Daily Review

Drawing Energy Level and Electron Dot Diagrams Draw an energy level
1. Identify the type of diagram required diagram for an oxygen atom.
2. Use the periodic table to find the number of electrons:
i. Energy level = all electrons (same as atomic number)
ii. Electron dot = valence electrons (from group number) 1. Energy level
3. Draw the diagram
2. Atomic number 8 = 8
electrons total

O
Daily Review
Drawing Energy Level and Electron Dot Diagrams Draw an electron dot
1. Identify the type of diagram required diagram for a lithium atom.
2. Use the periodic table to find the number of electrons:
i. Energy level = all electrons (same as atomic number)
ii. Electron dot = valence electrons (from group number) 1. Electron dot
3. Draw the diagram
2. group 1 = 1 valence
electron

Li
Daily Review
Drawing Energy Level and Electron Dot Diagrams Draw an electron dot
1. Identify the type of diagram required diagram for a boron atom.
2. Use the periodic table to find the number of electrons:
i. Energy level = all electrons (same as atomic number)
ii. Electron dot = valence electrons (from group number) 1. Electron dot
3. Draw the diagram
2. group 13 = 3 valence
electrons

B
Ions and Valency
Year 10 Chemistry
Learning Objectives
To describe ions and valency in terms of loss or gain of electrons.
To predict the valency of ions based on their electron configuration.

Activate Prior Knowledge Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 18

Elements in the same group

in the periodic table have
similar properties.

What does the group

number indicate about the
electron configuration of
elements in that group?
 CFU 1
Concept Development In which group are the
noble gases found?
Group 18 – The noble gases: Chemistry’s role models
• The noble gases are very unreactive, they are inert gases.
CFU 2
• Their electron configuration is the reason why noble gases are inert.
What do the electron
configurations of noble
gases have in common?
He 2
Ne 2 8
CFU 3
Ar 2 8 8
Which element is the
Kr 2 8 18 8 exception?
Xe 2 8 18 18 8
Rn 2 8 18 18 32 8

• All noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer energy level, with the
exception of helium which has only 2 electrons.
• This make the noble gases very stable and unreactive.
 CFU 1 CFU 2
Concept Development Which part of an atom What can happen to
interacts in a reaction? electrons in a reaction?
Group 18 – The noble gases: Chemistry’s role models
• In a chemical reaction, the valence electrons of atoms interact.
CFU 3
• Electrons are shared or exchanged during the reaction.
How many electrons do
• At the end of the reaction, atoms have the same electron configuration fluorine atoms gain?
Explain why.
as the noble gas with the closest atomic number.
CFU 4
• Most elements react to get 8 electrons in their outermost energy level.
How many electrons do
• Fluorine has 7 valence electrons, so it will gain one more to have 8 nitrogen atoms gain?
electrons in the outermost energy level. Explain why.
 CFU 1
Concept Development When do atoms gain
electrons?
Group 18 – The noble gases: Chemistry’s role models
• Depending on which makes the least change to the atom, atoms either:
CFU 2
• gain electrons to fill their valence energy level or
Which element would
• lose electrons to empty their valence energy level lose electrons? Why?

• If an atom already has a full valence energy level, it does not CFU 3

gain or lose electrons. Which element is stable

and does not gain or
lose electrons? Why?
• Atoms which have gained or lost electrons are called ions.
• They are no longer neutral – they have become charged.
 CFU 1 CFU 2
Concept Development Do positive ions form A magnesium atom has
when electrons are 2 valence electrons. Will
Positive Ions gained or lost? it gain or lose electrons?
• Positive ions form when atoms lose electrons. And how many?
• The number of electrons lost gives the amount of positive charge.
• The charge is written at the top right of the symbol. CFU 3
What is the charge on a
magnesium ion? Write
the symbol for the
magnesium ion.
Electron configuration of sodium: 2, 8, 1

Sodium loses 1 valence electron to another element.

A sodium ion has the same electron configuration as neon (2, 8)

– the nearest noble gas.

When sodium loses 1 electron, its overall charge becomes +1 Na+

 CFU 1
Concept Development Write the ion formed
from a potassium atom.
Positive Ions
• Positive ions form when atoms lose electrons.
• The number of electrons lost gives the amount of positive charge.
• The charge is written at the top right of the symbol.
CFU 2
Write the ion formed
from a beryllium atom.
• Al3+ : an aluminium ion forms when an aluminium
atom loses its 3 valence electrons

• Li+ : a lithium ion forms when a lithium

atom loses its 1 valence electron

• Ca2+ : a calcium ion forms when a calcium

atom loses its 2 valence electrons
 Reminder: CFU 1 CFU 2
Concept Development The end of a negative ion’s Do negative ions A nitrogen atom has 5
name changes to -ide form when electrons valence electrons. Will it
Negative Ions are gained or lost? gain or lose electrons?
• Negative ions form when atoms gain electrons. And how many?
• The number of electrons gained gives the amount of negative charge.
• The charge is written at the top right of the symbol. CFU 3
What is the charge on a
nitride ion? Write the
symbol for a nitride ion.
Electron configuration of oxygen: 2, 6

Oxygen gains 2 valence electrons from another element.

An oxide ion has the same electron configuration as neon (2, 8)

– the nearest noble gas.

When oxygen gains 2 electrons, its overall charge becomes -2. O-2
 CFU 1
Concept Development Write the ion formed
from a chlorine atom.
Negative Ions
• Negative ions form when atoms gain electrons.
• The number of electrons gained gives the amount of negative charge.
• The charge is written at the top right of the symbol.
CFU 2
Write the ion formed
from a nitrogen atom.
• F- : a fluoride ion forms when a
fluorine atom gains 1 valence electron

• P3- : a phosphide ion forms when a

phosphorus atom gains 3 valence electrons

• S2- : a sulfide ion forms when a sulfur

atom gains 2 valence electrons
 CFU 2 CFU 1
Concept Development Does bromine (Br) form Does nickel (Ni) form
positive or negative ions? positive or negative ions?

Ions and the Periodic table

The periodic table is
divided into metal and
non-metal elements.

Metal elements tend

to form positive ions.

Non-metal elements
tend to form negative
ions.
Skill Development/Guided Practice Write the symbol for a sodium ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 1 valence electron
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 1)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Loses 1 electron
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. +1
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
Na+1

+1
Skill Development/Guided Practice Write the symbol for a phosphide ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 5 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 15)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Gains 3 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. -3
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
P-3

-3
Skill Development/Guided Practice Write the symbol for an aluminium ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 3 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 13)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Loses 3 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. +3
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
Al+3

+3
 Draw the energy level diagram for a
Skill Development/Guided Practice magnesium ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 2 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 2)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Loses 2 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. +2
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
Mg+2

+2
 Draw the energy level diagram for a
Skill Development/Guided Practice sulfide ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 6 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 16)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Gains 2 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. -2
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
S-2

-2
 Draw the energy level diagram for a
Skill Development/Guided Practice potassium ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 1 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 1)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Loses 1 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. +1
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
K+1

+1
 Draw the energy level diagram for a
Skill Development/Guided Practice nitride ion.
Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table 1. 5 valence electrons
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number (group 15)
2. Identify number of electrons lost or gained to reach nearest noble 2. Gains 3 electrons
gas configuration (fewer than 4 = lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed 3. -3
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
N-3

-3
Relevance
• The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an element relates to properties of the
element.
• The different properties of elements determine how they are used.

• The valence electrons in atoms determine their chemical properties and how they react with
other elements.
• Understanding the relationship between electron configuration and valency will help you
predict the charge on ions.

• Knowing the valencies of ions will allow you to write chemical

formulae for common compounds.
 Predicting valency of ions from the Periodic Table
Skill Closure
1. Identify the number of valence electrons from the group number
State the number of valence electrons
2. Identify numberinofatoms of lost
electrons theorfollowing
gained toelements.
reach nearest noble
a) Nitrogen gas configuration
b) Potassium (fewer than 4d)= Bromine
c) Selenium lose e-, more than 4 = gain e-)
3. Calculate the charge formed
4. Write the symbol or draw the energy level diagram for the ion
Skill Closure
Write the symbols of the ions formed for each element in the first question.

Skill Closure
Draw an energy
level diagram for
an oxide ion.
Important points about Ions
i. Ions have a charge because the number of electrons and protons are no longer equal.
ii. Metal ions keep the name of the metal atom.
iii.For non-metal atoms, the end of the name changes to “ide”. i.e. fluorine becomes fluoride
iv. The charge on an ion is called its valency.
v. Some metals can have different valencies. When naming the ion, the valency is written as
roman numerals in brackets after the element name i.e. Fe2+ is Iron (II) and Fe3+ is Iron (III)
vi. Ions never occur alone in a substance. In any substance containing ions, the total positive
charge always equals the total negative charge so that the substance is neutral.
Valency table
The valency of some common ions are shown below. You need to memorise these!
Learn these ones first The valency is in the name The valency is from the group number
POSITIVE IONS NEGATIVE IONS
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Hydrogen H+ Cobalt Co2+ Fluoride F- Oxide O2-
Sodium Na+ Zinc Zn2+ Chloride Cl- Sulfide S2-
Potassium K+ Lead (II) Pb2+ Bromide Br- Sulfate SO42-
Silver Ag+ Tin (II) Sn2+ Iodide I- Carbonate CO32-
Copper (I) Cu+ Copper (II) Cu2+ Hydroxide OH- Nitride N3-
Lithium Li+ Aluminium Al3+ Ethanoate CH3COO- Phosphide P3-
Ammonium NH4+ Chromium(III) Cr3+ Nitrate NO3- Phosphate PO43-
Iron (II) Fe2+ Iron (III) Fe3+
Calcium Ca2+ Tin (IV) Sn4+
Barium Ba2+ Lead (IV) Pb4+
Magnesium Mg2+
Independent Practice In your exercise book, write the date and title “Ions and
Valency” and answer the questions.
1. Name the following positive ions.
a) H+ b) Mg2+ c) Cu2+ d) Fe2+ e) Al3+ f) Fe3+ g) Ba2+ h) Zn2+

2. Name the following negative ions.

a) O2- b) F- c) N3- d) S2- e) Cl- f) Br- g) P3- h) I-

3. Use the periodic table to write the formula showing the valency of the following ions.
a) Iodide b) Rubidium c) Strontium d) Selenide e) Phosphide f) Bromide

4. Use the ion name to write the formula showing the valency of the following ions.
a) Iron (II) b) Copper (I) c) Lead (IV) d) Tin (II) e) Iron (III) f) Chromium (III)

5. Draw energy level diagrams for the ions below.

a) Lithium b) Nitride c) Chloride d) Oxide e) Magnesium f) Phosphide
Independent Practice ANSWERS 4. Draw energy level diagrams for
1. Name the following positive ions. the ions below.
a) Hydrogen b) Magnesium c) Copper (II) d) Iron (II) a) Lithium b) Nitride

e) Aluminium f) Iron (III) g) Barium h) Zinc

2. Name the following negative ions.

a) Oxide b) Fluoride c) Nitride d) Sulfide c) Chloride d) Oxide
e) Chloride f) Bromide g) Phosphide h) Iodide

3. Use the periodic table to write the formula showing the

valency of the following ions.
a) I-1 b) Rb+1 c) Sr+2 d) Se-2 e) P-3 f) Br-1 e) Magnesium f) Phosphide

4. Use the ion name to write the formula showing the

valency of the following ions.
a) Fe+2 b) Cu+1 c) Pb+4 d) Sn+2 e) Fe+3 f) Cr+3