PARTIAL.REPLACEMENT.OF PORTLAND.CEMENT BY.

NATURAL
POZZOLAN.(FLY ASH).FOR THE MAXIMUM.POSSIBLE STRENGTH

Submitted by
Name: Registration # SUIT-16-02-079-0632
Name: Registration # SUIT-16-02-079-0638
Name: Registration # SUIT-16-02-079-0589

Supervised By
Engr. Shah Farooq

FACULTY OFcCIVIL ENGINEERING SARHADdUNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,dPESHAWAR-
PAKISTAN (2019) SATELLITE CAMPUS INDUS POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTE ODIGRAM SWAT

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 Abstract
Portland cement Manufacturing needs more energysand releasessa very great quantity of
green-housesgases to the atmosphere;aapproximately 13,500mmillion tonnes is formedsfrom
this processsworldwide, whichsaccounts fors7% of the greenhouse gas producedsannually.
There are suggestions from studies that each 1 T of cement production released tone of CO2
so there is instantaneous necessity to rheostat the practise of cement. Conversely wastes
material e.g flyaAsh is problematic to place whichsin turn is an complication to the eco-
friendly protection. It is exceptionally dividedsresidue consequential from the ignition of
ground coalsand ecstatic by thesflue of tanks that transmits vaporous ignition awaysfrom the
point of burning. The flyaash originally conveys more strengthsto concrete and also diminish
the permeabilitysof concrete. Itswas gained from Thermalspower station, driedsout and used.
This venture chiefly transactions withsthe exchange of cement by Fly ash engaged insfixed
amounts and investigating the properties of flyaash blendedsconcrete. The concretesmix is
equipped by changing the percentage of flyaash by 30%,w40%wandw50% of cubesscured in
ordinary water for the 28 dayssand 7 days, the assets like Slumpscone test,
Compactionsfactor test for freshsconcrete and Compressivesstrength for hardenedsconcrete
are tested and then outcomes are investigated.
Based on the analysis of experimental results the strength gaining value with time is
decreasing if the replacementsof cementsby flyaAsh is increasing.

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 Chapter 1
Introduction:l
1.1. Background:d
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Concrete is the Mixture
of fine powdered cement, aggregates of various sizes and water with inherent physical and
chemical properties which is a highly heterogeneous material. To increase the strength of
concrete adhesion between aggregate surfaces and cement paste plays important role in
strength of the concrete. High strength concrete can be produced because of the advancement
in concrete technology and availability of various cementitious material and mineral. Now a
day’s pozzolanic materials have great importance because of the use of vary small scale
pozzolanic particles results significantly improved the properties of concrete. The mechanical
behaviour of concrete materials depends on a structural elements of the concrete particles. By
incorporating pozzolanic materials into matrix to improve the properties of concrete emerged
as a promising research field [8].
Production of Portland cement wants more energy and releases a huge quantity of green-
house gasses to the atmospheire; approximatly 13,500 MT is produceed from this proces
universaly, which accunts for 7.00 % of the grenhouse gasses formed per annum. The uses of
pozzolanns, especialy wastes pozzelans, to replece part of Portland cement is theirfore
recieving a slice of care. In history, Pozolans are named after the volconic additaves used in
mortr by the Romanns. Pozolans are fines matarial contaning silica and/or alummina and
while they do not have any ceementing possessions of there own, in the occurrence of
calcieum oxides (CaO) or Calcieum Hydrxide (Ca(OH2), silica and alummina in the pozolans
reaccts and formed cementietious ingredients. Assh from some agriculltural by-product such
as ricce hucsk assh, fly assh, Metakolin, palm oils fuels assh and silica fume have been
shown to be respectable Pozolan.

There usess are receving additional consideration now meanwhile the characteristics of the
blendedd cement concrete using them are generaly improived. In additions, they can also
save the costs of constraction matarials and reducce the negative ecological effects.

1.2. NaturalgPozzolan:
Pozolans are a wide clas of sillicious and alluminous materiels which, insthemselves, posess
slight orsno cementetious values but whichswill, in finnely alienatedsform and insthe

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occurrence ofswater, counter chemicaly withscalcieum hydroixide at ordinarry temperture to
form compaunds holding cementietious properties. The quentification of the capecity of a
Pozolan to counter with calcieum hydroxide and water is given by meassuring its pozolanic
activity. Pozolan are natturally occuring pozolans of volcanic origin [10].
The genral defenition of a Pozolan embreces a huge no of ingredients which diverge
extensively in termms of oregin, compossition and proparties. Both ordinary and non-natural
(man-made) ingredients illustration pozolanic activities and are useds as suplementary
cementious matarials. Non-natural pozolans can be produceid deleberately, for occurrence by
thermal instigation of kaollin-clays to attain Mettakaolin, or can be gained as waiste or by-
praducts from high-temparature development such as fly ashess from coall-fiered electracity
prodaction. The most comonly used pozolans currently are trade by-prodacts such as fly ashh,
silica fumme from salicon meltting, hieghly oversensitive Mettakaolin, and burnned orgenic
metter residdues richs in sillica such as rice hushk ashh. There used has been firamly
estabblished and delimited in manny states. Still, the suply of haigh-quallity pozolanic by-
harvests is limitted and many local sourcess are allready fuly subjugated. Substitutions to the
well-known pozolanic by-praducts are to be initiate on the one hand in an progress of the
rangge of industtrial by-product or socital excess considared and on the other hand in an
amplified practice of naturaly occuring pozolans. [11]
Blanding of pozolans with Portlend cements is of imperfect intrusion in the predictable
construction proces and ofers the opportunty to renovate waste (e.g. fly ash) into duarable
buildings material.
A redaction of 40 per hundred of Portlend cements in the concrete mixture is often feassible
when repllaced with a combenation of pozolanic materiels. Pozolains can be castoff to
governor setting, increase duribility, reducce price and redduce polution deprived of
suggestively plummeting the final comprassive strengths or other recital appearances. [12].

1.3. Pozzolaniccacctivity:
The pozolanic action is a portion for the notch of feedback ovar times or the reactions amount
betwen a Pozolan and Ca2+ or callcium hyddroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the occurrence of water.
The ratesof the pozolanic reacction is hooked on the inherent physiognomies of the Pozolan
for instance the speciffic outward area, the chemmical camposition and the acctive phasse
contant.

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Physsical sarface addsorption is not consedered as beng portion of the pozolanic acctivity,
since no ireversible malecular bands are fashioned in the progression [13].

1.4. Pozzolanictreaction:
The pozolanic reactionsis the chemecal rejoinder that transpieres in Portlnd cementsupon the
accumulation of pozolans. It is the primary retort intricate in the Ancientsconcrete developed
in Olden Romme anduused to construct, for instance, the Patheon. The pozolanicsreaction
alters a sillica-weallthy precursorswith out a cementing properties, to a callcium sillicate,
with best cementingsproperties.
In chemecal tarms, the pozolanicsreaction ocurs betwen callcium hydroxide,salso identified
as porttlandite (Ca (OH)r2), and sillicicsacid (writtensas H4SiO4oor assSi (OH) 4):
Ca.(OH)2.+H4SiO4→CaH2SiO42H2O
Or concise in shortened notationsof cementschemists:
dCH+SH→C-S-Hd
The artefact CaH2SiO42H2O is a callcium sillicate hydrete, also abreviated assC-S-H in
cementschemist representation, the hyphenetion denots the varriable stochiometry.
The proportionsCa/Si,..or..C/S, and the wide variety of water moleccules can very and the
above-stated stochiometry may also very. Numerous pozolans may additionaly comprise
alluminate, or Al(OH)four−, to be intelligent to react with callcium hydroxide and water to
form callcium alluminate hydrates like C4AH13, C3AH or in mixture with sillica C2ASH8 or
strätlingite (cement chamist notation). In the occurrence of anionic coorporations which
contain sulphates,.carbonates0or0chloride.1Pozolanic reaction is a long1time1reaction, which
inclludes disolved sillicic acid, water and CaO1or1Ca (OH)121or1other1pozolans to shape a
stardy cemmentation milieu. This system is regularly irrevarsible. Suficient quantity of free
calcium ion and a haigh1PH1of1121and1above is wanted to provoke and preserve the
pozolanic1reaction [14].
1.5. Advantages ofdpozzolans:
1.5.1. IncreasesdCompressive Strength:
The pozolanic response among natural Pozolan and callcium hydroxide
materialises1after1the1C3S,1C2S1inside the cement starts to hydrate. At the premature level
of1curing,130%1Natural1Pozolan substituting Portland cement agregate is bearely lower
than refference OPC [Ordinary Portland Cement in regard to compresive1strength. As time is
going by way of, natural Pozolan continiues to react with the callcium1hydroxide1produced

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by means of1cement1hydration1and increses the compresive strength by using producing
extra C-S-H. After 211curring1days, the 30.0%1Natural Pozolan 70% Portlend cement
aggregate starts to exced refference OPC in compresive strength. After 28 days, it exceds
refference OPC by aproximately115%. The pozolanic response1continues until1their's no
unfastened callcium hydroxide existing within the mass and the compressive1strength exceds
the refference OPC via130-40%.
1.5.2. IncreasesdResistance to chloridedAttack:
Concrete1deterioration1because1of the penatration of chlloride ocurs fast while chlloride
ions1react1with1callcium. The enlargement of hydrated1calcium1oxy-chlloride enllarges the
macro cracks and will increase the permebility that origins faster chlloride peneatration and
greater demage from frezing and thaiwing action. The 30% Ordinary Pozolan broughtsinto
cementscan reactswith allmost allsthe unfestened callcium hydroxidesand formsaamuch
denser beyond. Thus,sthe penatration of chlloride may be curtailed and thesfew penetreted
chloridesions can’t findsunfastened callcium hydroxideswith1which1to1react.
1.5.3. Increasesdresistance to sulphatedattack:
There1are1three1chemical1reactions1involved1in1sulphate1attack1on1concrete:
1) Combination1of1free1calcium1hydroxide1and1sulphate1to1form1gypsum 1(CaSO4-
2H2O).
2) Combination1of1gypsum and1calcium alLuminate1hydrate (C-A-H)
to1form1ettringite1(C3A3CaSO-32H2O).
3) Amalgamation of1gypsum and callcium corbonate with1C-S-H tosformsthaumasite
(CaCO3CaSiO3-CaSO4-15H2O).
All these1reactions1result insthe development and interruption ofsconcrete.sThaumasite in
precise is convoyed by a vary unadorned destructive effectswhich is intelligent to transmute
hardened1concrete intosa spongysmass.
1.5.4. ReducesdExpansion and Heatdof Hydration:
Researches display that substituting 30%1Portland1cement with Usual Pozolan can1reduce
the1expension1and heat1of hydration1to as low1as 40% of ordinary. This might be because
their may be no heat produced1while Ordinary Pozolan 1with callcium1hydroxide and that
the unfastened callcium oxide within the cementscan hydrateswith naturalsPozolan to shape
C-S-H. Normal Pozolan declines thesheat produced by cement1hydretion and postponements
thestime of topstemperature. The image patern of NaturalsPozolan - Portlandscement

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combination is prolonged longersand decrease, tosform a miles extra moderatescurve
thansthe warmth of hydration curvesof Portland1cement1itself.
1.5.5. ReducesdCreep and Cracks:
Although concretesis hardning, the "water of comfort" dries1away. The floor of the hardning
mass1than begans to decrease because the temperature is going down from out of doors. This
outcomes inside the formation of creep and1cracks. Natural Pozolan1modrates the
enlargement and shrinkage of1concrete. It additionally facilitates to lowersthe waterscontent
offthe cleansconcrete. Therefore,tthe creep1and crackssmay be considerably decreased
withoutsthe manner of waterscooling.
1.5.6. ReducesdMicro cracking:
The enlargement and shrinkagefcited above also produce microscracks within thevhardened
C-S-Hspaste and indeterminate the aggregatesand the C-S-Hrpaste. These microfcracks
notably underwrite to concretespermeability in addition to otherpconcrete imperfections. The
Ordinary Pozolan-Portland cementomixture develops those shrinkssso abstemiously that
theresis no microscracking within the C-S-Hipasteiafteridrying.
1.5.7. Reducesdalkali-aggregate reaction:
As Ordinary Pozolan is shatered intossuch a finesparticle length ensuing in dramaticaly
augmented reactive surface.place, it is able to react speedy with callciumshydroxide andccan
trapsthe allkali insidesthe cementspaste. Thus, it enables to shape a denserspaste withsalmost
nosalkali agregate response.atsall.
1.5.8. Protects steelrreinforcement fromrcorrosion:
The former discusions makesit vary clean thatsconcrete crafted from 30%sNaturalsPozolan/
70%sPortlandscement combination can keep steelsreinforcementsbecause.it generates an
milieu so compactly packed that no liquids or gasses can panetrate thru it to motivescorrosion
tosthe metallic.
1.5.9. Increasesrabrasion resistance:
Natural Pozolan will increase.the compressivesstrength ofsconcrete and varieties thesconcrete
matrixsstronger and denser. It aditionally prevants the formationsof pullpy, craspy, orswater-
solublessubstances createdsthrough chemicalsattack. Therefore,sit helpssthe concretesto
indestructibly face up to abrasion
1.5.10. Lowers waterrrequirement with highrfluidity, self-levelling, andrcompression:
In ordinary oparations, the majjority extent of concrete inside the buildings are positioned and
compected by using use of high frequancy poke vibrators. The speedy vibration persuades

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seggregation phenomna of all orders of value in the fresh concrete, e.G., stone seggregation,
inner bleding giving bonding screw ups, and inhomoganeous cement paste and.air-void
systems. Under right use of vibratory.compaction, Natural Pozolan curtails or removes those
troubles because of the amorphous.structure of the Pozolan debris.
1.5.11. ImprovesrDurability:
The blessings and traits of Natural Pozolan stated above definitely provide an explanation for
why the historical systems built via the Greeks have sarvived over 2000.years of weathring.
[Lawluvi and Odei, 2009.unpublished project work].
The assistances of pozolans use in cement and urban are threefold.
• First is the monetary advantage obtained through changing a big part of the Portland
cement via cheaper natural pozzolans or business by means of-products
• Second is the decreasing of the mixed cement environmental cost related to the
greenhouse gases emitted throughout Portland cement manufacturing.
Third gain is the extended durability of the quit product
1.5.12. Lithification:
Oncesthe Ordinary Pozolan-limesmixture is.hydrated, thespozolanic response starts
offevolved imediately and continuessfor decades. Eventualy, the mass willereach entire
lithificetion, farming a rackyrmaterial comparable to plagiclase with somercontent of
magnatite. The compresive strength asswell as the flexuralsstrength will maintain to boom for
a longstime. This precise function is one offthe main.motives manysextraordinary historic
systems have lastedsfor over thousandsyears.
1.5.13. AutogenousrHealing:
A precise charecteristic of NaturaldPozolan is its inharent capability to truly heel or re-
cementscracks.in thesconcrete by way of the continution ofspozolanic reactionswith the
calciumshydroxide.free of the cementshydration.reaction. Thissresults insthe filing up of
maximum of the gapssinside the hardenedsconcretesmatrix
1.5.14. ReducedrPermeability and Voids:
The leachingsof water-solublescallcium hydroxidesproduced by way of theshydration of
Portlandscement cansbe a massive contrebutor to the forrmation ofsvoids. The quantity of
"water of comfort" usedsto makesthe concretesmanageable for the duration of thesplacing
system creates permeble voids inside the hardaned mass. Natural Pozolan can increase the
mutability of concrete without "water of comfort," so that the magnitude and quantity of
capilary pores created via the usage of an excesive amount of water can be.minimized.

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 1.2. Problemsstatement:
A wide variety of research have recomended that, the cementsindustryscontributes
approximately 5%sof total anthropognic CO2 emisions, global. It hasslong beensknownsthat
carbonsdioxide.emisions contrabute to weatherschange. Constantlysincreasing CO2 emisions
are chargeable for an boom instemperatures, whichsis expacted to hold oversthe coming
many years acheving upsto +1.4.stos+.5.8˚C globaly by using the yr 2100.
Increasing.temperature can purpose excessive draughts in a few parts of the.world, severe
weather conditions, the loss of.ecosystems and doubtlesly hazerdous health consequances
for.people
Topical take a look at info the effect of boom of temperature by carbon dioxide, the resulting
air polutants would main annually to about 1000 aditional deaths and many greater.instances
of sentient contemination and asthma in the populated.international.
Therefore observe is primarily based.on using pozolanic substances in the concrete.to reduce
the CO2.emission via decreasing the use of cement thru pozolanic substances as secondary
cementitious.cloth.

1.3. Objectives:
This project is intended
1. To inspect the.performance of domesticaly available.herbal pozolanic materials fly ash.
2. To look at the impact of the Pozolan on the residences of fresh.concrete and
compressive.strength.
3. To find the suitable partial substitute of cement for different fly.ash concrete

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 Chaptern2
A look at on pozolanic concreteiis the poise of permeabililty and mechanicalsproperties as
wellaas sturdiness. Pozolanic concretesis crucial in concretesindustry because of the
accelerated consciousness of environmentalsprotection. Naturalspozolans is usedsas a
suplementary cementious materialsto partialy replacesof Portland.cement in concrete. In this
observe it is specially focuses on experimental look at of different alternative of cement with
Popasvolcanicsnatural pozzolans insconcrete. This studies paintings issmade for the
pozzolanicsconcrete ond10%,s20%sby usingsweight alternative of cement with and without
pozolans. 19mmsmaximum length of beaten gravelswas used. Type IsPortlandscementsand
water- reducingsand retardingsconcretesadmixture weresused. Mixsdesign issbased totaly at
the no droop methodsfromsthesAmericandConcrete Institute’ssComitteed211.3R-02. This
concretesis tested for its homes, along withsdensity, voidscontent material, waterspermebility
and the compressivesstrength.with numerous a long time. Accordingsto the effects, pozolans
replacementsof cement acelerated because the compressivesstrength and permebility and
durabilitysofspervioussconcrete reduced [7].
The natural Pozolan is a vollcanic ashh, labaled within the organization of siliceous.(SiO4) or
alluminous silliceous febric, which inharently posseses a cementious charecteristic, wherein
the stagesof Cementshydrationsprocess the Pozolan reactsswith the callciumshydroxide
Ca(OH)2d(i.e.,dlime) to shape cementitous houses (ACIi232.1R-00). This response is
expresed, in a chemicalsabbreviation, by way of calcium–silicate–hydrates(C–S–H). These
chemicalscharacteristicssof Pozolan are positive for concrete batches, in which the response
Pozolan-Cement contrabutes to improvingsthe workabilitysof clean Concrete [3].
The pervous concrete is premeditated with cementetious content material simply suficient to
coat the coarse amalgamation debris in order that a configurationsthat lets in the passagesof
watersat aamuch better fee than traditionalsconcrete [3].
It has better void.ratios from 18-40%.relying on its utility. It has lower compressive power,
better permebility and a lowar density. Its compresive strength will be sixty five % decrease
than the ordinary concrete. Parvious concrete is increasengly more being set up to improve
typhoon turned into best and decrease runoff produced through city settings. During the
previous fewsyears, pervioussconcrete has attractedsmore anddmore interest insconcrete
enterprise duesto thesincreased conscousness of envirnmental safety. The consciousness of
parvious concrete technnology is the balancesof permeabilitysandsmechanical houses asswell
assdurability. Ifsthe combination is simply tooswet and clean toscompact, thesvoids can be

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cloggedsand thespermeability might be comprromised. If the aggregate is just toosdry and
difficult for compection, the parvious concretespavement willsbe susceptible and prone to
numerous kinds of disstress [2].
Pozolanic fabric eficiently decreasessthe permebility, therebyagrowing the resestance of
concretesto deteroration by means of competitive cemical substances such asschlorides.
Therefore,sthe incorpration of pozolanic fabric inside thesconcreteshas emerge as an
incresingly more well-known exercise within the edifice of structures unprotected tosharsh
envirnments. Naturalspozolans is said toshave analogous impact on thespermebility of
concretesas that of herbal pozolans and.slag. Concretescontaning herbal pozolans rallies
permebility andspore length distributionsof thesconcrete [19].
PawelsNiewiadomski.et.al (2015), intentional rheologcal dynasties, microstructuresand
compressive power. The received outcomes showedsthat SiO2.and.Al2O3 addittions worsned
the workabilityswhilst the compressive power was expanded insthe case of SiO2 adition [8]
The study of the Pozolanic FlyAsh (FA) at the strength residences of concrete for sub
sequential.boom of concrete enterprise changed into carried. This have a look at no longer
onlyssaves the herbal resorces however additionaly controlssthe envirnmental polution by
using usagesofswastes. The constranedswork is acomplished on partiel allternative of
FlysAsh and Nano-Silica in cement paste, mortar and concrete. In the prevaling examine the
cement is partly substuted via 20% and 30% of Fly Ash and Nano-Silicas2.0%, 4.0d% and
6.0d% throughsweight. To recognize the aplication of FlyaAsh and Nano-Silicasverious
litratures have been revieved andstheir affect on CompressivesStrength, BendingsStrength
(Flexural Strength), Elastic Modulus.orsYoung’s Modulus and TensilesStrength of M35
gradesof concretesis invastigated.
The experimentalsresearchsresults ofsconcrete are tebulated usingsthe mixture of diverse
proportionssof FlyAsh andsNano-Silica.are collateswith that of ControledsConcrete. The
mechanicalsstrengthsdevelopment andsdurability abodes of concretesare gretly stirred due to
this mixed aplication ofsNano-Silica and FlysAsh in comparison to the Controled Concrete.
The sustainablesboom inside the verious strengthscharacteristics ofsconcrete prepared the
usage of Nano-Silicasand FlysAsh may be authorized to the effcacious pecking of coloidal
particlessand the want of aditionalsbinder inside the FlysAsh andsNano-Silicad[9].

2.1. Fly ash:

Flysash is a deravative fromsburning pullverizedccoal in electricity genarating flora.dDuring
combastion, mineral impuraties within the coals(clay, feldspar,squartz,.and.shale) fase in

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saspension and floatout of the combastion chamberswith the exheust gases. As thesfused
fabricarises, itscools and solidafies intosspherical glasy perticles refered to as flyash [13].
Two styles of flysash are usualy utillized insconcrete: ClasssC and ClasssF. ClasssC are
frequently high-callcium flyashes with carbon gratified much lessdthan 2%; where as, Class
Faare comonly low-callcium flyaashes with carbons contants lesssthan five% but once in a
while as highsas 10%. In wellknown, ClassdC ashes are made out of burning.sub-bituminous
or lignite coals8and Class F ashes bitumenous or anthracate coals. Perfarmance residences
between Class C and F ashes range relying on the chemical and bodily properties8of the ash
and the way the ash[interacts with cement in the concrete. Many Class C asshes when
expossed to water will react and come to be diffecult just like cement, however now
notsClassfF ashes. Most, iffnotsall, Class Fsashes will handiest reactswith the by way of-
merchandese fashioned whilst cementsreacts withswater. ClassdC anddF flydashes
weredusedsin this studies mission.
Curently, greater thans50% of thesconcretesplaced within theUU.S. Comprehends flyfash.
Dosagesquotes very rellying at the form of fly ash and its reacctivity stage. Typicaly, ClassdF
flysash is usedaat dosages of 15%sto 25%svia mass of cementious matrial and ClasssC fly
ash ats15% to040%.dHowever,dflysashhhas now not beendused in indoors, steel-troweled
slabs becausedof the inharent troubles or chalenges related to flysash inconsistency and
delayeddconcrete acclimatisation [15].
One ofsthe prime profits of flyaash is itssreactionswith obtainable limesand alkalisin
concrete, fabricating extra cementetious compounds. The followingsequations demonstrate
the pozolanicdreaction of flyash withplime to deliver supplementary calciumssilicateshydrate
(C-S-H)sbinder [17].
CementsReaction: C3Sd+ H → C-S-Hd+ CaOHs
PozzolanicsReaction: CaOHs+ S → C-S-Hd

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Figure 3.1.Micrograph of Calcium silicate hydrate gel of Portland cement taken with Electron Microscope

1.4. ClassFF flaysash

The burningoof tougher, oldersanthracate and bitumenous coaldnormally producesdClass F
flysash. This flyaash is pozolanic insnature, and consists of lesssthan 7%dlimed(CaO).
Possesing pozolanic homes, the glassydsillica and allumina of ClassdF flysash calls for a
cementingsagent, together with Portlandscement, quicklime, ordhydrated lime—mixedswith
water tosreact andsproduce cementitiouspcompounds. Instead, including a chemical actevator
including sodiumssilicate (water glass)sto a ClasssF ashscan shape asgeopolymer [16].
1.5. ClasssC flysash
Flyaash made fromsthe burningsof youngerplignite orosub-bituminous coal, in additionito
having pozolanickproperties, also has a few self-cementingsproperties. In theipresence of
water, ClassdC fly ash hardenssand getssmore potent through the years. ClasssC flyaash
typically contans moresthan 20% limes(CaO). UnlikeiClasssF, self-cemanting ClasssC fly
ash doessno longer requireuansactivator. Alkalisandhsulfate (SO4) contentsiare commonly
highersin ClasskC flyashes [16].

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Figure 3.2. Photomicrographsmadeswith a scanningselectron microscopes(SEM): crossssection of fly
ashsparticles ats750xmmagnification

1.6. Flysashpproperties:
1.6.1. Fineness:
The fineness of flyash is critical as it impacts the fee of pozolanic hobbey and the workability
ofothe concrete. Specificationsirequire a minimum of sixty six percent passing theo0.044smm
(No.d325)ssieve.
1.7. Specificggravity:
Althoughsspecificogravity doessnow not directlypaffect concretessatisfactory, itshas fee in
figuring out modifications in different flyash traits. It have to be check often as a fine
manipulate measure, and corelated to different traits of fly ash that may betfluctuating.
1.7.1. Chemicalccomposition:
Thesreactive alluminosilicate and callcium alumenosilicate componentssof flyash are
routnely represanted of there oxide nomanclatures consesting of siliconsdioxide, alluminium
oxidesand calciumsoxide. The varibility ofsthe chemicalecomposition is checkedeoften assa
first-rate manipulateemeasure. The alluminosilicate additaves reactswith calciumahydroxide
to supply aditional cemantitious materials. Fly ashes generaly tend to make a contribution to
concrete energy at a quickererate when those additives are present in finer fractions of the fly
ash. Sulphurstrioxide contant is restracted to 5 %, as extra quantities were proven to boom
mortarsbar growth. Availablesalkalis in maximum ashessare lesssthan the specificationwlimit

21 | P a g e
of 1.5dpercent. Contants extra thansthis will make a contributionwto alkali-aggregate growth
issues.
1.7.2. Carbondcontent:
LOIeis a dimension of unburnedscarbon last within thesash. It can rangeeup to 5% according
toeAASHTO and 6 % in line witheASTM. The unburnedecarbon can absorb aireentraining
admixtures (AEAs) and growth water necesities. Also, a number of theecarbon in fly ash can
be encapsuleted in glass or in any other case be much less active and, consaquently, no longer
effect the mixture. Conversely, a few flyash withslow LOIsvaluessmay additionalyshave a
sort ofscarbon with a completely high floor vicenity, a good way to growth the AEA dosages.
Variationsein LOI can make contributionseto fluctuationsein air contentematerial and get in
touch with for extraecareful area monitoring ofeentrained airsin thesconcrete. Further, ifsthe
flyaashehas a veryshigh carbonscontent material, the carbonsdebris may waft to the pinnacle
at some stage in the concrete finishingetechnique and might produce dark-colored floor
streaks. [17]
1.7.3. Strengthddevelopment of fly ash:
StrengtheDevelopment: Previousestudies of fly ash concreteemixes have comonly showed
that mostemixes thatscontain ClasssF flyaash thatsreplacesePortland cementsat as1:1
(identical weight)sratio benefitacompressive power, asswell as tensileestrength,
greatereslowly than traditionaleconcrete mixes for as much as longsas 60sto 90sdays.
Beyonde60 to ninety days, ClasssF flyaash concretewmixes will in the endwexceed the
strengthwof traditional PCC mixes. For mixeswwith replacementwratios from 1.1 to 1.5:1 by
meanswof weight of Class F flyash to the Portlandwcement that is beingwchanged, 28-day
strengthwimprovement is about same to that of convantional concrete [1].
Class C flyeashes frequantly exhibit aahigher fee of reaction ataearly a longatime than Class
F fly ashes. SomeaClass C fly ashes are as powerfulaas Portland cement in developing 28-
daysstregth. Both Class F and Class C fly ashes are useful inside the production of excesive-
stregthrconcrete.
However, the AmericansConcreterInstitute (ACI)srecomends thatsClass Fsfly ash replace
froms15 to 25d% of thesPortlandscement andsClass Ccfly ashsreplace froms20 to 35
percentage [1].
1.8. Advantages of flydash concrete:
• The reduced permeabillity of concrete with the aid of the use of fly ash, additinally
aids to maintain competitive composits on the surfaceswherein the damaging motion

22 | P a g e
 is decreased. It is alsoshighlysresistent to assault with the aid of moderate acid, water
and sulphate.

• It efficiently combinesrwith alkalissfrom cement, whichsthereby preventssthe

unfavourablerenlargement.

• It is likewise helpfulsin decreasingrthe heatsof hydration. The pozolanic response in

among lime and fly ash will notablyrgenerate less warmth and for that reason,
prevents thermalrcracking.

• It chemically andteffectively bindsssalts and freeslime, which canscreate eflorescence.

The decrease permebility of flyaash concrete can eficiently lessen theseffects of
eflorescence.

• Flywash within thesconcretesmix eficaciously replacessPortlandscementsthat insturn

can resource in makingthuge savingstin concrete fabric fees.

• It is likewise an environmentaly-friendlytsolution, which meetstthe performance

specs. It can also make contributionstto LEED factors.

• It improvestthe strengthtthrough the years and for that reason, it offers extra power to
the constructing.

• Increased density and additionaly the long-time period strengthning movement of

flash that ties up with unfestened lime and as a consaquence, results in lower bleed
channels and additionaly decreases the permeability.

• The decreasedepermeability ofeconcrete by the use of fly ash, additionaly aids to hold
aggressive composites at the floor wherein the damagingrmovement is decreased. It is
also incrediblytresistant to attacktby way of slight acid, water andtsulphate [18].

23 | P a g e
 Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1. Materials:
OrdinaryrPortlandycement, naturalwvolcanic Pozolan,o(4.5mm -19mm) size of
crushedlgravel, water- reducing andoretarding concrete admixture and potableewater can be
usedrin this studies. Types IrPortlandrcement, naturalrvolcanic Pozolan and crushedegravel.
The details of the chemicalrcompositions of cement and naturaltvolcanic Pozolan can be
takenrconsistent with the ASTMrrequirement.
3.1.1. Cement:
Portlandecement is finelytpowdered, greyishofabric that consiststmainly of calcium
Aluminiumrsilicates. The commonruncooked substances fromswhich it's miles madesare
limestone,owhich deliver CaOdand clayssor shale, whichsequipsSiO2 andpAl2O3. Thesesare
grounddblended, fusedstopclinkers in adkiln, anddcooled. Gypsumsis brought andsthe
mixturesis floor to requiredrfineness.
Oversthesyears, fiveswidespreadrvarieties of Portlandrcement had beenrdeveloped. When
cement istmixed with water to shapeta smooth paste, it regularlyestiffens til it becomesesolid.
This processeis known as placingeand hardening. The cement is statedeto have set whilst it
profits suficient rigedity to help an arbitarily described strain, afterswhich itscontinues forsa
longstime toshardenii.e., to advantage simillarly energy. Theswater within the pastesdissolves
cloth on the surfacessof the cementsgrains andsbureaucrracy a gellthat gradualy will increase
insvolume and stifness. Thissends in aarapid stifening and hardeningoof thesmass. The main
merchandise of hydration are calcium silicaterhydrate, which is insoluble, and calcium
hydroxiede,rwhich isssoluble.
In normalrconcrete, the cementsis probablytnever absolutelythydrated. The get structure of
the hardenedRpaste seems to be the chiefrreason for the volume adjastments which might be
broughteon in concrete by usingeversions in moisture, which include the shrinkageeof
concrete as it dries.
The supply of cement, syntheticeby way of herat cement in turned into used on this research.
The chemical andephysicalrproperties of cement are given in desk 2.1. It compliesrwith
ASTM C150.

24 | P a g e
 Figure 3 1. Cement used for the concrete samples (Cherat Cement Company)

3.1.2. Flyaash:
Fly AshdFly ash used in thisdlook at is low calciumdelegance F procesed fly ash from Five
Star Fly Ash dealerdKarachi.

Figure 3 2. Fly ash from Five Star Fly Ash supplier Karachi.

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3.1.3. FinesAggregate:
Naturalesand of river swat which passing through 4.75 mm was usedwaswfinewaggregate.
Table 3 1.rPropertiesrof fineraggregate

Serial No Name of Property Quantity

Finalrsettingrtime 235 min

2 Initialrsettingrtime 81 min

3 Fineness of Cement 7%

4 Normal Consistency 32mm

Table 3 2. Sieve analysiskof fineaaggregate

Sievedsize in mm Wight of % Cumulative % Finest

soilgretained (gm) Weightgretained %gretained
10 0 0 0 0
4.75 17 3.4 3.4 96.6
2.36 29 5.7 9.1 90.9
1.18 70 14 23.1 76.9
600 150 31 54.1 45.9
300 210 43 97.1 2.9
150 19 2.5 99.6 0.4
75 1 0.1 99.7 0.3
Pan 1.6 0.1 99.8 0.1

Finenessfmodulus
= Total sumdofdcumulative % retained/100
= 286.4/100 =2.9

3.1.4. CoarsesAggregate:
Naturalraggregates are usually categorized as finepand coarse. Fine aggregateu(usually
naturalusand) is anyomaterial with the intention to skip asNo.r4 orr0.150mm.
Materialsswhich might be coarsersthan 0.150mmtare categorised as coarseraggregate.dWhen
favourabletgradation is favored, aggregatesare parted through sieving0into 2 or 3fmm

26 | P a g e
organizations of sand and numerous size businesses of coarsesaggregate. Thesescan thenbbe
combinedsconsistent with gradingscharts to bring about denselyspackedsaggregate.
Table 3 3. Properties of coarse aggregate

SerialoNo PropertypName Quantity

1 Aggregateecrushing value 26.31

2 AggregateeImpact value 26.32

3 Fineness Modulus 7.2

4 Specific Gravity 2.76

5 Bulk Density 1.60

Figure 3 3Crushed coarse aggregate from river swat

Table 3 4. Sievewanalysiswtest for coarsetaggregate

Sieversize in mm Wight ofrsoil % weight Cumulativer% % finest

retained (gm) rretained retained
80 0 0 0 0
63 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 0 0
20 39 3.9 3.9 96.1
16 399 39.9 43.8 56.2

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 12.5 450 45.0 88.8 11.2
10 60 6.0 94.8 5.2
Pan 30 3.0 97.8 2.2

Finenessrmodulus
= Total sumrof cumulative % retained/100
= 329.1/100 =3.2
3.2. MIXpproportion:
MixturetProportiontPervious concretetmixture require arcautious analysisrof mixture
propertiesrfor a structurerwhich has adequatetpower and permetting water to emptyevia its
matrix. Three extraordinry pervious concrete mixes might be prepared in this studies: the
primary mix will be made with (zero% Pozzolan, one hundred% cement), the second blend
may be made with (10% Pozzolan, ninety% cement), and the third blend could be made with
(20% Pozzolan, eighty% cement). For all 3smixes, the w / c ratio and waterstosbinder
substances (cement plussPozolan) ratioswill be taken 0.27. Coarse mixture to binder
substances ratio at three.6 and void content at 20% may be maintained.

Table 3 5. For concretetmixtdesign

Concreter Cementt Watert(kg) W/Ct(kg) Fine Coarset

Grade (kg) Aggregate Aggregate
(kg) (kg)

M35 380 180 0.4 920 1146

M30 390 180 0.4 700 1235

M25 340 192 0.5 800 1137

M20 320 200 0.5 905 1020

Table 3 6. For partialtreplacement oftcement by flytash

Concretet Cementt ReplacedtCement ReplacedtCement ReplacedtCement

Grade (kg) 30% by FlytAsh 40% by FlytAsh 50% by FlytAsh

28 | P a g e
 M35k 380 112 150 190
M30l 390 115 150 195
M25l 340 102 136 170

M20k 320 96 128 160

Table 3 7. For concrete Grade with corresponding 28 days of strength.

Grade Designation 28 Days Strength N/mm2

M20. 20r
M25/ 25r
M30/ 30r
M35/ 35r

3.3. SpecimensrPreparation and TestsMethods:

3.3.1. Specimenspreparation:
Mouldspreparation:
Cubes of 15 cm*15cm*15cm size and apply oil were applied for the cube and tighten the
screws of cube as shown in fig
Cement, fine and coarse aggregate were mixedrtogether. Then 50% of mixingrwater changed
into deliveredrto the combination.r The relaxation 50% of blendingrwater became delivered
to the admixture
(0.8%) and mixedttogether to insuretdisparsion of debris then it turned into delivered to the
combination within the automaticamixer for 5 min. The bestrmixture is now quickrexamined
for droop and poured into the moulds which might be convenently placed on electricrvibrator
in three layers. After few seconds of vibration the surface is well levelled before it's miles
hardened. Let the moulds dry for twenty-four hours. Then cast off the moulds and area it’s in
curing. The stoop for all the mixes is done in a widespreadthunch equipment

29 | P a g e
 Figure 3 4. All moulds are oiling before the concrete casting

Casting:
Casting is acomplished through movingtthe fresh concrete from the conveyingrdevice to its
very lastgarea within the forms.gPrior to setting, free rust turned into removed, cleaned, and
hardenedrthe surface for the concrete.rPlacing and consolidationrare crucialrin their impact
on the final best of therconcrete. Proper placement\became carriedrout for the purpose to
keepraway from segregation,rdisplacement of paperwork or offreinforcement withinsthe
forms, and bad bondsamong sucessive layerssof concrete. Imediately uponsplacing, the
concretesshould be consalidated, generaly through vibrators. This prevents honeycombing,
ensures closescontact withsforms andrreinforcements,dand servesras a partialstreatment to
viable previousdsegregation. Consolidationdis carried out throughdexcessive-frequency,
power-pusheddvibrators.
Freshsconcrete initial strengthsmost rapidlyfthroughout the firstsfew days andsweeks.
Structuralslayout is commonly primarily based at the 28-day power, abouts70 % of that is
reachedsat the quit of the firstsweek afterssetting
Curing:
Curingiis the procedure of controling the speed and quantity of moisturesloss fromsconcrete
at some stage in cementdhydration. It can be both after it has been positioneddin position (or
all through the manufacture of concretedmerchandise), thereby suplying timesfor the
hydrationsof thescement to arise. Since theshydration ofscement does takestime – days, or
evensweeks as opposed to hours – curingshave to becundertaken for an inexpensivecperiod of

30 | P a g e
timesif the concrete iscto reap its potentialcstrength and durabillity. Curingsmay additionaly
embody thescontrol ofrtemperature when yourconsider that this affects the charge at which
cement hydrates. Thescuring duration may additionaly depend upon the resedences required
of the concrete, the purpose for which it is to be used, and the ambienteconditions, i.e. The
temperature and relativerhumidity of the encompasing ecosystem. Curing is designed
primarily to maintain the concrete moist, via stopping the lack ofsmoisture fromsthe concrete
throughoutsthe duration in which it's far gaining energy. Curingscan be implemanted in some
of methods and the mostssuitable way of curingsmay be dictatedsby means of the sitesor the
constructionstechnique.

The testtspecimen cubestwere saved in an area loose from vibration in wet air at ninety%
relativerhumidity and at normalrtemperature for twenty-four hours from the time ofraddition
of water to dryringredients. After 24 hours therspecimens demouldedrand without delay
immersedrin clean, clean water tank for length ofrthree,7,28 days.

Figure 3 5. Curing in the tank for the 3, 7, and 28 days

3.3.2. Test
Slumpstest:
The concreterslump test take a look at measures the consistencyrof fresh concrete before it
units. It is carried out to check therworkability of freshlyrmade concrete, andrconsequently
the benefitrwith which concreterflows. It also can be used as a halmark of an improparly
mixedrbatch. The check is popularrbecause of the simplicityrof equipment used and easy
system.rThe stoop test is used to ensure uniformity for unique masses of concrete below
disciplinerconditions.

31 | P a g e
The slumpedtconcrete takes numerous shapes and in linetwith the profile oftslumped
concrete, the stooptis named as actualtdroop, shear stoop or disintegratetstoop. If a shear or
fall apart droop is achieved, a freshtpattern ought to be taken and the take a look at repeated.

Figure 3 6. Three Types of slump

Only aatrue droop issof anyruse in thestest. A colapse hunch will typicaly meansthat the
mixture is just toormoist or that it issa highsworkabilityrmix, forswhich the droop test isn't
approprate. Verysdry mixesrhaving droop 0 – 25smmsare commonlyrutilized in
roadsmaking, low workabilitysmixesshaving hunch 10–40smm are usuallysused for
foundationsswith mildsreinforcement, mediumrworkability mixesswith stoop 50 – 90smm,
are comonly used for normal bolstered concretesplaced withsvibration, highsworkability
concreteswith hunch > a hundred mm is normally used in which reinforcingshas tight
spacing, and/or the concreteshas to glidera supersdistance.

32 | P a g e
 Figure 3 7. Slump cone

Figure 3 8. True slump for the normal mix

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Compressivesstrength test:
Compressiveostrength is the capacitytof a fabric or shape to face up to hundreds tending to
lessen length, in place of tensile electricity, whichswithstands masses tendingsto lengthen. In
othersphrases, compressivesstrength resists compressions(beingsdriven collectively), while
tensile electricity resists anxiety (beingspulled apart). In the observe of power of materials,
tensile electricity, compressive power, and shearsstrength may be analysedrindependently.

Figure 3 9. Diagram of compression testing machine

Some materialstfracture at their compressivetenergy restriction; others deform ireversibly, so

a given quantity oftdeformation can be taken into considerationtbecause the restriction for
compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for layout of systems.

Hardened concrete specimens were tested for compressive power in accordance with ASTM
C39 using 150 mm dice.

34 | P a g e
Compressivehstrength tests on 3, 7, 14 andp28-day, are achieved for all of the specimens. In
thiststudies, totally 20 extrordinary specimens have been prepared and examined. In all
experiments, three cube specimens weretexamined for fc at the age of three, 7, 14 and 28-
day, in line withtASTM guidingtprinciple.

Figure 3 10. Sample is testing in the compression testing machine

Figure 3 11. Failure modes of samples after testing

35 | P a g e
 Chapter 4

4. Resultssand.Discussion
All the samples have been taken out of the curingRtank simply previous to the test. The
compressive test take a look at was carrieddout the use of a Compresion checking out gadget
and flexural strength become conducted via Flexural strength testingtmachine.
Concrete cubes of length 150×one hundred fifty×150mm were casted and tested for
compressive electricity and prism size of one hundred×one hundred×500mmin regular water
of with 30%,40%,50% alternative of fly ash for M20, M25, M30 and M35 grades of concrete.
In order to look at the sturdiness of fly ash replaced concrete. A alternative of fly ash 30%,
forty%, 50% have been selected for this look at to discover the impact on compressive energy
and flexural energy of concrete.
From the outcomesyof the present have a look at and informationyfrom the literature, the
above noted substitute range became selected for this look at of durability element
4.1. M20sconcrete:
Table 3 8. Proportion in kg for the M20 concrete

Concrete Cementd(kg) Waterd(kg) Waterd Fined Coarse

Grade Cement Aggregate Aggregated
Ratio (kg) (kg)
M20 320 200 0.5 905 1020

36 | P a g e
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M20 CONCRETE

18
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MPA

15

14
13

13
10
30 40 50
% FLY ASH REPLACMENT

7 days strength (Mpa) 28 days strength (Mpa)

Figure 4. 1. Compressive Strength for Mix Proportions (M20)

% cement replaced by fly 7 days strength (Mpa) 28 days strength (Mpa)

ash
30 15 18

40 13 14

50 10 13

Based on the investigational effects for the M20 concrete, the maximumy28 days power
result 18yMpa is gained for the 30% alternetive of cement byemeans of fly ash and the
minimal result 13 Mpa is acquired for the 50 % alternative of cement through fly ash.
The 7 days strength istlower than the 28tdays due to the fact the hydrationtresponse is very
slow to for the pozolanic substances to shape the calcium silicate thydrate gel which is
account for the actual strength of thetconcrete.

37 | P a g e
4.2. Md25 Concrete:

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M25 CONCRETE

19

16
COMPRESSIVE STREGNTH MPA

14
13

10

6
30 40 50
% FLAY ASH REPLACED

7 days strength (Mpa) 28 days strength (Mpa)

Figure 4. 2. Compressive Strength Results (M25)

% cement replaced by fly 7 daysystrength (Mpa) 28 daysystrength (Mpa)

ash
30 13 19

40 10 16

50 6 14

According to the experimental consequences for the M25yconcrete, the most 28 days result
19 Mpa is obtained for the 30% substitute of cement by fly ash and the minimum end result
14 Mpa is obtained for the 50 % replacement of cement by using fly ash.
For the 7 days electricity, thirteen Mpa is acquired for the 30% replacement of cement via fly
ash and minimum 6 Mpa compressive strength is obtained for the 50 % replacement of
cement by using fly ash.

38 | P a g e
4.3. M30sConcrete:

COMPRESSIVEFSTRENGTH OF M30 CONCRETE

22
20

20
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MPA

18

18
16
30 40 50
% FLAY ASH REPLACMENT

7 days strength (Mpa) 28 days strength (Mpa)

Figure 4. 3. Compressive Strength Results (M30)

% cement replaced by fly 7tdays strength (Mpa) 28tdays strength (Mpa)

ash
30 20 22

40 18 20

50 16 18

The experimental effects for the M30 concrete, the most 28 days strength end result 22 Mpa
is acquired for the 30% substitute offcement by way of flyfash and the minimumfresult 18
Mpa is received for thef50 % alternative of cement by flyfash.
For the 7 daysfstrength, 20 Mpa is received for the 30% replacement ofdcement by usingdfly
ash and minimum 16 is acquired fordthe 50 % replacementdof cement through flydash.

39 | P a g e
4.4. M35sConcrete:

Compressive Strength of M35 concrete

compressive Strength Mpa
40 37
35
30 26 27
24
25 22 22
20
15
10
5
0
30 40 50
% fly ash replacment
7 days strength (Mpa) 28 days strength (Mpa)

Figure 4. 4. CompressivefStrengthfResults (M35)

% cement replaced by fly 7 daysfstrength (Mpa) 28 daysfstrength (Mpa)

ash
30 26 37

40 24 27

50 22 22

Results acquired from the test for the M30 concrete, the most 28 daysfstrength result 37tMpa
is obtained forgthe 30% alternative of cementgby using flygash and thegminimalgresult 22
Mpa is received for the 50 % replacementdof cementdby fly ash.
For the 7 daysdstrength, 26 Mpa is acquired for the 30% replacementdof cement by using fly
ash and minimal 22dMpa is received for the 50 % substitute of cementdby means ofdfly ash.

40 | P a g e
 Chapter 5

5. Conclusionsandrrecommendation:
Increase in the production enterprise has risen thedcement call for distinctly in recent many
years. During cement production procedures the CO2 emits and it responsible approximately
7% of the greenhouse gases. To lower the need for cement will directly or circuitously lessen
the contribution of CO2 into the greenhousedgases. In this, the cement turned into changed
with the aid of flyfash that's the commercial waste received from the thermalfelectricity plant.
The flyrash first of all impartsrhigh strength to concrete and additionaly reduce the
permeabilitytofrconcrete.
Different concrete specimens were organized byrvarying the proportionsrof fly ash for 30%,
40%eand 50%eof cubes cured in regular water for the 28 days and 7 days. The propertiestlike
Slump conertest, Compactionrfactor take a look at for freshrconcrete and Compressive
strength for hardened concrete have been demonstrated, after which all of the effects had
been analysed.
Based at the evaluation of experimentalfresults, the strength gaining fee with time is reducing
when the replacementdof cement by flydash is growing.
5.1. Concludingsremarks:
1. Based on experimental outcomes, increasing partialfreplacement offcement by means
offfly ash reducing the energy of concrete.
2. Based on the experimental results for thefM20, M25, M30 and M35 concrete, the
maximumf28 days energy result 37 Mpa is acquired for the 30% replacement of cement
with the aid of fly ash for the M35 concrete.
3. The minimum 28 days result 13 Mpa is received for the 50 % alternative of cement
via fly ash for the M20 concrete.
4. The seven days electricity is lower than the 28 days due to the fact the hydration
response may be very gradual to for the pozolanic substances to shape the
calciumssilicateshydrate gel which is an account for the real strengthh of the concrete
5.2. Recommendation:s
1. Experimental,dttheoretical, and numericalgresearch is needed to advantage greater
knowledge and confidence approximately the ideal substitute and its behaviourffor
futurefuse.

41 | P a g e
2. A numerical model for Normal Concrete pattern and fly ash pattern must be analyzed
by means of applyingfthe most failure load from this experimentdafter which compare
thosefresults for thegvalidation.

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