct
ional
appr
oach
10.Thei
nst
it
uti
onal
Appr
oach..
..
.Et
c

Publi
cAdmi nist
rat
ionisthear t
,Scienceandpr acti
ceof
eff
ectiv
elymanagi nggov ernment .PublicAdmi ni
strat
ioni ncludes
thestudyingofpubl i
cfinancingandbudget i
ngsy stems, publ i
c
management ,humanr esources, publi
cpoli
cyanal ysi
s, Non- prof
it
management sandUr banpl anning.Theoriginofthedi scipli
ne
canbet racedt oWoodr owWi l
son'sessayon"Thest udyof
Adminstration"int
hey ear1887.Woodr owWi l
sonisconsi dered
asthefat herofpubli
cAdmi nistr
ation.

Theaccrony
nsPOSDCORBwaspost
ulat
edbyLut
her
Gul
ick.
Pr
epr
esent_Pl
anni
ng
Or
epr
esent
_Or
gani
zi
ng
Sr
epr
esent_St
aff
ing
Dr
epr
esent_Di
rect
ing
COr
epr
esent_Coor
dinat
ing
Rr
epr
esent_Repor
ti
ng
Br
epr
esent_Budget
ing.
 Pol
i
tical
cul
tur
esi
mpl
ymeanswhatpeopl
ethi
nkaboutpol
i
tics.
Accordi
ngtoMerkl
---
-.
Newpolit
ical
cul
tur
ecanbefor
medbyan
i
ndivi
dualorgr
oupinthecour
seofadapti
ngt
othenewpol
i
tical
si
tuat
ions.
Accordi
ngtoHagueandHar r
op( 1982)_
_Peopl
e'
sor
ient
ati
ont
o
pol
it
icsist
hestudyofpol
i
ticalcult
ure
Accordi
ngtoAll
anBal l
( 1977)
__Pol
it
ical
cultur
eismadeupof
people'
satt
it
ude,bel
ief
s, emoti
onsandvaluesofthesoci
etyt
hat
rel
atetothepol
it
ical
sy stem.
Accor
dingt
oSy dneyVerba(
1966)_
_Pol
i
tical
cul
tur
eist
he
subj
ect
iveOri
entat
iontopol
i
tics

AlmondandVer
ba(
1963)di
sti
ngui
sht
hreet
ypesof
Pol
i
tical
cult
ure
1.Parochialpoli
tical
cul t
ure__
_Thereisnospecial
iser
olesand
i
ndivi
dual i
sonl yindi
stinctl
yawareoft
heexistenceof
gover
nment .Ci t
izenslackcognit
iveor
ient
ati
onbuthaveeffect
ive
eval
uativ
ecul ture.
2.Subj ectPoli
ti
calcultur
e__Indivi
dualseet
hei
rrel
ati
onshipwit
h
thestateas"passiv
e" .Thecit
izensseethemsel
vesassubjectof
gov er
nmentr at
herthanaspar ti
cipant
s.Theyar
emov edby"what
theywillgai
n"andhav epoorori
entati
onabout"
whattheyshould
give".
Note-Thest
atebecomesAut
hor
it
ati
vei
nthi
sty
peofPol
i
tical
cul
tur
e.
3.Parti
cipantpol
i
tical
cul
tur
e__Cit
izensar
eawareabout"what
theywil
lgain"and"whatt
heyshoul
dgi v
e"i
nthi
stypeofPoli
ti
cal
cult
ure.

Accor
dingt
oDav
idEast
on,
pol
i
tical
cul
tur
eisdi
rect
edt
owar
ds

Communi
ty

Regi
me

Gov
ernment

St
agesofPol
i
tical
soci
ali
zat
ion
1.Chi
l
dhoodsoci
ali
zat
ion(1-
6yr
s)

2.Adol
escentSoci
ali
zat
ion(i
tbegi
nsbet
ween13-
14y
rsandt
ermi
nat
es
bet
ween18-21yr
s)

3.Adul
thoodSoci
ali
zat
ion(
22y
rst
o60y
rs)

4.Ol
dagesoci
ali
zat
ion(65y
rsandabv
).

NB-Theagebr
acket
svar
iesf
rom count
ryt
ocount
ri
es.

Agent
sofSoci
ali
zat
ion
1.Fami
l
y

2.School

3.Peergr
oup-
--Thi
sist
hemostpower
ful
agentofSoci
ali
zat
ion

4.Massmedi
a

5.Pol
i
tical
par
ti
es/pr
essur
egr
oups
6.Rel
i
giousgr
oup.et
c

Or
gansofGov
ernment
Thethreemainorgansofgov
ernmentare: Execut
ive,legi
sl
atur
eand
Judi
ciary
.Theyexist
sasasystem ofchecksandbal ances.

Ther
ear
e434member
sofhouseofr
epsi
nUSA

Ther
ear
e100senat
orsi
nUSA(t
wof
rom eachst
ates)

Ther
ear
e109Senat
orsi
nNi
ger
ia(t
hreef
rom eachst
atesandonef
rom
FCT)

Ther
ear
e360member
sofhouseofr
epsi
nNi
ger
ia

Ther
ear
e774l
ocal
gov
ernmenti
nNi
ger
ia

Thejudici
arybr
anchofUSAwasest
abl
i
shedbyAr
ti
cl
e3(
II
I)oft
he
Consti
tuti
on.

Ther
ear
e9supr
emeCour
tJust
icei
nUSA

Ther
ear
e15cour
tofappeal
sand94di
str
ictcour
tsi
nUSA.

I
nI r
eland,t
heTaoi
seachisknownast hePri
meMini
sterandtheyaret
he
headofgov er
nment.TheDa'
ilEi
reannaret
heHouseofreps.The
Taoiseachisnomi
natedbytheDa'il
Eir
eannandt
henappointmentbyt
he
presi
dent.

I
nSaudiArabi
a,thethr
eeOrgansofgover
nmenti
sdominatedbymember
s
oft
herul
ingroyalf
amilyandtheycanbedi
smi
ssedatanyt
ime.

I
nTai
wan,
ther
ear
efi
vebr
anchesofgov
ernment
:
i
.Execut
ive

i
i
.Legi
slat
ure
i
i
i.
Judi
ciar
y

i
v.
Exami
nat
ion

v
.Cont
rol

Thet
hreel
evel
ofst
atepower
sar
eknownast
het
ier
sofgov
ernment
.

Ti
ersofgov
ernment-
--f
eder
al,
stat
eandl
ocal
gov
ernment

Ar
msofgov
ernment-
--Execut
ive,
legi
slat
ureandJudi
ci
ary
.

Befor
eacandidatecanbedeclar
edwinnerofapresidenti
alel
ecti
onin
Niger
ia,
he/shemustgainasimplemajori
tyandr
ecei vesupportf
rom at
l
east1/4votersi
n2/3ofthestat
esandFCT.Ami nistercannotbea
memberoft heNati
onalassembl
yinNigeri
a.

Themai nfunct
ionoftheVice-presidenti
nNiger
iaaccor
dingtothe
Consti
tuti
onistorepl
acethepresidentincaseofhi
sreti
rement,
resi
gnati
onordeath.

ThesupremeCourtinNiger
iaisheadedbyChi
efj
ust
ice.Ther
ear
eal
so21
associ
atedj
udgesinthesupremeCourt.

Thel
asthopeoft
hecommonmani
stheJudi
ci
ary

Thegui
dianoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
sthej
udi
ciar
y

Thejudgesar
eref
err
edt
oast
he"
Bench"i
nthel
awcour
twhi
l
eLawy
ersar
e
the'
Bar'
.

TheEar
liestorganofgover
nmentisthel
egi
slat
ure.I
thist
orycanbet
raced
tot
heclassicalday
softheGreeceandRomanEmpi re.

Thei
deaoft
heSenat
east
heupperhouseor
igi
nat
efr
om Rome.

InBri
ti
shsystem ofgovernment,
theSenat
eisknownasthe"
Houseof
Lord"andi
tistheoldestsecondchamberi
nthemodernworl
dandthe
l
argest.
Popul
arAssembli
eswascr
eatedbyRomewhi
chi
sthepr
ecur
soroft
he
modernrepr
esent
ati
vel
egi
slat
ure.

Legi
slat
urei
sknownast
hebedr
ockofDemocr
acy

InBr
it
ainl
egi
slat
ivehouse,
thehouseofLor
dscompr i
sesabout900
membersanditi
st he"
upperhouse"whi
let
hehouseofcommon
compri
ses650member sanditi
sthe"l
owerhouse"
.

Thear
msofgov
ernmenti
sasy
mbol
oft
heor
gani
zat
ionhi
erar
chy
.

Ty
pesofl
egi
slat
ure
1.Unicamer al-Thi
sconsistofonlyonechamber .Theyarenotsuit
ablefor
alargeandhet erogeneousstat
esanditislessexpensivetorun.Countr
ies
thatpract
iceitare;Armenia,
Bulgari
a,
Denmar k,
Hungar y
,Monaco,
Ukraine,
Serbia,Turkey
,andSweden.

NB-Gr
eece,NewZeal andandPer
uswi
tchedf
rom aBi
camer
all
egi
sl
atur
e
t
oaUnicameral
legi
slatur
e.

2.Bicamer
al--Thi
scompri
sestwochambersofl
egisl
atur
e.Countr
iesthat
practi
cei
tare;
Indi
a,
Uni
tedStat
es,
Niger
ia,
UK,Fr
ance,Canada,
Ital
yetc

Bi
camer
ali
sm guar
dagai
nstt
hepot
ent
ial
deposi
ti
onofasi
ngl
echamber
.

Funct
ionsoft
heLegi
slat
ure
1.Lawmaki
ng

2.Repr
esent
ati
vef
unct
ion

3.Appr
oval
ofannual
budget

4.Conf
ir
mat
ionoft
heNomi
nat
ionmadebyt
heExecut
ive

5.Ov
ersi
ghtf
unct
ion

6.I
mpeachmentoft
heExecut
ive

7.Rat
if
icat
ionofTr
eat
ies/Agr
eement
.
TheLegisl
atur
eistheor
gant
hatcapt
urest
hemi
ndofmanyci
ti
zensasa
symbolofDemocracy.

Ar
ist
otl
edi
dtheear
li
estcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofconst
it
uti
on.

Lawmaki
ngpr
ocessi
nthepar
li
ament
1.Fi
rstr
eadi
ng

2.Secondr
eadi
ng

3.Commi
tt
eest
age

4.Repor
tst
age

5.
Thi
rdr
eadi
ng

6.Joi
ntsessi
on

7.Pr
esi
dent
ial
assentorv
eto

Local
gover
nmentinNi
ger
iaar
especi
fi
edi
nthef
our
thschedul
eoft
he
1999Const
it
uti
on.

Local
gov
ernmentl
awsar
eby
elaws

St
ategov
ernmentl
awsar
eEdi
cts

Mi
l
itar
ygov
ernmentl
awsar
ecal
l
eddecr
ee

Ty
pesofDr
aftBy
e-l
aws
1.Execut
ivedr
aftby
e-l
aw-
-Thi
sispr
oposedbyt
hechai
rmanoft
hel
ocal
government

2.Memberdr
aftby
e-l
aw-
-Thi
sispr
oposedbymember
sorgr
oupof
member
soft
hecounci
lasl
egi
slat
ivepr
oposal
soft
hemember
s.

3.Pri
vateby
e-law--
-Thi
scoul
dbysponsor
edbypr
essur
egr
oupbut
i
ntroducedi
nthecounci
lbymember
.

Thepr
esenceofthel
egi
slat
urei
soneofthemaj
orfeatur
ethatdi
sti
ngui
sh
ademocrat
icgov
ernmentfr
om ot
herf
ormsofgovernment.

Thereisacent
ral
i
zedsy
stem ofAdmi
nst
rat
ioni
nthemi
l
itar
ysy
stem of
government
.

Supr
ememil
i
tarycounci
lisassoci
atedwi
thYakubuGowon,Mur
it
ala
Muhammed,
OlusegunObasanjoandMuhammaduBuhari.

Ar
medf
orcesr
uli
ngcounci
li
sassoci
atedwi
thI
brahi
m Babangi
da(
IBB)

Pr
ovi
sional
rul
i
ngcounci
li
sassoci
atedwi
thAbacha

Mi
l
itar
yrul
eisanaber
rat
ion.

Delegatedlegi
slat
ionisasystem wher
ebyActsofpar l
i
amentdel
egate
Legisl
ativ
epower stogovernmentmini
str
ies,depart
mentandagenci
es,
l
ocal governmentauthor
it
iesandpubli
ccorporati
on.Delegat
edl
egi
sl
ation
ori
ginatesfrom Br
itai
n.

Thewor d"
State"wasderi
vedfrom t
heIt
ali
anwor
d" Lost
ato"coinedby
NiccoloMachi
av el
l
itodescr
ibethewhol
eofsoci
alhier
archythatrul
esand
governsacountry.

Ty
pesofdel
egat
edLegi
slat
ion
1.Or
deri
ncounci
l

2.St
atut
oryi
nst
rument
s(Bymi
nist
er)
3.Pr
ovi
sional
order
s

4.St
atut
oryi
nst
rument
s(Depar
tment
alor
der
s)

5.Speci
alor
der
s

6.St
atut
oryor
der
s(Speci
alpr
ocedur
e)

Theexecuti
vear
m ofgover
nmenti
sregardedast
hemostpower
ful
andnot
themostimport
antar
m ofgov
ernment.

Ty
pesofexecut
iveor
ganofgov
ernment
1.Nomi
nal
andReal
execut
ive

2.Si
ngl
eandpl
ural
execut
ive

3.Par
li
ament
aryandpr
esi
dent
ial
execut
ive

4.Her
edi
tar
yandel
ect
iveexecut
ive.

NB_Thef unct
ionoft
heexecuti
vearenotthesameevery
where.Niger
ia
1999Consti
tut
iondi
dn'
tel
aborateonthefunct
ionsoft
heexecut
iveasan
organofgover
nment.

Hier
archyofcour
tsi
nNi
ger
iacanbef
oundi
nsect
ion6of1999
Consti
tut
ion.

Judicial
independenceiswhenthejudi
ciar
yisseparatedfr
om theother
armsofgov er
nmentandi mmunef r
om part
isanshi
porunduepr essur
e
from exter
nalbodies.Judgesr
eti
resatage65i nNigeri
aandtheir
appointmentismadeonaper manentbasi
saf t
ermeet i
ngcer
tain
requir
ement s.

Ther
ear
etwomaj
ort
ypesofgov
ernment_Democat
icandundemocr
ati
c.

Rul
eofl
awhast
hreepr
inci
ples;
i
.Supr
emacyoft
hel
aw

i
i
.Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw

i
i
i.Fundament
alhumanr
ight
.

Accor
dingt
oChar
leshuse(
2006)
,thest
atei
sabr
oadconceptt
hatexer
cise
power
.

Accordi
ngtoWoodrowWilson,hedef
inedast
ateast
hepeopl
eor
gani
zed
forl
awwi t
hinadef
ini
tet
erri
tor
y.

Themostdi
sti
ngui
shi
ngf
eat
ureofast
atei
ssov
erei
gnt
y

Accor
dingtoPlat
o,ast
atepopul
ati
onshoul
dbeupt
o5,
400whi
l
eAr
ist
otl
e
saysi
tshouldbeupto10,
000.

Anat
ion-
stateisanat
iont
hati
sindependent
.Anat
ioni
sapopul
ati
on
wi
thi
nastate.

Count
ri
esthatoperat
eaWr i
tt
enconsti
tut
ionar
e;Ni
ger
ia,
USA,
Ger
many
,
Sout
hAfri
ca,Swit
zerl
and,
Austral
i
aetc.

Countr
iesthatoperat
eanUnwr i
tt
enconst
itut
ionar
e;TheUK,NewZeal
and
andIsr
ael.TheConstit
uti
oncanonlybeusedinacustomar
ycourt
s.I
t
promotesthecult
ureofthesoci
ety.

Awrit
tenconst
it
uti
oni
swr
it
tenandcodif
iedi
nasingl
edocument
swhil
e
unwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
oni
swr
it
tenbutnotcodi
fi
edi
nasingl
edocument
s.

Bef
orear igi
dconsti
tut
ioncanbeamended,⅔ ofthemajori
tyoft
he
nat
ionalassemblymustapprovei
t.Whi
leforf
lexi
bleconst
it
uti
on,asi
mpl
e
majori
tyisrequi
redf
oritamendments.

Federal
Consti
tut
ionr
ecogni
zeandst i
pul
atetheshar
ingofpowerbet
ween
thecentr
algov
ernmentandothercomponentuni
t.

Const
itut
ionali
sm isthepr
ocessofpr
act
ici
ngwhatt
heconst
it
uti
onsay
s.I
t
beget
sorpr opelsgoodgover
nance.
Nor
malpurposei
swhent
heul
ti
mat
eai
m ofgov
ernmenti
sthewel
far
eof
t
hepeopl
e

Perver
tedform ofgov
ernmentseekst
opr
omot
etheper
sonal
int
erestor
groupint
erestofther
uler
s.

Ar
ist
ocr
acywasconsi
der
edast
hebestf
orm ofgov
ernmentbyAr
ist
otl
e

Parli
ament ar
ysystem ofgov er
nment:Theheadofst at
eisdi
sti
nctfr
om
theheadofgov ernment .Theheadofstat
eistheCeremonial
presi
dent
whiletheheadofgov ernmenti st
hePri
meMi nist
er.Exampl
esofcountr
ies
thatpract
iceitar
e;Brit
ain,Isr
ealet
c.

Confederal
system i
sconsider
edasal
oosef
eder
ati
on.Powerr
esi
desi
n
thestat
eandt hecenteri
sweak.

Fr
enchr
evol
uti
ont
ookpl
acei
n1789

Amer
icadecl
arat
ionf
ori
ndependencet
ookpl
acei
n1776

Themosti
nfl
uent
ial
exponentofhumanr
ighti
sJohnLocke

Accor
dingt
oJohnSt
uar
tmi
l
l,Gov
ernmenti
sthebestwhi
chgov
ernst
he
l
east.

Ther
ear
ethr
eeaspectofl
i
ber
ty;
i
.Pol
i
tical
li
ber
ty

i
i
.Pr
ivat
eli
ber
ty

i
i
i.Economi
cli
ber
ty

Themostimportantdutyofgovernmenti
st heprotect
ionofri
ghtof
ci
ti
zens.Forev
erypriv
il
ege,ther
ei sacor
respondingresponsi
bil
i
ty.

I
deol
ogyi
samor
elesscoher
entsy
stem ofpol
i
tical
thi
nki
ng.

Conf
li
cti
sasol
dashumanbei
ng.I
thasexi
stedsi
ncet
het
imeofcr
eat
ion.

Ni
chol
son(
1992)def
inesconf
li
ctast
heexi
sti
ngst
ateofdi
sagr
eement
bet
weent
woormor
eIndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oups.

Conf
li
cti
snotof
tenv
iewedi
nnegat
ivesensei
nSoci
alSci
ences.

I
ntr
a-personalconfl
ictisr
efer
redtoas"
Managai
nsthi
msel
f"by
psy
chologist
s.Itcanleadtosuici
de.

I
nter
-gr
oupconf
li
cti
stheut
mosti
nter
estofsoci
ologi
st.

Ther
ear
efi
vemaj
orf
ormsofconf
li
ct;
i
.Rev
oltorr
evol
uti
on

i
i
.Insur
gency

i
i
i.Mut
iny

i
v.
Prot
est

v
.War

Al
lconf
li
ctar
enotwarsi
tuat
ionbutal
lwarar
econf
li
ctsi
tuat
ion.

Theor
iesofConf
li
ct
1.Marxi
sttheor
y:Thisislargel
yinf
luencedbyKarlmarx
,Frederi
ckEngel
s
andV.Leli
n.Thi
sconf l
i
cti sbasedonexploit
ati
on.Cl
assdomi nati
on
prev
ail
sincapit
ali
stsystem.Thesol ut
ionistofor
m anegali
tari
ansoci
ety
.

2.Str
uctur
alt
heory:Thisi
ssynonymoustoMarxistTheor
yofconf
li
ct.Thi
s
theor
ysuggestthatconfl
i
cti
snotanat ur
alt
endencytomanbutit
'scaused
byenvir
onmentalandeconomicfact
ors.

3.Real
i
stt
heory
:Thismaint
ainthatconf
li
ctwill
remainbasedonthe
sel
fi
shnat
ureofhumanbeing.
Theyalsobeli
evethatconf
li
ctisi
nnat
ein
humanbei
ng.Thist
heor
yissimilart
obiol
ogicalTheor
y.

4.Bi
ologi
cal
theory
:Tot
hist
heor
y,i
ncl
i
nat
iont
oconf
li
cthasgenet
icor
igi
n
tohumanbeing.
5.Humanneedstheory
:Conf
li
ctar
iseasar
esul
toft
hepur
sui
tofcer
tai
n
needsbyhumanbeing.

6.Relati
vedepr
ivat
ionandfrust
rat
ionaggressi
ontheor
y:Thi
swas
propoundedbyTeddGur ri
nhisbook_"Whymenr ebel
l
ed".Hear
guedt
hat
confl
icti
sinnat
estageandnotaspont aneousact
ion.

Pol
i
tical
sci
ent
istbel
i
evet
hatnotal
lconf
li
ctcanber
esol
ved.

Thef
ourmaj
orway
stor
esol
veconf
li
ctar
e;
1.Ear
lywarningsi
gnalsyst
em (pr
event
ivemechani
sm)
__I
tiscost
eff
ect
ive.Theydonotall
owconfli
ctt
otakepl
ace

2.Ar
bit
rat
ion_
_Thi
sist
aki
ngi
ttot
hecour
t

3.Medi
ati
onpr
ocess_Thi
sisi
ntr
oduci
ngat
hir
dpar
ty

4.Conci
l
iat
ionprocess_Thisist
helessusedofallmethods.Thi
soccur
s
whenonepartyseekresol
uti
ontotheconfl
ict
.Iti
slesseff
ecti
ve.

POWERANDAUTHORI
TY
Poweri
sthecapabi
l
ityt
ocompel
ori
nfl
uenceot
her
sforwhatt
heywi
l
l
ot
herwi
senottodo.

Accordingt
oShivel
y,hedefi
nedpowerastheabi
li
tyofoneper
sont
ofor
ce
anothertodowhatthefi
rstwishesbywhat
evermeans.

Hayworddefi
nedpowerbysayi
ngiti
sexer
cisedwhenev
erAgetBt
odo
somethi
ngthatBwouldn'
tot
herwi
sehavedone.

Powerr
eli
esonf
orcewhi
l
einf
luencer
eli
esonper
suasi
on.
I
tisal
sot
heabi
l
ityt
ocont
rol
theact
ionofot
her
sthr
ought
heuseoff
orce.

Howdoweacqui
repol
i
tical
power
1.Thr
oughConst
it
uti
on

2.I
nher
it
ance

3.Educat
ion

4.Weal
th

5.Char
isma

Aut
hor
it
yistheabil
it
ytodi
rectandenf
orceobedi
ence.Rel
ati
onshi
pof
Aut
hor
it
yishier
archi
cal
.

Ty
pesofAut
hor
it
yaccor
dingt
oMaxWeber
;
1.Tr
adi
ti
onal
Aut
hor
it
y

2.Char
ismat
icAut
hor
it
y

3.Legal
Rat
ional
Aut
hor
it
y

Conceptofsov
erei
gnt
y

Soverei
gntyi
stheabsol
utepowerofast
atet
omakeandenf
orcel
aw.I
tis
postul
atedbyJeanbodi
n.

I
nPol
i
tical
/popul
arsov
erei
gnt
y,powerr
esi
desi
nthepeopl
e.

Exter
nalsov
erei
gnt
yist
heabi
l
ityt
omakedeci
si
ononext
ernal
aff
air
sofa
countr
y.

Ty
pesofsov
erei
gnt
y
1.Legal
sov
erei
gnt
y

2.Pol
i
tical
orpopul
arsov
erei
gnt
y

3.I
nter
nal
sov
erei
gnt
y
4.Ext
ernal
sov
erei
gnt
y.

Li
mit
ati
onst
osov
erei
gnt
y
1.Ter
ri
tor
ial
li
mit
ati
ons

2.I
nter
nal
publ
i
copi
nion

3.Ext
ernal
publ
i
copi
nion

4.Supr
emacyoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

For
msofgov
ernment
1.Ont
hebasi
cofr
elat
ionofexecut
iveandl
egi
sl
atur
e

A.Parl
iamentarysystem ofgovernment:isasystem ofgovernmentin
whichheadofgov ernmentisdiff
erentfr
om theheadofst ate.Theheadof
st
ateserveast heceremonialheadandt heheadofgov ernmentisthe
pr
imemi ni
ster.Thi
ssy st
em ofgov ernmentispract
iceinBritai
n,I
srael
etc.

B.Presi
denti
alsystem ofgover
nment :
isasy st
em ofgov ernmentinwhi ch
theheadofstateisalsotheheadofgov er
nment .TheexecutivePoweri s
vest
edi nChi
efexecutivewhoiselect
edast hepr esi
dentforafixedter
m.
Thereissepar
ationofpower.Thissystem i
spract i
ceinUSA, Niger
iaetc.

2.Onthebasi
csofdi
str
ibut
ionofpowerbet
weent
hecent
ral
gov
ernment
andt
hecomponentspar
t.

A.Uni
tar
ysyst
em ofgov
ernment:i
sasy st
em ofgov er
nmentinwhichall
powerar
econcent
rat
edinthecent
ralgovernment.Bri
tai
n,I
tal
y,f
rance,
Sweden,
Ghanaandtogopract
icet
hissystem ofgovernment.

B.Feder
al syst
em ofgovernment:isthesy stem ofgovernmenti
nwhich
ther
eisdistri
buti
onofpowerbet weent hecentralgovernmentandthe
component spart
.USA,Nigeri
a,Canada, Germany ,
Brazi
l,Swi
tzer
landand
Austr
ali
apr act
icethi
ssystem ofgovernment .

Conceptofsepar
ati
onofpower
Separ
ati
onofpoweristhedi
vi
sionofpowerbet
weent
het
hreel
evel
sof
gover
nment
.Postul
atedbyBarondeMontesqui
eu.

Ol
i
gar
chyi
saf
orm ofgov
ernmentr
uledbyf
ewpr
ivi
l
egeoft
hecount
ry.

For
msofol
i
gar
chy
Ar
ist
ocr
acyi
saf
orm ofgov
ernmentr
ulebynot
abl
eper
sons.

Pl
utocr
acy
_iti
srul
ebyweal
thypeopl
e

Theocr
acy-Gov
ernmentbyt
hepr
iest
hoodorr
eli
giousl
eader
s

Diar
chy_iti
safor
m ofgov
ernmenti
nwhi
chpoweri
svest
edi
ntwor
uler
s
orauthor
iti
es.

Ger
ont
ocr
acyi
saf
orm ofgov
ernmentbyol
dpeopl
e

kaki
stocr
acy-Gov
ernmentbyt
hewor
stci
ti
zen

Kri
tarchy-Thi
sr ef
erst
oasy stem ofgov
ernanceinwhichthe
governmentalandthelegal
system ar
econsti
tut
ional
l
yi nt
ert
wined.Judges
andlawenf or
cementleadthegovernment.

Parti
cracy
-Thisr
efer
stoagover
nancesyst
em i
nwhichthel
eadingpar
tyi
n
thecountryt
akescont
rol
oft
hegovernmentandthepar
tyl
eaderist
he
presi
dent

Autocr
acyiswhenaper sonoragroupofpeopl
erul
ewithAbsol
utepower
andauthor
it
ywithoutcari
ngfort
hewishesofthepeopl
e

Khaki
stocr
acyi
sgov
ernmentbyt
hemi
l
itar
y.

TOTALI
TARI
ANI
SM
Total
i
tar
iani
sm i
safor
m ofgov
ernmentr
ulebysi
ngl
eper
sonwi
thoutany
for
m ofopposi
ti
on.

Faci
sm-Beni
toMussol
i
ni(1922-
1944)i
tal
y

Nazi
sm_Adol
fHi
tl
er(1933-
1944)Ger
many
.
 Pr
eCol
oni
alAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Yor
ubat
radi
ti
onal
pol
i
tical
syst
em

Bashor
uni
stheheadofgov
ernmentandal
sot
hepr
imemi
nist
er.

Ki
ngmaker
scompr
isesofsev
ennot
abl
emenandi
twasheadedby
oy
omesi

Aar
eonakankaf
oist
heheadoft
hear
my.Pr
inci
plesofcheckandbal
ances
ar
eappl
i
edhere.

Thecur
rentAar
eonakankaf
oisGani
Adams.

ThesecretCul
tOgboni
isheadedbyOl
uwo.Theycheckt
heper
for
manceof
theOyomesi

TheAl
aaf
ini
saconst
it
uti
onal
monar
ch

WheneveranemptyCalabashi
spr
esent
edt
otheAlaaf
in,
itmeans-
r
eject
ionbythepeopl
eandhehastocommi
tsui
cide.

I
lar
iist
heper
manentadv
isert
otheOba

Thef
unct
ionsoft
heWazi
riandBashor
unar
eSi
mil
ar-
-Pr
imeMi
nist
er.

Onaef
aist
hechi
efj
ust
iceoft
heempi
re.

Hausat
radi
ti
onal
pol
i
tical
syst
em
InhausaFulani
landpri
ort otheji
hadortheHolywarof1804.Thedef eatof
thehausaHolywarbythef ulani
sundertheleader
shipofaGr eatMusl
im
l
eaderuthmanDanf odioledt ot
heabolit
ionofthehausakingdom andthe
establ
i
shmentoft hef
ulani'
sEmi r
ates.TheEmirat
eswasl edbyanEmi r.
SokotoandGwanduwer emadet hetwoheadquarters.Danfodiodi
vi
ded
theful
aniempir
eintotwo-t heEaster
nandWest ernsecti
on.

MohammedBel
l
owasgi
vent
heAdmi
nist
rat
ionofEast
ernwi
thi
tscapi
tal
atsokotowhil
eAbdul
l
aht
ookchar
geoft
heWest
ernwi
thGwanduasi
ts
headquart
er.

Adv
isor
ycounci
landt
hei
rdut
ies
1.Wazi
ri_pr
imemi
nist
er

2.Madawaki
_commanderoft
hear
my

3.Gal
adi
ma_Admi
nist
rat
oroft
hecapi
tal

4.Sar
kinf
ada_headofpal
acewor
ker
s

5.Dogar
i_chi
efofpol
i
ce

6.Maaj
i
_of
fi
ceri
nchar
geoft
reasur
y

7.Sar
kinr
uwa_of
fi
ceri
nchar
geoff
ishi
ng

8.Sar
kinpawa_of
fi
ceri
nchar
geoft
hebut
cher
s

9.Yar
i_of
fi
ceri
nchar
geofpr
isons.

10.Gr
andKhadi
-Chi
efj
ust
iceoft
heShar
iacour
t

11.Jangal
i-Taxcol
l
ect
edoncat
tl
e

TheEmi
rat
esy
stem wasacent
ral
i
zedsy
stem ofgov
ernment
.

Igbotr
adit
ional
poli
ti
calsy
stem wasbasedonagegr
ades,
acephal
ousand
adecentr
ali
zedsyst
em ofgover
nment.

Of
oti
tl
ehol
der
sar
efort
her
ichpeopl
eint
hev
il
lage

Ozot
it
lei
sgi
vent
otheol
destper
soni
nthev
il
lage.

Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esbef
orei
ndependence
NNDPfor
medbyHer
ber
tMacaul
ayi
n1923.Fi
rstpol
i
tical
par
tyt
obe
f
ormed

LagosYout
hmov
ement(
LYM)
.Itwasf
ormedi
n1934andl
aterchangedt
o
Nat
ional
Yout
hMov
ement(
NYM)i
n1936.

Nat
ional
Counci
lofNi
ger
iaandCamer
oon(
NCNC)_
itwasf
ormedi
n1944.

Act
ionGr
oup(
AG)i
nMar
ch1951.I
twasf
ormedbyObaf
emi
Awol
owo.

NPNwasf
ormedi
nOct
ober1951byAl
haj
iAhmaduBel
l
o

Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthesecondr
epubl
i
c(1979-
1983)
Gr
eat
erNi
ger
ianPeopl
e'
sPar
ty(
GNPP)-
--byWazi
riI
brahi
m

Nat
ional
Par
tyofNi
ger
ia(
NPN)-
--l
edbyMakamanBi
da

Ni
ger
iaAdv
ancePar
ty(
NAP)-
-for
medbyTunj
iBr
ait
hwai
te

Ni
ger
ianPeopl
e'
sPar
ty(
NPP)-
--I
twasf
ormedt
ocr
eat
eanat
ional
out
look

People'
sRedempt
ionPar
ty(
PRP)--Thi
spar
tywascreat
edbyt
he
support
ersofMal
l
am AminuKanoaft
erhel
eftNPN

Uni
tyPar
tyofNi
ger
ia(
UPN)-
-ByObaf
emi
Awol
owo

Note-NAPwast heonlypol
iti
calpart
ythatcont
estedinthesecond
Republi
canel
ecti
onanddidn'twinasingl
epost.ItwasfoundedbyTunj
i
Brai
thwait
e-alawyer.
..
.Itcontest
edi n1983electi
onanddidn'
tcont
est
duri
ng1979elect
ion

Wazi
riI
brahi
mlef
tNPPandcr
eat
edGNPP

Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
nthe3r
drepubl
i
c(1992-
1993)
Ther
ewereonlytwopoli
ti
calpar
ti
esthatcont
estedforNigeri
an3rd
republi
canel
ect
ion.MKOAbiolawonast heci
vil
i
anpresident
.Itwasan
unsuccessf
ulat
tempttorest
oreNiger
iatodemocracy.

Nat
ional
Republ
i
canconv
ent
ion(
NRC)

Soci
alDemocr
ati
cPar
ty(
SDP)
 Pr
eIndependenceConst
it
uti
on
Lagoswasannexedi
n1861

Lagoswasdecl
aredacr
owncol
onyonMar
ch5,
1862

In1914Nor
ther
nandSout
her
npr
otect
orat
ewer
eamal
gamat
edbyLor
d
Lugard.

Cl
i
ffor
dConst
it
uti
on(
1922)
_iti
ntr
oducedel
ect
ivepr
inci
ples.

Ri
chardConst
it
uti
on(1946)_i
tint
roducedr
egi
onal
ism.TheConsti
tut
ion
di
vi
dedthecountr
yint
othreeregi
onswhichar
e;Nort
hern,
East
ernand
Wester
nregi
on.

Machpher
sonConst
it
uti
on(1951)

Ly
ttl
etonConst
it
uti
on(
1954)
.

I
tint
roducef
eder
ali
sm

I
tint
roducet
hepostofapr
imemi
nist
er.

Ther
earethr
eemajorbranchesofpol
it
icaleconomy
i
denti
fi
edbyschol
arsbuttwo(2)arewidel
yacknowl
edge;
1.TheMar xistpol
it
icaleconomy_ _Theycounterli
beralpoli
ti
caleconomy.
Theybelievecapit
ali
sm isev il
anddi v
idespeopleint
ot woclasseswhich
areBourgeoisandpr ol
ectariat.Thi
shastodowi thsociali
steconomy
system.It'
sproponentinclude; Kar
lmarx,V.
Ilearni
ng,Frederi
ckEngelsand
others.
..

2.Theli
ber
alper
spect
iveofpol
it
ical
economy;Thi
shastodowith
capi
tal
i
steconomysyst
em.It'
sproponenti
ncl
ude;
Adam Smi
th,
Dav i
d
Ricardo,
ThomasMal thus,
Lionel
Robin's,
JohnStuar
tmil
l,
J.Bsayand
Phy si
ocr
ats.Adam Smithi
sthefatherofl
iber
albr
anchofpol
it
ical
economy .

3.TheKeynesianpoli
ti
caleconomy :
Thishastodowi
thmixedeconomyic
system.I
twasl eadbyBrit
isheconomistcal
l
edJohnmai
ynardKeynes.I
t
brokefr
om l
iberalpol
it
icaleconomy.

Ther
ear
etwomaj
ort
heor
iesofpol
i
tical
economy
;

1.Themaxi
stt
heor
y__wehav
eunder
dev
elopmentanddependentt
heor
y
underi
t

2.Thel
i
ber
alt
heor
y_wehav
emoder
nizat
ionunderi
t.

Moder
nizat
iont
heor
ywaspr
opoundedbypr
offWat
tsWal
terRost
ow

Underdevel
opmentandDependencet
heor
ywaspropoundedbyArgent
ine
economistcal
l
edRaunPredisch.I
mmanuelwal
l
erst
eincont
ri
but
edt ot
his
theor
y.

I
mperial
i
sm i
sapolicyofext
endi
ngacountry
'spowerandinf
luence
t
hroughcol
oni
zat
ion,useofmil
it
aryf
orceorothermeans

Neocol
oni
ali
sm istheuseofeconomic,
poli
ti
cal,
cul
tur
alorot
herpressur
es
t
ocontrol
orinf
luenceothercount
ri
esespeci
all
yfor
merdependenci
es.

Electi
oncanbedef i
nedasthepr
ocesswherebytherei
sacont
estbet
ween
polit
icalpart
iesforpower
.Iti
saprocesswherebycandi
dat
esar
echosen
tofil
l apoli
ti
calpost.
 Ty
pesofEl
ect
ion
1.Dir
ectEl
ect
ion:Allr
egist
eredandqual
if
iedv
oter
sar
eal
l
owedt
ocast
thei
rvot
esforthecandi
dateofthei
rchoi
ce.

2.I
ndi
rectElect
ion:Thisistheprocesswherebytheregi
ster
edv oter
sfi
rst
ofal
lvoteformember sofanelect
oralcol
legewhointur
nwi l
lvotefort
he
l
eadersbei
ngsel ect
ed.Forexampl e,whenanelect
edSenatememeber
vot
efortheSenat epresi
dent.

3.By-Elect
ion:I
tisanarr
owt ypeofElecti
oni
nscopet hant hegeneral
elect
ion.Thisi
sanelect
ionconductedinasingleconsti
tuencytofil
la
vacantpositi
onasaresultofeit
herdeathorresi
gnati
onoft heoccupierof
suchpositi
on.

Fr
anchi
sei
sther
ightt
ovot
eandbev
otedf
or.
Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesoff
ranchi
se
1.Li
mitedorrest
ri
ctedfranchise_Thi sisasituat
ionwherebyonlythose
ci
ti
zenwhohav eful
fil
ledcertainconditi
onsareall
owedt ovote.Thepeopl
e
canberestr
ict
edont hebasisofcitizenshi
p,age,r
esidence,
sex, r
aceand
educat
ion.

2.
Unli
mitedoruniversaladultsuffr
age_Thisisasit
uat
ionwherebyall
qual
if
iedadul
tcit
izenscanv oteandbev ot
edforanyEl
ecti
onprovi
dedt hey
meettheagerequirement .I
nNi ger
iaandFrace,
theageli
miti
s18y ears
whil
einUSA,iti
s21y ears.

For
msofVot
ing
1.OpenBallotSyst
em :Thisi
sasituati
onwher ebypeopl
eknowwhoa
vot
erhasv otedf
or.Iti
salsocal
ledOpt i
onA4andwasadopt edinNi
ger
ia
duri
ngthethird(
3rd)Republi
canElect
ion.I
tisnolongeradoptedbyany
modernstate.
2.SecretBall
otsyst
em: Thi
sisasituat
ionwherebyavot
eri
ndi
cateona
bal
lotpaperwhom hev otesfori
t.I
twasadoptedinAust
ral
i
aintheyear
1856.Votingisdoneinanenclosedspace.

3.Vot
ingbyproxy:Thisi
sasituat
ionwherebypeoplecanbegi
venthe
powertovot
einanel ect
iononbehalfofanot
her.I
tisusedi
nFrance,
SwedenandBrit
ain.

4.Pluralv
oti
ng:Thi
si stheprocesswher
ebysomeonecancastmorethan
onev otei
nanelect
ion.Thiswasaboli
shedi
nRussi
aintheyear1918,
Belgi
um in1921andBr i
tai
nin1948.

El
ect
oral
Syst
em
Thesear
easetofrul
esandregul
ationsthatgui
det
hesel
ect
ionofof
fi
ce
hol
dersi
nanorgani
zat
ionori
nast ate.

Ty
pesofel
ect
oral
Syst
em
1.Si
mpleplural
i
tysystem:Inthi
stypeofEl
ecti
on,thecandidat
ewhoscore
thehi
ghestnumberofv ot
escastisconsi
deredthewinneroftheel
ect
ion.I
t
i
salsocall
ed"X-v oti
ngsystem,Simpl
emajorit
yorfir
stpastthepost
".

2.Propor
ti
onal Repr
esentat
ion:
Thi
stypeofsy st
em favoursamult
i-par
ty
syst
em.Thi sisasit
uati
onwherebypol
it
ical
par t
iesareall
ocat
edseatin
thel
egisl
atureaccordi
ngtothenumberofvotesscoredinanelect
ion.

3.Absol
utemaj
or i
ty:
Thisi
salsocal
led"
Alt
ernati
vevoti
ngsyst
em" .Thi
sis
asit
uati
onwherebyacandidat
esecuremorethanhalfoft
hevotescasted
tobedeclar
edwinner.

4.Secondbal
l
otsystem:Thi
soccurswhennocandi
dat
escor
ether
equi
red
numberofvot
esinthefi
rstbal
l
ot.

I
ndi
rectEl
ect
ioni
sal
socal
l
edEl
ect
oral
col
l
ege.

AnEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
oni
sabodysetupt
oconductEl
ect
ionsi
nacount
ry.
El
ector
alCommi
ssi
oni
nNi
ger
iaf
rom t
hef
ir
str
epubl
i
cti
l
l
dat
e;
Fi
rstr
epubl
i
c__
_El
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
onofNi
ger
ia(
ECN)

Secondr
epubl
i
c__Feder
alEl
ect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
FEDECO)

Thi
rdr
epubl
i
c__Nat
ional
Elect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
NEC)

Four
thr
epubl
i
c__
_IndependentNat
ional
Elect
oral
Commi
ssi
on(
INEC)

Ther
ewasanEl ector
alCommi ssi
oncall
ed"Nati
onalElect
oralCommissi
on
ofNi
geria"(
NECON)dur ingAbacha'
sregi
meandi tdidn'
tconductany
el
ect
ion.ItwasdisbandedbyAbdulsal
am Abubakar.

El
ect
oral
off
icer
s
1.Thereturningoffi
cer__Theyaretheonest hatensur
esthatball
otboxes
aredeli
veredsafelytothecount
ingv enues.Af t
ercounti
ng,iti
sthei
rdutyt
o
announcet heresul
tsanddeclar
et hewi nneroftheelect
ion.Theyare
mostlyviceChancellor
sofFederalUniversit
ies.

2.Super
visi
ngpresi
dingof
fi
cer
__Thei
rduti
esist
omov efr
om onepol
l
ing
uni
ttoanothert
oensuretheEl
ect
ioni
sfreefr
om mal
pract
ice.

3.Presi
dingof
fi
cer__Theyar
eInchargeoftheirpoll
i
ngvenue.Theyensur
e
ther
eisnodoublecounti
ngandthevenueisfreefrom El
ect
oraloff
ences.

4.Pol
lcler
k_ _Theyaretheonest
hatcer
ti
fi
est
hatt
hev
oter
'scar
dhel
dby
aprospect
ivevoteri
shis.

5.Poll
i
ngorder
ly__Theyaretheonethatsuperv
isetheact
ualcast
ingof
vot
esatthepol
lingcenter
.Theyensurethatvot
ersarenotmolest
edby
pol
it
ici
ansorothervot
ers.
LeagueofNat i
onbecameareali
tyonJanuary10,1920anditwasf ormed
aft
erthefir
stworl
dwarwhichtookplacefr
om 1914-1918.Itexi
stencewas
topreventanot
herworl
dwarandi tdi
ssol
vedintheyear1946afterthe
secondwor l
dwarended

Unit
edNat i
onsOr
gani
zat
ionwasfor
medonOct ober24,
1945by51
countr
iescommit
tedt
omaintai
nint
ernat
ional
peaceandsecuri
ty.

ThepermanentmembersofUnit
edNationsSecur
it
ycounci
lar
e;USA,
Russi
a,Chi
na,Fr
anceandUnit
edKingdom.

Thesecr
etar
ygener
alofUNservefor5years.Thecur
rentsecret
ary
gener
ali
sAntóni
oGuter
res.Theheadquar
tersofUNislocatedatNewYor
k,
USA.

Ni
geri
awasadmi t
tedasthe99t
hmemberofUNaf
tergai
ning
i
ndependence.Therear
ecurr
entl
y193member
sofUN.

Organizati
onofpet r
oleum expor t
ingcount ri
eswasest abl
ishedintheyear
1960.Itfoundi
ngmember sare_I raq,
Iran,Venezuela,
Kuwai tandSaudi
Arabi
a.Itwasest abli
shedi nBaghdad, Iraqanditheadquartersisi
nVienna
Austr
ia.Thecurrentsecretarygener alofOPECi sHEMohammadSanusi
Barki
ndoandt heyser veforthree( 3)years.Therearecurr
ently13
member sofOPECandNi geri
aj oi
nedi nt heyear1971.

Ecowaswasf ormedonMay28, 1975.I

thastwoheadquarter
swhi chare
Fundheadquar
terslocatedatLome,TogoandAdmi nst
rat
iveheadquart
ers
l
ocatedatAbuj
a,Nigeria.Ther
eare15member sofECOWAS.Thecur r
ent
secr
etar
ygeneralofEcowasi sM.JohnAzumahf r
om Ghana.

Niger
iabecameapar
iahst
ateinthey ear1995duet
otheexecut
ionofKen
sarowiwaandot
her8Ogbonicit
izens.

TheConsti
tut
iont
hati
ntr
oducedEl
ect
ivepr
inci
plesi
nNi
ger
iai
sCl
i
ffor
d
const
it
uti
onof1922.

Ri
char
dConst
it
uti
onof1946i
ntr
oducedr
egi
onal
i
sm i
nNi
ger
ia
Lyt
tl
etonconstit
uti
onintroducedful
lfl
edgedFederal
ism i
nNi geri
a.Iti
sthe
Const
itut
ionthatchanget heti
tl
eofGovernort
oGov ernorgeneraland
deput
ygov er
norstoGov ernor.I
tal
sointr
oducedthepostofpr i
memi ni
ster
.

Abawomenr
iott
ookpl
acei
nthey
ear1929.

War
ripr
ovi
nci
alt
axr
ater
iott
ookpl
acei
nthey
ear1927

Thef
ir
stpol
i
tical
part
ywasformedint
heyear1923byAl
ber
tMacual
ay.I
t
i
snamedNNDP-Ni geri
aNat
ional
Democr
aticpart
y.

Ri
char
dConst
it
uti
onwasdr
aft
edt
olastf
or9y
ear
s.

Kanor
iott
ookpl
acei
nthey
ear1953.

Therear
esev en(7)Eur
opeancountri
esthatcol
oni
zedAfri
ca-
Bri
tai
n,
France,Germany,Spai
n,Por
tugal
,It
alyandBel
gium.

EthiopiaandLi
ber
iaar
etheonl
yAf
ri
cancount
ri
est
hatwer
enev
er
colonized.

Thefi
rstcount
ryt
ogetincont
actwi
thNi
ger
iawasPor
tugal
,fol
l
owedby
Spai
ninthe15thcent
ury
.

Lagosbecameaut
onomouscol
onyi
nthey
ear1886.

Thef
ir
stgov
ernorofLagoscol
onyi
n1861wasH.
SFr
eeman.

Thesy st
em ofi
ndir
ectr
ulewassuccessf
uli
ntheNorther
nr egi
on,
ther
e
waspar t
ial
successint
hewestanditfai
l
edcomplet
elyintheEast
ern
Niger
ia.

Souther
npr
otect
orat
ewasamal
gamat
edwi
thLagoscol
onyi
nthey
ear
1906.

TubmanGol
diei
sref
err
edt
oast
hef
ounderofModer
nNi
ger
ia.

Undert
heCl
if
for
dconsti
tuti
onof1922,t
heLegi
sl
ati
vecounci
lconsi
stsof
46members(27of
fi
cialand19unoff
ici
al)
.

Themot
toofNor
ther
npeopl
e'
sCongr
ess(
NPC)was"
OneNor
thone
peopl
e".

ChiefAnthonyEnahor
o,amemberofAG, mov
edamot i
oni
nthey
ear1953
thatNigeri
ashoul
dgainindependencei
ntheyear1956.

Acti
onGroupcri
sestookpl
aceintheyear1962.Thepar
tyint
roducedfr
ee
pri
maryeducat
ionundert
heleader
shi
pofObaf emiAwolowointheyear
1955.

ThetwoorgansofGovernmentthatwasf
usedundert
hemi
l
itar
yregi
me
wereExecut
iveandLegi
slat
iveorgan.

Thef
ir
stmili
tar
ycoupinAf
ri
cat
ookpl
acei
nEgy
pti
nthey
ear1952by
GamelAbdelAzeez.

Thef
ir
stmi
l
itar
ycoupi
nWestAf
ri
cat
ookpl
acei
nTogoi
nthey
ear1963.
.

Thet
wobasi
cmet
hodsofEl
ect
ionar
eDi
rectandI
ndi
rectEl
ect
ion.

Richar
dConsti
tuti
onintroducedaBicameral
legi
slat
uref
orthef
ir
stti
me
butonlyinNor
thernNigeri
a.MacPhersonConsti
tuti
onof1951i
ntr
oduced
Bicamerall
egi
slat
urei
nWest er
nNigeri
a.

Vot
ersr
egi
steri
sadocumentcont
aini
ngt
henamesofv
oter
s.

Davi
dEast
oni
sapi
oneermemberoft
hePr
incet
onSchool
ofBehav
ior
al
Appr
oach.

Pat
ron-cl
i
ent
spol
i
ticsi
sal
soknownasGod-Fat
her
ism

Accordingt
oAgbaje( 1999),apart
ysystem i
sanet workofr
elati
onshi
ps
throughwhichpol
i
ticalparti
esint
eractandinf
luencethepol
it
icalpr
ocess.
Thenet wor
kofrel
ationshipdependsont henumberofparti
escompeting
forpower.

NB-Par t
ysyst
em cannotsi
mplybereducedtoa"numberofgame"
becausemerepresenceofpar
ti
esdoesn'tguar
ant
eetheexi
stenceofa
part
ysystem.

Accor
dingt
oSchl
azmanandTi
eney(
1985)
,par
tysy
stem shapest
he
rel
ati
onshipbet
weent
heexecut
iveandLegi
sl
atur
eandt
hepol
i
tical
cul
tur
e
oftheelect
orat
e.

I
nonepar t
ysyst
em, onl
yasi ngl
epartyisrecogni
zedwhi
leot
hersare
i
ll
egal.Count
ri
esthatpracti
ceitare-Russia,Chi
na,
Togo,
Gabon,Kenya,
Tanzani
a,Zambi
aandI v
or ycoast.

Note-Asingl
epol
i
tical
par
tyt
hati
sincont
rol
canbecomedespot
icand
di
ctat
ori
al.

I
ntwopart
ysyst
em,onl
ytwopart
yisrecogni
zedbytheConst
it
uti
on.
Count
ri
est
hatpr
act
icei
tare-USA,Br
it
ainandAustr
ali
a.

Note-Twopart
ysyst
em i
sunsui
tabl
ewher
ether
ear
edeep-r
oot
ed
r
eli
giousandet
hni
ccri
ses.

Multi-Part
ysystem al
l
owsnumer ouspart
ieswi
thopportuni
tyf
orequal
st
rength.Coal
it
iongovernmentmayoccur.Countr
iest
hatpracti
cethi
sare
-Nigeri
a,Sweden,Ghana,Fr
anceetc.I
tisasymbolofl
iberal
democracy.

Pressur
egroupisanorganizedgr
oupofpeoplewhichinfl
uence
governmentandPol
it
icalparti
esi
ntaki
ngcert
aindecisi
onthatwil
lfav
ouri
t
member s.

Thediff
erencebetweenpressuregroupandint
erestgroupi
sthatthelat
er
i
nvolv
esonei nt
erestwhil
ethefor meri
nvol
vesmor ethanoneint
erest
.
Theybothneedtoex cer
tpressuresinor
dertoinf
luencegover
nment .

Pr
essur
egr
oupsar
evi
tal
li
nksbet
weent
hepeopl
eandgov
ernment
.

Ty
pesofpr
essur
egr
oups

1.Communalgr
oups-Thesear
esoci
alf
abri
csandar
ebasedonbi
rt
h.
Peopl
edon'
tdeci
dethi
sgroupt
hemsel
ves.

2.I
nstr
uctionalgroups-Theyarepar
tofthemachi
neryofgov
ernmentand
att
emptt oexcertinf
luencei
nitfr
om wi
thint
hesyst
em.E.g;Legi
sl
atur
e
andJudiciar
y.

3.Associ
ati
onal
Groups-Theyar
efor
medbypeopl
ewhocomet
oget
hert
o
pur
sueshar
edbutl
i
mit
edgoal
s.I
tischar
act
eri
sedbyVol
unt
aryact
ion.

4.Aneomi cGroups-Theyemergeimmediat
elyi
nresponsetoani
ssueand
quickl
ydisper
seaftert
hematterhasbeenresol
ved.E.
g;Demonst
rat
ors,
ri
otersandmob.

Sl
avet
radewasabol
i
shedi
nthe19t
hcent
ury
.

UniversalDecl
arati
onofHumanRi ght(UDHR)i saproductofUni t
ed
Nations(UN).I
tcamei nt
oexi stenceasar esultofUNgener alassembly
resoluti
on217( i
ii
)of10thDecember1948i nParis.I
tdecl
arationwas
passedbyav oteof48inf avour,noneagainstexcept8abst enti
onsand
has375l anguagesanddi alect
s, makingitt
hemostwi del
ytranslat
ed
document sintheworld.

HumanRi
ght
sdayi
sal
way
scel
ebr
atedev
ery10t
hofDecember
.

UDHRhas30ar
ti
cles.

Ar
ti
cle1-
21cont
ains-Nat
ural
,Ci
vi
landPol
i
tical
right
s.

Ar
ti
cle22-
27cont
ains-Economi
c,Soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s

Ar
ti
cle28-
30contai
ns-Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofI
ndi
vi
dual
andgov
ernment
ot
herwi
secal
ledduti
esandobl
igat
ion.

Humanr
ight
sar
enotunl
i
mit
edduet
othef
actt
hatt
her
ear
echecksoni
ts.

Humanrightscanbef
oundi
nchapt
er(
iv)of1999Ni
ger
ianConst
it
uti
on(
as
amended).

UDHRarest
il
luphel
dandr
ecogni
zedasI
nter
nat
ional
accl
aimedr
ight
sof
al
lhumanbei
ngs

Devel
opmentri
ght
sisal
socal
l
edECOSOC meani
ngEconomi
c,soci
aland
cul
tur
alr
ight
s.

Anychi
ldabov
eage7t
hatcommi
tsanof
fensewi
l
lbet
ri
ali
nJuv
eni
l
e
cour
ts.

Accor
dingt
oJust
iceAbduAboki
,i
tisi
mpr
opert
oimposeunnecessar
yand
unful
fi
ll
abl
econdit
ionsofbai
lout
sidethepr
ovi
si
onsofthelawonan
accusedpersont
ot hepoi
ntofr
enderi
ngthebai
lnugat
ory
.

I
DPSmeansi
nter
nal
l
ydi
spl
acedper
son.

Par
li
amentar
yimmuni
tyal
lowst
helawmaker
stosayany
thi
ngi
nthef
loor
oft
heparl
i
amentwit
houtbei
ngtr
ial
fori
t.

Br
azi
landFr
ancer
ecogni
zet
her
ight
sofpr
ost
it
utesandconsi
deri
tlegal
.

InYorubaland,
amar r
iedwomancannoti
nher
itherhusbandpr
oper
ty
excepthersonbecauseshei
sacommodi t
ytobeinheri
ted.

Afemal
epol
iceisf
orbiddenfrom goi
ngint
omarri
agewit
hint
woy
ear
sof
j
oini
ngt
hepoli
cebutitisn'
tappl
icabl
etomalepol
ice.

CEDAW -Conv
enti
onont
heEl
i
minat
ionofal
lfor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ion
agai
nstwomen.

InNi
geria,
anymedicalper
sonnel t
hatcauseawoman' spregnancyt
obe
abor
tedisli
ableto14y
rsimprisonmentwhil
et hewomani sli
abl
eto7yrs
i
mprisonment.Theonl
ylegalaborti
onisifi
tistosav
et hewoman'sli
fe.

NOA-Nat
ional
ori
ent
ati
onagency

SADC-Sout
hAf
ri
canDev
elopmentCommuni
ty.

"From eachaccor
dingt
ohisabi
l
ity
,toeachaccor
dingt
ohi
sneeds"i
s
associ
atedwithCommunism.

I
mperial
i
sm i
sapolicyofext
endingacount
ry'
spowerandi
nfl
uence
t
hroughcol
oni
zat
ion,useofmil
i
taryf
orceorot
hermeans.

Neocol
oni
ali
sm istheuseofEconomic,
poli
ti
cal,cul
tur
alorot
herpressur
es
t
ocontrol
orinf
luenceothercount
ri
esespeci
all
yf or
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