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eNo.3

STUDYGUI
DEFORMODULENO._3_

CHAPTERI
:THESELFFROM VARI
OUSPERSPECTI
VES
C.ANTHROPOLOGY
MODULEOVERVI
EW

Ant hropol
ogyi sthescientif
icstudyofhumans,humanbehavi orandsoci eti
esi
nthepastand
present .I
tf ocusesonunder standingthehumancondi t
ioni
ni t
sculturalaspect
.Ingener al
sense,ant hropologyisconcer nedwi t
hunderst
andi
nghowhumanevol vedandhowt heydi
ffer
from oneanot her.Anthropologyisaver ydynamicfi
eldandant hr
opologicall
i
ter
atureoff
er s
sever aldi
fferentdefi
nit
ionsaboutt he“self
”.Thismodulewil
l t
ackleabouthowant hropol
ogy
relateswitht heconceptofsel f.

MODULELEARNI
NGOBJECTI
VES

1. Explainhowcultur
eaffect
sandshapesone’si dent
it
y
2.Under standhowcult
ureandsel
farecomplementaryconcept
s
3.Appr eciat
ethesel
fembeddedincult
ure
4.Devel opinsi
ght
sonhowt oachi
eveasenseofself
,si
tuat
edinmul
ti
cul
tur
alanddynami
c
si
tuations

LEARNI
NGCONTENTS

I
nmostdi cti
onar i
es,thet
erm “Fi l
ipi
no” i sdefinedasbel ongi ngorr elati
ngtothePhi l
i
ppines,
ort oi t
s peopl e and cult
ure.Int he contextofci ti
zenshi p,“ Fi l
ipi
no” simpl y means
member shi
pi nast at
enati
on.Intheconst it
uti
on,aci t
izenissomeonewhol egal
lyresi
desi nt
he
country.Ant hropologi
cal
l
y,however ,itisdif
ferent.Tobel ongt oapeopl eisnotnecessar i
ly
i
mpl yi
ngal egalassociat
iontoacount r
ybuti tentail
sar esponsi bi
li
tytoliveandpr otectt
he
country’scher ishedval
ues.Tobel ongandr elatetocul turemeanst oadopt ,accept,and
tr
easur eit
sent ir
ewayofl i
fe.Therefore,inordertobecal ledFi li
pino,youhavet obelongt ot
he
Fil
i
pinopeopl eandadoptt heircult
ure.Int hi
sper specti
ve,t heselfmustbeembeddedi nt
he
cult
ure.

THESELFANDTHEPERSONI
NCULTURALANTHROPOLOGY

Whati
sAnt
hropol
ogy?

Anthropol ogyi sthest

udyofal laspectsofthehumancondi ti
on.Thisincludeshumanhistory,
thepresenthumancondi t
ionandevenf ut
urepossibi
l
iti
es.Anthr
opologyi salsoconsi
der
edas
“t he 
sci ence of humanity,
” whi ch studies human bei ngs i
n aspect sr angi
ng fr
om
the bi
ology  and evol ut
ionary hi
stor
y of 
Homo sapi ens 
to t he f eatur
es of soci ety
and culture thatdeci
si
velydisti
nguishhumansf r
om otheranimalspecies.

Anthr
opology'islessasubjectmat t
erthanabondbet weensubjectmatters.Iti
spar
thist
or y,
partl
it
eratur
e;inpar tnat
uralscience,partsoci
alscience;itst
ri
vestost udymenbot hfrom
wit
hinandwi thout;itr
epresent
sbot hamannerofl ookingatmanandavi si
onofman—t he
mostscienti
fi
coft hehumaniti
es,themosthumani stofsciences(Hi
rst
,201 9)

Empl
oyi
nganant
hropol
ogi
calper
spect
ive,t
hati
sper
cei
vi
nghol
i
sti
cal
l
y,whatcoul
dbet
he

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answert ot hequest ion,“Whoam I ?” Ant hropologyconsi dershumanexper i

enceasan
i
nt erpl
ay of“nat ure’ r eferri
ng tot he genetici nheri
tance which set sthe individual’s
pot enti
als,and“nur ture” referri
ngt othesociocul t
uralenvir
onment(Havi l
and,Pr i
ns,Wal rath
&McBr ide,201 3).Thereforeitcoul dbeunder st
oodt hatbot hbiologicalandcul turalfactors
havesi gnif
icantinfl
uenceont hedevel opmentofsel f-awarenessamongi ndivi
dualswi t
hin
soci et
y.Inaddi ti
on,thef i
eldofant hropologyhascont ri
butedindir
ectlytotheunder standingof
nat ure ofsel fthrough et hnogr aphici nvest
igations such as sampl ing met hod,sent ence
compl et i
on,intervi
ewset c.whi chdi scussthatcul tur
alvar i
ati
onsmayaf f
ectone’sment al
state,languageandbehavi or
s.Themosti mpor tantcontri
butionofant hropologyispr oviding
i
nsi ghtsintot henatur eofselfbasedoncont i
nuousunder standi
ngoft hebasi celement sof
culture.

TheCul
tur
alConst
ruct
ionofSel
fandI
dent
it
y

Cult
ureisderi
vedfrom t
heLat i
nword“cultur
a” or“cultus” meaningcareorcult
ivat
ion.
Cult
urei
sanalogoustocari
ngforani
nfant
.Becauseani
nfanthasaprol
ongeddependency,he
orshehastobet akencareofbythepeoplearoundhi
m orher.Theinfanthast
olearnfrom
them so he orshe can bet
teradj
ustwhil
e growi
ng up i
n hisorheri mmediat
e cult
ural
envi
ronment.

Throughoutone’sl i
feheorshef unct
ionsaccordingtothecult
uralcontextwhereheorshei s
si
tuated.Asonegr owsol d,heorshel earnsmanyt hingsabouttheenvi r
onmentandr eali
zes
whatmakeshi m orherdifferentfr
om otherpeople.Asani ndi
viduali
nteract
swi t
hpeopl eand
makessenseofhow heorshef uncti
onsi nthecont extofhisorhersoci aland cult
ural
background,heorshelear nsthatheorshehasbot hpersonal
identi
ty(thewayheorshesees
hi
msel f
/her
selfasanindividual
)andcol l
ecti
veidenti
ty(t
hewayhe/ sheseeshi mself
/hersel
fas
memberofacer t
aingroup) .

I
denti
tyrefersto“whot heper sonis,
” ort hequali
ti
esandt rai
tsofani ndivi
dualt
hatmake
hi
m/herdi f
ferentfrom other
s.Ther ear emanywayst odisti
nguishpeopl e.AnexampleIs
i
denti
fyi
ngt hem inageographicalcontextorbasedonwheretheycomef r
om.Peopl efr
om t
he
Westaredifferentf
rom t
hepeopl eoftheEastbecausetheyarelocatedinoppositesi
desoft
he
worl
d.Identit
yalsorefer
stohow aper sonseesandexpr essesoneself.

Cultur
alIdenti
tyissel
f-i
dent i
fi
cation,asenseofbel ongingt oagr oupt hatr eaff
ir
msi t
self
.Iti s
theextentt owhichonei sar epresentati
veofagi vencul turebehavi orall
y,communi catively,
psychological
lyandsociologi
call
y.Itconsist
sofvalues,meani ngs,cust omsandbel i
efsusedt o
rel
atetot hewor l
d.Itrefl
ectsthecommonhi stori
calexper i
encesandshar edcult
uralcodes
whichgi veusasoneent ityastable,unchanging,continui
ngf rameofr eferenceandmeani ng.
Cultur
alidenti
tyisdynami candconst antlyevol
ving.Itcover stheent i
rel i
fespanofahuman
being and changesever y momentbased on soci alcont ext.Itist he constantl
yshi ft
ing
understandingofone’si dentit
yinr el
ati
ontoothers.Aper sonmi ghtident i
tyhimself
/herselfas
Fil
i
pinobecausehe/ sheembodi esFili
pinocult
uralwaysandt radit
ionsowhi chhe/shehas
beenexposedt owhil
egr owingup.

I
nsoci alanthropology,theconceptofi denti
tywasusedmost l
yinthecontextof“et hni
c
i
dentit
y” poi nti
ngoutt hesamenessoft hesel fwithothers,thatistoaconsciousnessof
shari
ng cer t
ain character
ist
ics (
e.g.language,cut ur
e etc.)wi t
hin a gr
oup.I dent
it
yif
understoodinadi sposi
ti
onofbasicpersonali
tyfeatur
esacqui r
edmost l
yduri
ngchil
dhoodand,
onceintegrated,mor eorlessfi
xed.(Sokefel
d,1 990).Thi
sidentit
ytheref
oremakesahuman
beingaper sonandanact i
ngindi
vidual
.

Ther
earetwowaysi nwhichtheconceptofsel
fisvi
ewedi nt
hedi
ff
erentsocieti
es.
1.Egocent
ri
cVi ew.Theselfisseenasanaut onomousanddi st
antindivi
dualEach
personi
sdefinedasrepli
caofallhumanitybutcapabl
eofacti
ngi ndependent
lyfr
om

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other
s.
2.Sociocentr
icview.Theselfiscont
ingentonasi
tuati
onorsoci
alset
ti
ng.Thi
sisaview
ofthesel
fthatiscontext
-dependentwhichemphasizesthatt
her
eisnoint
ri
nsi
cselft
hat
canpossessendur i
ngqualit
ies.

For
mingofCul
tur
alI
dent
it
y

Cult
uralidenti
tyisnegotiated,co-createdandr einf
orcedincommuni cati
onwithother
swhen
wesoci al
lyint
eract.Theyar emanifestati
onsofsoci alr
ealit
y– ref
lectonouruniquepersonal
l
if
ehi st
or yandexper ience. Formingacul turalidenti
tyinvol
vesmaki ngchoicesaboutthe
cul
turesonei denti
fi
eswi thanddecidingt oj
oint hecult
uralcommunitytowhichonebelongs. 
Beli
efsandpr acti
cesofoneormor ecommuni tiescanal sobeadapted.

One’si dent i
tyi snoti nborn,i tissomet hingpeopl econt inuouslydevel opi nlife.Forinstance,
ri
tesofpassageusual l
yi nvolver it
ualact i
viti
est opr epar eindivi
dualsf ornew r olesfrom one
st
ageofl i
fet oanot hersuchasbi rth,puber t
y,mar ri
agehavi ngchildren,anddeat h.Arnoldvan
Gennepbel ievest hatchangesi none’sst atusandi dent i
tyaremar kedbyt hree-phasedr i
teof
passage:separ ati
on,liminalit
yandi ncorporati
on.
1. Separ at
ionphase.Peopl edet achf rom theirfor meridentitytoanot her.Exampl esis
i
naweddi ngwher et hebr idewal kingdownt heai sl
etobe“gi venaway” byt he
par entstot hegr oom i mpl i
esthesepar ationf r
om one’sf ami lytobecomepar tofa
new one.
2.Li mi nali
typhase.A per sont ransiti
onsf rom onei denti
tyt oanot her .Example,t he
weddi ngcer emonyi tselfisthepr ocessoft ransiti
onoft hebr ideandgr oom from
singlehoodt omar r
iedl if
e.
3. Incor porationphase.Thechangei none’sst atusisoffi
ciallyincorpor ated.Exampl e,
theweddi ngr ecept i
onandpar ti
est hatcel ebratetheweddi ngser veast hemar ker
thatof fi
cial
lyr ecogni zet hebrideandgr oom’schanget owar dsbei nghusbandand
wi f
e.

Pr
oper
ti
esofCul
tur
alI
dent
it
y

JaneColl
ierandMil
tThomascombinedt
heethnographyofcommuni cat
ionandsoci
al
const
ruct
ioninor
dertofr
ametheproper
ti
esofcult
urali
denti
ty.Thesepr
operti
esref
ert
othe
mannerinwhichmembersofagroupcommunicatesthei
ridenti
ty.

1.Avowal andAscr ipti

on.Theset woconceptsdeal wi
thwhatconstructsorproducesthe
cult
urali
denti
tyandt hewaysi nwhichthesei
dent i
ti
esarecommuni cated.Avowalishow one
art
icul
atesorexpr esseshis/herviewsaboutgroupidenti
ty.I
tishow onepresentsoneselft
o
another
.Ascripti
oni showot herspercei
veanindivi
dual.I
tishowoner efer
stoothers.Thi
smay
i
ncludestereotypes.Eg. HowAsi ansarevi
ewedbyEur opeans.

Ouri
denti
tyi
sconstr
uctedasaresultofhow ot
hersviewusandhow wevi ew our
sel
ves.
Ther
efor
ebothavowalandascri
ptionarei
mportant.Eg.
Insi
der
sdescribethei
rcult
uredif
fer
ent
fr
om howiti
spercei
vedbyothers.Avowedqualit
iesver
susascribequali
ti
esleadstoconfl
i
ct
butr
esol
uti
onsdependsonthestatusposit
ionofgroupmember s.

2.ModesofExpr ession.Theuseofcor esymbol s(expressi

onsofagroup’sculturalbel
ief
s
andtheor i
esaboutthewor ldaroundthem) ,names,l abel
sandnorms(expectedstandardof
behavior)thatacult
uralcommuni t
yshar eandf ol
lowi nordert
oshow t
hattheybelongtoa
part
iculargroup,demonst r
atessharedidenti
ty.Coll
ierfoundoutt
hatt
herewer esome

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si
mi l
ari
ti
esincul
tur
alnor
msformembersofeachethnicgr
oupandt
her
ear
ewi
thi
ngr
oup
di
fferenceswit
hregardt
ogenderandnat
ureofr
elati
onshi
p.

3.Indi
vidual,Relati
onal andCommunal I
dentit
y.Ther earethreecomponent stocult
ural
i
dentit
y.Indivi
dual r
eferstohowani ndivi
dual i
nterpretshi
sculturali
dent i
tybasedonhi s
experi
ences.Rel ati
onal r
efer
stohowi ndivi
dualsi nt
eractwit
honeandanot her( whatisthe
appropriat
ebehavi or)andcommunal i
dentit
yist heuseofcommuni cati
onint hecreation,
aff
irmati
onandnegot i
ati
onofsharedidentit
y.Theact ionsandi nter
actionsoft hegroup,thei
r
communal practi
cesr ef
lectt
heident
it
yoft hegr oup.Researcher scanidentifyorstudycultur
al
i
dentit
yinagr oupbyobser vi
ngeverydaysi t
uations,communal acti
vit
ies,ri
tuals,hol
iday
cel
ebrations.

4.Enduri
ngandChangingAspectsofIdenti
ty.Thecul
tural
ident
it
ychangesduet
osever
al
fact
orswhichar
esoci
al,pol
i
tical
,economicandcontextual
.

5.Aff
ecti
ve,Cogni
ti
veandBehavi
oralAspectsofIdent
it
y.Thi
sref
erst
oemot
ionsf
ull
y
att
achedtocul
tur
ali
dent
it
yinpar
ti
cularsi
tuat
ions.

6.Cont entandRel ati

onshi
pLevel s 
.Thisreferstothei
nteracti
onbet weent woormor e
i
ndividuals.Themessageexchangecar ri
esinformati
on/
cont ent.Thepar t
ici
pantsofthe
conver sati
oninterpretthechoiceandmeani ngsofthewor dsbasedont heirexper
iences.The
i
nteract i
onsalsoshowt herelati
onal l
evelbasedonhow aper sondeliversthemessage.This
l
evelofamessagei mpli
esacul t
uralint
erpret
ationofwhoisincont rol
,theirl
evel
sofcloseness,
whatt heyf eelabouteachot her,leveloftr
ust,etc.

7.Sal
ienceorProminence.Thisisthedegreetowhichani dent
it
yisdemonstrat
edinasit
uati
on
andreferst
ohow muchaper son’scul t
urali
dent
it
yst andsoutandattr
actsatt
enti
on.Thi
sis
i
nfl
uencedbyt heext
entofsi
mi lar
it
yordiff
erencebetweent woindi
vi
duals.Thei
ntensi
tydi
ff
ers
dependingoncontext
,si
tuati
ont opicandrel
ati
onship.Prominenceshowsast r
ong
i
nvestment/
invol
vementinani denti
ty.

THESELFEMBEDDEDI
NCULTURE

Therear estatement st hatpeoplemake,t hatconstitut

et heself,suchasat t
it
ude(Il i
ke
dancing),beli
efs( Ithinkthatweshoul drecycletohel pournat ure),i
nt entions(Iplantorevi ew
toni
ght),norms(peopl eshouldbehavet hisway) ,andval ues(Ibel i
eveever yoneshouldt reat
eachot herequal l
y).Thesest at
ement scanei therbeshar edoruni versal andheavi l
yinfl
uenced
byculture,eit
hergr oup’ssubj ect
ivecultur
eorcul turespecifi
c.Fori nstance,suchaspect sare
sharedbypeopl ewhospeakacommonl anguageandwhoar eabl etoi nteractbecauset hey
l
iveinadjacentl ocationsduringthesamehi st
oricalperi
od;wer efertot hisasculturalgr
oup’s
subj
ect i
veculture.Ont heotherhand,someaspect soft heselfmaybeuni versalsuchas“I am
hungry”,whi chhast hesamewor l
dwi deacrosst i
me.Ot herel
ement sar ecultur
especific.For
i
nstance,t hestatement“ Mysoul wi
llbereincarnated” i scul
turespeci f
ic;itmeanspeopl e
dependonpar t
icularmyt hol
ogy-reli
gionorwor l
dview.

Theclai
m ofthesel fasembeddedi ncultur
ecanonl ybeembr acedwhent heselfr
ecognizesit
s
rel
ati
ontoeverything.Thecompl exi
tyofcultureidenti
ti
esofpeople,things,andeventsshal
lbe
recogni
zedandr espectedbytheself.Theindividualmustremainreflecti
veofthesimil
ari
ti
es
anduniquediffer
encesofever yt
hingar oundi t
.Thisshowsthattheselfshouldnotmaintai
nthe
i
ndivi
duali
sti
c,independentandaut onomousent itybutt
hattheselfshouldbeablet omaintai
n
hisorhersoli
dcul t
urall
yref
lexi
veidentityi
nr el
ationtoever
ythingandever yoneelse.

Cli
ff
ordGeert
z(1973)anAmeri
canAnthropol
ogi
st,off
erstheref
ormul
ati
onoftheconceptof
cul
turewhi
chfavorsasymbol
i
cint
erpr
etati
vemodel ofcul
tur
e.Hedefi
nescul
tur
easasystem

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ofinheritedconcept ionsexpr essedi nsymbol icformsbymeansofwhi chpeopl ecommuni cate,

perpetuat eanddevel optheirknowl edgeaboutandat ti
tudest owardslif
e.Furtherhepr oposes
thathumansgi vemeani ngst ot heirexper i
encessot hator derint
hewor ldcanbeest abli
shed.
Theconceptofcul turehasi t
si mpactont heconceptofman.I nhisat temptt oil
l
ustrat
et hi
s
accurat ei mage ofman,Geer tzsuggestt wo impor tantideas:( 1
.)Cul tur
e should notbe
perceivedonl yas“compl exesofconcr et
ebehavi orpat t
erns– cust oms,usages,t radi
ti
ons,
habitcl usters- forthe gover ning behavi our,and.( 2. )Man i spr eciselythe animalmost
desper atelydependentuponsuchext ragenet i
c,outside-the-ski
ncont rolmechanisms,such
cult
uralpr ograms,f oror dering hi sbehavi or.” Ther efore,man i sdef i
ned byhi sgenet i
c
potentialsshapedi ntoact ualaccompl ishment swhi chismadepossi blebycul tur
e.Geer t
zalso
emphasi zest hathumannat ur eisi nterdependentwi thcul t
ure,“Wi thoutmen,no cul t
ure
certai
nly;butequal ly,andmor esi gnifi
cantly,withoutcul t
ure,nomen. ”

LEARNI
NGACTI
VITY1

Resear
chWor
k

Makearesear
chonatleastf
iver
egionalcul
tur
eswithi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesandcompar
ethese
cul
tur
eswit
hthecul
tur
ethati
sbeingpracti
cedinyourcommunit
y.

THETAGALOG

TheTagal
ogar eaisdi
verseandspreadout
.Ther
ear
etownst
hatar
ehi
ghl
yindust
ri
ali
zed,l
i
kemany
par
tsofCavi
te,LagunaandBataan.

Someprovi
ncesarelargelyagr
icul
tur
al,l
i
keMindor
oandMar
induque.Met
roMani
l
aisofcour
set
he
commer
cialandpol
it
icalcapi
tal
ofthecountr
y.

I
nagricul
turalareas,t
heprincipalpr
oductsareri
ce,fi
sh,sal
t,coconut
,andsugarcane.Abundantinthe
Tagal
ogpr ovincesarefr
uit
slikemango,citr
usandpapaya,andavar i
etyofveget
ables.Beef
,pork,and
poul
tr
yproduct sarealsosuppliedbytheseagri
cult
uralt
owns.

I
nindust
ri
alareas,raw mater
ial
sareconver
tedi
ntocommer
cialpr
oduct
ssuchast
ext
il
e,coconutoi
l
,
hempandfibercords,shoesandbags,andmaymore.

Heavyi
ndust
ri
es,li
kest
eel
,andot
hermanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ri
esal
sopr
ovi
deempl
oymentf
oral
otpeopl
e
i
nthesei
ndustr
ial
i
zedtowns

TheI
lokanos

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5Rev.0 1
0-Jul
y-2020

St
udyGui
dei
nGE1
:Under
standi
ngt
heSel
f Modul
eNo.3

I
l
okos

i
sknownf
ori
tsmanyi
ndust
ri
es,suchast
obacco,bur
nay(
jar
s),bagoong(
fi
sh/
shr
impsauce)
,

basi
andt
apuy(
ri
cewi
ne)
,andweavi
ng.

I
lokanosarebasical
l
yknownf orbeingahardworki
ngandfrugal
orthri
ft
ypeople.Thismaybeat t
ri
buted
tothefactthattheytakehar dshi
psi nl
i
feseri
ously,owi
ngperhapstot hegeographicl
ocati
onofthe
regi
on.Iti
smai nl
yat yphoonbeltinthePhi
l
ippi
nes,andtr
opicalst
orms normall
ywr eakhavoconcrops
andmajorsourcesofl i
vel
ihood.

TheHi
l
igaynon/
Il
onggo

Ont
hepl
ainsofPanay,

I
l
onggos

pr
oduceavariet
yofcr
ops,
ofwhi
chriceandsugar
canearethemosti mport
ant
.Cor
nandtobaccoar e
al
sogrownbutmost
lyf
orl
ocal
consumpti
ononl
y.Al
ongthecoast
,f
ishi
ngist
hemainsour
ceofl
ivel
ihood.

Pangasi
nense

Ri
ceistheprinci
palcropoft
heregi
ongr
ownt
hroughi
rr
igat
ionf
armi
ng.I
nthemount
ainousar
eas,
t
obacco,andsugarcanear
epl
ant
ed.

Asidefr
om far
mi ng,di
ff
erenti
ndustr
iesal
sopr ovideli
vel
ihoodformanyPangasinenses.Inareaswhere
thi
ckcoconutgrovesarefound,copr
a,fans,sweetcoconutbar s(bukayo)
,andothercoconutdeli
caci
es
areproduced.AlongthecoastofLingayenGul f,bagoong( f
ishsauce)andsaltmakingi ndust
ri
esare
prosper
ous.

I
notherareas,handi
craf
tssuchasfans,mats,andbasketsaremadefr
om materi
alsl
ikerat
tanand
bamboo.Potmakingandbolotemper
ingareotheri
ndust
ri
esforwhi
chPangasi
nansarenoted.

Kapampangan

Riceandsugarar
ethepr
inci
palpr
oductsoftheprovi
nce.Cot t
agei
ndustr
iesprovi
dingl
i
vel
ihoodt
omany
peoplealsopr
oducesomeofthemostbeaut if
ulcrafts,suchasmats,hats,andembroi
deredgloves,
appreci
atedbybotht
hel
ocalandint
ernat
ionalmarkets.

Pampangai
sal
soknownf
ori
tsdel
i
ciousmeatpr
oduct
s(t
oci
noandl
ongani
sa)
,past
ri
es,andsweet
s.

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 6
 FM-AA-CI
A-1
5Rev.0 1
0-Jul
y-2020

St
udyGui
dei
nGE1
:Under
standi
ngt
heSel
f Modul
eNo.3

ThePampangosappl
ythemsel
vest
othesamei
ndust
ri
esast
heTagal
ogsbutar
erenownedf
orcer
tai
n
craf
tsf
orwhi
chtheyexcel
.

Theyareexcepti
onalj
ewel
ersandgol
dsmi
ths,aswel
lasf
urni
tur
emaker
sandwoodcar
ver
s.Ant
ique
j
ewelr
yandf ur
nit
urefr
om

Pampangaar
econsi
der
edval
uabl
ehei
rl
oomsbyFi
l
ipi
nof
ami
l
iesandaspr
icedpossessi
onsbyant
ique
col
l
ector
s.

MyAnswer
.

Wear
ehospi
tabl
eunl
i
keot
hercount
ry.
..

SUMMARY

Anythingt hatourpastsel fhasdone,ourpr esentselfcandobet t

er.Somecul t
uresdieand
somel i
vef orever ;andt hesehavegr eatlyinfluencedoursel f
-identi
ty.Associalbeings,we
constantlyadjustt othechangest hesociety
Isundergoi ng.Under standingcultur
e,theevol uti
onofman,i ssi
gnifi
cantintr
yingtoanswert he
mostdi ffi
cultquest i
on“Who am I ?”.Cont emporaryanthropologicalperspecti
veswoul d
str
onglycl aimt hatwi t
houtcul t
uretherewoul dbenomen.Cul t
uremol dsmuchofhuman
behavior,andi ndivi
dual vari
ati
onsareper mittedandt ol
erat
edonl ywithinl
imitssetbysociety.
Evenwhenaper sonrejectshissoci
ety,hedoessoi ncultur
all
yaccept edways.

REFERENCES

Corpuz,R.,Estoque,R. ,Tabotabo,C. ,UnderstandingtheSelf.C&E.Publishi

ng,2019.
Degho,S.,Degho,G. ,DeCl aro,LJ.,Lejano,J.
,Under standi
ngtheSelf.MutyaPubli
shingHouse,201
8.
Monill
a,MA. ,Rami r
ez,N. ,Understandingt heSelf.C.&EPubl i
shi
ng,2018.
Vi
ll
afuert
e,S.Qui l
lope,A. ,Tunas,R.,Bor j
a,E.Under st
andingtheSelf
.NiemePubl i
shingHouseCo.Ltd.
2018.
ht
tps:
//www.
communi
cat
iont
heor
y.or
g/cul
tur
al-i
dent
it
y-t
heor
y/

PANGASI
NANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY 7