Slum Residents As Secondary Contributors in

Market Economy - A Case Study of Hyderabad”

Abstract—Slum areas are a globalized problem as several countries suffer from, especially the
developing countries. According to UN estimations, almost one billion people reside in urban
areas live under housing conditions that are characterized as slum areas or squatter settlements
and substantially consider as “poverty traps”. The urban slums sprawl poses questions for
economic research, as well as problems for policymakers. Pakistan suffers from the problem of
slums areas among all its governorates. This research “slums residents as secondary
contributors in market economy - A case study of Hyderabad” aims to explore the massive
contribution of slum labors in the human capital, the internal and external threats of slums
residents with the help of their narratives and relationship between skills and income. This
research will study the conditions, market economy, the challenge/threats, factors which affect
the continuity of slums areas in Pathan colony and Dadan Shah, the consequences of these slum
on the surrounding environment and the policies suggested by Government expert by survey
questioner for upgrading and development. The Study highlights that solutions for low socio-
economic status of slums depend on the implementation of recommended policies, i.e.
Increasing Availability of Slum Data, Participation of Private Sector with Slums and Enhanced
Interoperability of slum dwellers to economic security. And it can be achieved by coordination
of the Govt: agencies, the involvement of slum dwellers, implementation and compliance of the
relevant laws. 

Key Words: Secondary Contribution, Hyderabad City Slums, Internal and External Threats to
Slums, Dadan Shah, Pathan Colony

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION
 S
lum areas are globalized problem as several countries suffer
from, especially the developing countries. According to UN
estimations, almost one billion people reside in urban areas
live under housing conditions that are characterized as slum
areas or squatter settlements.
Informal settlements account for more than 50% of the
urbanized area in some cities. According to the UN Global
Report on Human Settlements 2003, 924 million people, or
31.6% of the world‟s urban population lived in slums in 2001
and forecasts indicate that it will increase to 2 billion people in
the next 30 years if no concrete actions is undertaken. There is
a significant variation between definition of slums across
countries and regions, including a wide range of names and
tenure agreements.In its simplest definition, slum is "a densely
populated usually urban area marked by crowding, dirty run-
down housing, poverty, and social disorganization”. The
Cities Alliance action plan defines slums as “neglected parts of
cities where housing and living conditions are appallingly
poor”(The Cities Alliance,1999).
In 2002, the UN Statistical Office, in collaboration with the
Cities Alliance, describes slum as a region containing the
following characteristics to varying degrees:
A lack of access to clean water;
Lack of sewage access and other amenities;
The low standard of the housing structures;
Congestion; dwelling status vulnerable. or geographical
expansion transitions.
The National Sample Survey Organization NSSO, in India,
describes slum as a “compact settlement with a collection of
poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded
together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water
facilities in unhygienic conditions”(Chandrasekhar,2005).
Furthermore, slums and Katchi Abadi need to be recognized, a
term used for informal settlement in Pakistan. Slums and
katchii Abadi word within South Asia is interchangeable.
Major challenge of globalization and urbanization is the
expanding of slums in the cities. So the UN Millennium seeks
to radically transform the lives of at minimum 100 million
slum residents by 2020. Slum areas have enormous numbers of
underprivileged groups, with the most impoverished physical
conditions for housing. Every country has its different slums
character which refers to many factors. The correct
understanding of those factors and their relations with each
other is an important approach to overcome this problem. The
research presents the slums on state land of Hyderabad-
Pakistan.
Hyderabad is the 2nd largest city of Pakistan also faces the
massive issues of slums. As this area is bounded with the rural
areas of Sindh, so every year a huge population from these
rural areas migrates towards Hyderabad for better economic
opportunities. This research would explore all the reasons
through which slums occurred in Hyderabad city as well as
examine the positive contribution(participation in GDP) that is
emerging from the slum centers.
The jobs in city areas are usually classified into two categories
white-collar, and blue-collar jobs. And these white-collar jobs
are notified in the market economy and considered as
respectable sources of income. But most of the slums dwellers
do blue-collar jobs to meet their basic necessities. These blue-
collar jobs are considered as a secondary contribution of the
slums in our research. And that is the major reason for their
poverty which results in further issues. These issues become
their fears and notified as of challeges/thrats in economic
sustainability. This research explores the external and internal
threats of slums. Major threats identified in different studies
that people migrated towards the city for better living
standard but in cities, they find minimal jobs because
immigrants lack those skills which are demanded in the city
market economy. In rural areas, they had a jajmani system so
they did not have a fear of food. But in cities, they need some
job to fulfill their basic needs. They don’t have enough skills to
get better opportunities. In this condition, they have no choice
to pick low wages jobs (Malecki & Ewers, 2007; Pawar &
Mane, 2013) Another major external threat for them is the
demolition of slum areas by the government that is why they
invest less in their houses and as live in poor environmental
conditions (Opeyemi, Olabode, Olalekan, & Omolola, 2012).
The major internal threat for them is Crime. Crime rates in
slum areas are much higher and the fear of Rogers enforce
them to hide their income (Davis, 2006). Low living standards
cause frustration and tension and as a result, physical and
verbal abuse is very common in those areas. (Sogwami and
Manna, 2013.
From previous studies conducted on slums, they only
identified the categorization of slum (Brugmann, 2010;
Malecki & Ewers, 2007; Pawar & Mane, 2013; Opeyemi,
Olabode, Olalekan, & Omolola, 2012). The main focus of this
research is
1. To highlight the external and internal threats of the slum
area.
2. To propose policy recommendations.
This research would help the Hyderabad development
authority to put their effort into human capital of slums and
utilized their skills and to the expand the economy
overall.Development of slum areas includes coordination of
the activities of govt agencies, the involvement of slum
dwellers,implementation and compliance of the relevant laws.
Slum Development Sectors
↓ ↓ ↓
Slum Dweller → Law Sector → Government
1.1 STUDY AREA
We choose to do research “Secondary contribution of slums
in market economy” in Hyderabad-city division (Sindh) in
Pakistan. Hyderabad- city Division has almost 37 slums.Out of
which 34 are notified Katchi Abadis.The reason to choose
Hyderabad city is that it is 8th most largest city of Pakistan.Its
industrial sector contributes almost 25%GDP to Pakistan
economy.Almost 75% of Sindh-Karachi industry is located in
Hyderabad. It is rapidly being urbanized by informal
settlements.Previously no work regarding research on slums Congestion
have been done in Hyderabad.Of these areas, the research is Insecure housing condition
concentrated on slums of Dadan Shah and Pathan Colony in
more details.Pathan and Dadan shah colony are center 2.2 A worldwide overview of slums
attraction for immigrants because these cost relatively low
socioeconomic expenditures as compared to other areas. Urbanization has resulted in a big share of informal
settlements in cities worldwide, almost 860 million people are
2 LITERATURE REVIEW now living in slums, and slum dwellers rose at a rate of 6
2.1 TERMINOLOGIES million per year in the last two decades.
Concerns that the word slum is emotive and pejorative have
been articulated. As a substitute, the term informal settlement Table:2.1 World largest slums
was recommended. The United Nations, for example, keeps
going to pertain to slums within the SDGs; informal settlement Slums Country,City Population
and slum are not equated.(Marx et al. 2013a) Neza/Chalco/Izta Mexico City, Mexico 4 million
Definition by UNESCO: The United Nations Educational Liberatador Caracasi, Venezuela 2.2 million
Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) describes an El Suri/Ciudad Bolivar Bogotai, Columbia 2 million
urban slum as "a clustered area where occupants are depicted SaniJuanideiLurigancho Lima, Perui 1.5 million
to have deficient infrastructure and essential facilities." Cono Sur Lima, Peru 1.5 million
Definition by UN-Habitat: However, the most commonly used Ajegunle Lagos, Nigera 1.5 million
concept adopted by the United Nations Human Settlements Sadaricity Bangladesh,iraq 1.5 million
Program (UN-Habitat) is focused on dwellings in which a Sowetoi Gautung, South 1.5 million
slum dwelling is characterized as: 'a community of inhabitants Africa
residing under the common shelter lacking one or more of the Gaza Palestine 1.3 million
accompanying conditions; accessibility to improved sanitation, Orangi Karachi,Pakistani 1.2 million
sufficient residential space, accommodation resilience and
protection.(UN-Habitat, 2003) In 2017, 4.1B people were living in urban areas.This implies
These conflicting meanings give rise to two problems. First, that more > 55% is living in urban environments. The UN
the slum is a multi-dimensional structure — so, that no reports that this landmark occurrence took place in rural areas
concept can be fully satisfactory. Second, while people when the number of residents in urban areas exceeded the
instinctively conceive slums as dwelling clusters, the UN- total in 2007.
Habitat concept does not include this geographical More than 80 % of the population live in urban areas across
framework. most high-income countries. Between 50 - 80% of people do it
Pakistan's Government has acknowledged dual terminology across most upper-middle-income-countries. Many also reside
referring to outsourced or underserviced territories: in rural areas in many low and lower-middle-income-
countries.
i. Katchi abadis: these are informal dwellings spawned by The cumulative number of citizens described as residing in
squatting or unofficial towns of government or federal urban and rural areas spanning from 1960 to 2016.By 1960
territory, and there were double as many people residing in regional
ii. Slums: such communities comprise of annexed communities (2B) even in urban (1B). In 2007, the city and
metropolitan households or unofficial segments built on rural population levels were "nearly precisely the same at 3.33
communal and cropland. The katchi abadis are of 2 billion each. Human populations in 2016 increased to 4 B;
kinds: (i) Establishments formulated at the time of while the world's villages population only marginally grew to
division by unstructured encroachment of government 3.4B.
land and most of them demolished and downsized The latest global estimates suggest that just out of 3 people,
during the 1960s or were standardized; ii) Informal One live in slum households in urban areas.
subdivisions of state lands (ISD), further divided into: We note that the proportion of the urban population living in
slums has been declining over time for most countries. So, for
a).Notified katchi abadis: settlements earmarked for example, from 1990 to 2014 e.g percentage of dwellings
regularization through local government infrastructure and declined from 1990 to 2014: (Ritchie, 2018).
(b).Non-notified katchi badis: settlements not to be
regularized. (Geetha & Swaminathan,1996). Countries 1990-2014
Such definitions match the traditional view of what a slum is. China 44-25%
Still, they are not correlated with operationalization.(Ejaz, India 55-25%
2010). Brazil 37-22%
Operational Definition by UN-Habitat:UN-Habitat (2002) Nigeria 77-50%
provided a conceptual term, i.e. a ghetto is an environment
that consolidates the below features to varying degrees.
Insufficient exposure to clean water; 2.2.2 Numbers living in urban slums
unfortunate proximity to sanitary and other facilities;
Inferior residential construction quality;
 8 billion people will live in urban areas. Of these, about 2 Begun Bari Duaripara Kawnia Driver Colony
billion will live in slums, mainly in Africa and Asia. The Lalbagh Korail slum Mach Colony Mannan
measurement of slum populations is not an exact science. Nama Para Mymensingh Nubur Power House
Bhola Pura City Palli ----
2.5 Globalization in Asia and the tenements Mohammadpur Rail Line Molla ----

Asia 's total population will surpass 2600M in 2030, compared  Slums in Indonesia
to 604M in Latin America and 766M in Africa.(Population
reference bureau, 2001) Roughly half of Jakarta compromises slums

2.5.1 Asian Slums  Slums in Pakistan

About 1/3rd of Asian urban population already resides in
slum areas, and the real slum population continues to rise as Machar Colony Lyari Town Orangi
population centers expand. In 2014, East Asia, including
China, was home to the most urban poor, followed by Sub- However, only some parts of Orangi be characterized as
Saharan-Africa, as per statistics from the United-Nations slums, now it is a municipality.
highlighted in the latest global report entitled "Expanding
Opportunities for Urban Poors"[8].  Slums in south korea
Guryong Village
List of Slums in Asia  Slums in Sri lanka
 Slums in India
Mumbai Maligawatte Usavi Watta Wanathamulla
Dharavi Janupad Baiganwadi Bangang
a a Maligawatte is no more a slum it has already been converted to
a high quality accommodation buildings.

Delhi 2.6 What is a slum economy?

Kirti Sultanpuri Hauz qazi Kusumpur
Nagar, Pahari Slum economics consist of slum-based enterprises and
Munirka New Ashok Uttam Sangam vihar staff, and the complicated system of capital accumulation and
Nagar Nagar entities involved in and facilitates this industrial execution.
• Slum companies – workers and account staff.
Chennai • Pay earning poor immigrants – jobs in and outdoors of
Vyasarpadi Royapuram Kasimedu ghetto.

Scale and Scope of the slum economy

 Slum in Jabalpur
Sarvodaya Nagar Slum economies support the day‐to‐day needs of more than
 Slum of Jaipur 830 million slum dwellers, representing over 30% of
Kathputhli slum developing countries’ urban population, and are the primary
 Slums of Howrah source of employment for the estimated 400‐580 million
working slum dwellers. More than half of informal employees
Pilkhana Tikia Para are self-employed informally, ranging through one-person
businesses to appointed-labour businesses. The majority is
engaged in illegal wage jobs at formally and informally
 Salia Sahi businesses, and are usually vulnerable to low pay, lousy
working conditions and other types of oppression. However,
 Others the economic importance of the shithole communities is
generally deficient in the sense of the total output of cities. For
example, Dharavi's projected annual production of 600 million
Arif Nagar Arjun Singhpura Arvinds Nagar dollars to One billion dollars represents less than 0.5 per cent
Guda Upar Rasoolpura Supatal of Mumbai's GDP.
Harijan Mohalla Ramaji Ka pura Sethi Sambandh Slum economies also have substantial social services. For
Indira Ekta Nagar Panchsheel Nagar Prem Sagar example, waste pickers, many of whom are slum dwellers, are
Banganga Tekri Mohalla Basanti estimated in most developed countries to conduct 50-100 per
Vadaj cent of trash collection activities. Auto-rickshaw drivers, often
living in slums, represent 10-20 per cent of nonstop wheeled
 Slums in Bangladesh transportation trips in.Rajkot, Bangalore,.Mumbai and Pune in
India.
Shithole-based businesses produce stuff for local and overseas
markets in many slums. E.g., in the case, Dharavi is home to at
least five thousand leather shops making products for the
Indian and export markets.
The slum economy's structure is also influenced by slum
features, such as size, location and solidity of the
establishment; alongside some inner-facing actions in vast
shantytowns, the majority of slum economic growth attacks
outside customers.With a competitive domestic market, up to
40 per cent of inhabitants of vast slums can seek employment
that meets the needs of other city dwellers. However, most
poor residents living in smaller slums depend on the
assignment that is oriented towards the outside.
By 2020, slum economies will be an increasingly significant
source of urban jobs, employing up to 630 million slum
dwellers. (Rocketfeller foundation, 2013)
What are external/internal threats that are effect or
exacerbating the economic composition of slums?
1.Internal Threats
 Lack of exposure to financial planning, expertise and
trade relations
 Slum dwellers often lack access to formal finance, literacy
and skills, and linkages to non‐slum markets, limiting
both employment and enterprise growth opportunities.
 Poor hygienic living conditions,
 High Exposure to contagious Disease
 Less approach health care facilities
 Crime/Drug smuggling
2. External threats exacerbating the economic
composition of slums Table:
A pink collar worker refers to anyone that operates in the
career oriented sector or in areas that have traditionally been
perceived as w omen's jobs. This may involve makeup
industry, employment, caring, social services, education,
secretarial work, or child care.White-collar employees are
stereo-based suit and tie personnel who work on a computer
and typically eschew manual labour. Stereotypical blue collar
worker refers to workers involved in intense physical labor,
typically in production , distribution, building, mining or
restoring.In particular, blue collars add to the economy of the
ghettos. (Rocketfeller foundation, 2013),(Griffin & Tippin,
2016)
The creation and distribution of income:Urban history indicates
that people migrate together in cities to grow economic
resources, and income generation was viewed as the leading
benchmark of social progress until recent times when concerns
about the quality of life became more trendy. In general,
wages and economic growth are better in metropolitan areas,
reflecting the contrast between national gross domestic
product ( GDP) and average suburban output. Nevertheless, it
is evident that the most considerable differences between
developed and developing economies are in employment,
production, and capital, as well as in the types of output and
expenditure that this enables. For cities in the developed
world, average household income is around 17 times greater
than in the most deficient 20 percent of towns, and city output
and GDP per person are 37 times higher.(UN-Habitat, 2003)
Previous Researches on Slums
Two Areas of Research Work on Slums
I. 2006-2015
II. 2016-2020

Policies indicating a step towards a settlement in (1).Political.System (2).Economic (3).Social System

the slums economic system System

Substantially deeper dimensions around expanded slum (4) .Lack of 5).Insecure access (6).Social
information accessibility and increased private sector judicial authority to public and seclusion
engagement in slums provide possibilities for forming private territory
initiatives that improve the slum economy's objectives. (7).Improper (8).Poor available (9).Unsupportable
1. Increasing Availability of Slum Data to Inform Urban Platforms and information hostile
Decision‐making services   municipalities
2. Participation of Private Sector with Slums (10).Inequitable (11).Unavailability
3. Enhanced Interoperability of slum dwellers to economic and of infrastructure
security. inefficient labor and other
markets Supporting
Enterprises facts

Contribution of slums in GDP and Human Capital

Human capital is defined as:“The knowledge, skills,
competencies and other attributes embodied in individuals or
groups of individuals acquired during their life and used to
produce goods, services or ideas in market circumstances”.
(Pettinger, 2019)
Human capital is typically composed of 3 types of employees.
2006-2015
Different researchers did work on slums from 2006-
2015.But their research work was only limited to Defining
slums, categorization of slums,mapping slums, what factors
played major role in urbanization,population living in slums
and identifying characteristics of slums.
In 2006 Davis wrote a book “Planet of slums”This is a
horrifying summary of the economic, social, and
environmental status of international southern cities. At its
root, it has an intrinsic virtue, "the universe is a ghetto." He
portrayed the expansion and metamorphosis of slum dwellers
from Cairo to Manila, from Lagos to Lima as both an emblem
and a lead for a massive disparity in quality of life (social and
economic and metaphysical) among poor and rich — regional,
provincial and international levels in scale, nineteenth-century
industrial revolution and colonialism are substantial
revolutions of 3rd world slum dwellers. (Northridge, 2009).
In 2007 Malecki & Ewers, & In 2010 and 2013 Brugmann did
work on slums. Their work was concentrated primarily on one
of three dimensions: observing socio-economic and political
issues, evaluating physical attributes; and, finally, sculpting
slums. Their article analyses and asserts that a more
comprehensive solution is required to review ghettos to
perceive them while each is important fully. Major issues
identified in these studies that people migrated towards the
city for better living standards but in cities they find minimal
jobs but lack skills which are demanded in the city market
economy.. In this condition they have no choice to pick low
wages job. (Maleckei & Ewer, 2007)(Brugmann, 2009).
In 2013 Sogwami and Manna examined the living standards of
slums; that poverty is the main root of environmental
degradation because poor cannot access to those resources
which a rich class attain. So they are dependent on natural
resources for upgrading their living standards and as a result
they deplete natural resources faster. Another major issue he
identified in his research was abuse they debated that poor
housing facilities, clashes, overcrowded regions, lack of proper
sanitation system, stressful environment, lack of children’s
recreational activities, poor economic resources, results in
violence and physical abuse. (Goswami & Manna, 2013)
In 2015 a research conducted by Yadhave, he exposed in his
research the internal threats of the slums, immigrants were
unskilled and 1/4th part of these unskilled labor was working
in private sectors. A very less amount of slums succeed in
getting government job but their salary did not overcome their
financial problems. The study also finds out that vocational
training / qualified training can help getting a new job.
Primary data were collected from 1,060 male migrants aged
15-35 years living in five different slums in Delhi, for task. This
shows that migration is mainly directed towards the informal
sector and most people have left their school and are
migrating to get jobs, to maintain their livelihoods. (Yadav,
2015)
2016-2020
This study area mainly revloves around External and
Internal challenges that exacerbate the low socioeconomic
status of slum dwellers and Policies which can enhance the
living standards ,health status and the economic growth of
slums globally.
In paper”The study of slums as social and physical constructs:
challenges and emerging research opportunities”
Mahabir,Crooks,Croitorui& Agourisi (2016), They provided a
roadmap for interpreting and reviewing slums, characteristics
of Slum, the general absence of valid data, along with
conflicting definitions of what a slum is, make categorization
and classification a daunting challenge both within and
throughout countries, and across parts of the universe.
(Mahabir et al..2016)
Tabrez, Goswami and Yamin (2018) in their paper “The Impact
of Growth and Development of Slums on the Health Status
and Health Awareness of Slum Dwellers” conducted a study
in Assam (India), to evaluate the health and nutritional status
of children of slum dwellers; internal challenges exacerbating
the low socioeconomic status of slums.
The nutritional condition of school going slum children is
not satisfactory.There is also prevalence of diarrhea among
fewer than five children residing in slums of Dibrugarh town
(Assam). They lack health seeking behavior due to their eating
and drinking habits, lack of recreation, exercise etc. The poor
sanitary conditions in the crowded urban neighborhoods and
the inadequate waste disposal were favorable for the spread of
infectious diseases. The maternal and infant mortality is far
ahead of the national average which is very alarming. The
health status of women and children in slums is not
satisfactory as there is less antenatal health check-up as well as
prevalence of anemia during pregnancy and most of the
children are non-immunized (around 80 per cent).So, it is
equally necessary to make sure that the health policies
consider the importance of equity and social justice. Health
awareness can be boosted by increasing the literacy rate,
establishing affordable health care centers and by initiating
some livelihood generation measures so that the slum
dwellers can earn their livelihood.(Zaman, Goswami &
Hassan, 2018)
Research paper by Zimming Li (2019)
Understanding Informality and Planning for Safe and
Inclusive Urban Spaces - A Case Study of Slums in Patna,
India highlights the external challenges i.e. inadequate
infrastrtuce, unsuppoprtive municipalities, social,political
system inadequate poilicies exacerbating low socioeconomic
composition of slums in Patna.This study attempts to draw
attention to the problems of insecurity in slums and the
difficulty of employing effective crime prevention strategies in
the cities of the global South such as Patna (Bihar) in India,
slum dwellers deal with neighborhood insecurity, including
conflicts, violence, gender-based crimes, and their fear of
crime and insecurity shows the needs for more empirical
analyses from the perspective of slum dwellers. Based on
comparative case studies, it proposed that empowering
women in community design is pivotal for maintaining
neighborhood security for all. Slums.(Li, 2019)
In their research Umer, Haq Nawaz, Waqar&
Imran (2019) “Slum Settlement Problem and Solution: A Case
Report of Karachi” concluded that there is no large hospital of
any type that can provide health services for slum inhabitants.
Physical conflicts are a regular unlawful resident
phenomenon. In addition, many people are involved in
prostitution, drug smuggling, kidnapping, human smuggling,
and so on. These issues greatly threaten the city's social and
cultural environment. Slum settlement areas are facing
redundancy, horrendous hygiene, and environmental
problems. Lack of sufficient transportation services, as well as
water, sewage, solid squander collection works and are
subjected to insecure accommodation, unsatisfactory food and
health problems. It is mandatory to advance with innovative
 solutions in accordance with the environmental circumstances low socioeconomic status of slums.Table
of these slum settlement areas. (Khan et al.. 2019)
Data Analysis
3 METHODOLOGY SSPS analysis technique was used to analyze survey research
method.
3.1 REASERACH APPROACH-DATA COLLECTION
Duration of Study
For research, survey (online questionnaire) method is This research was conducted within the duration of 6 months.

4. RESULTS

Strongly disagree
Strongly Agree
DATA INTERPRETATION

Disagree
4.1

Neutral
Agree
No. Proposing Policies for slums
The research involving the Government employees(Expert) to
suggest Policies to upgrade slum economy and living
conditions showed that
The government should ensure 79% respondents agree that government should ensure
1
development sustain programs for
5 4 3 2 1
developmental program.
villages to control their migration. 79% agree that there is a need of encouragement of economic
opportunities.
For the development of slum areas, there
85% agree that there is need to initiate projects Educating
2 is a need for encouraging economic 5 4 3 2 1
opportunities.
slums.
In the technological era, there is a need 84% agree that government should take quick responses
3 to initiate projects for educating slums. 5 4 3 2 1 regarding slums.
68% agree that there is need to monitor the activities of slums.
4
It's the responsibility of the government
5 4 3 2 1
81% agree that there is lack of health care facilities with
to take quick responses regarding slums. advance technology.
There is a need to monitor the activities 83% agree that mortality rate is high in slum areas due to lack
5 5 4 3 2 1
of residents. of proper health care system.
Good health care centers with advance 85% agree that NGO sector should create awareness regarding
6 5 4 3 2 1
technology should be given to slum.
the living styles of slums to raise funding for them.
The mortality rate (due to improper
7 health facilities) is quite high in slums 5 4 3 2 1
89% agree that huge population of slum is under poverty line.
and it's a great loss of human capital. 75% agree that all the big cities of Pakistan are facing
Like Bangladesh, the NGO sector should challenges of illegal slums.
create awareness regarding the living 72% agree that the growing rate of slums are due to corrupt
8 5 4 3 2 1
styles of slums to raise charity and management system.
funding for them. The research involving the slum surrounding residents to
A huge population of slums is living evaluate Internal and external threats to slum economy showed
9 5 4 3 2 1
under the poverty line.
that
All the big and small cities of Pakistan 56% agree that Informal Settlement is a Slum.
10 5 4 3 2 1
facing challenges of illegal slums. 93% agree that Economic activities (Education, Job) of cities
Growing rate of slums are due to the attract villagers and resulting migration.
11 corrupt management system and 5 4 3 2 1 65% agree that Slums provide huge unskilled (illiterate)
endanger human lives.
human capital.
12
On what basis the government creating 72% agree that Unskilled labor (illiterate) of slum become a
legal slums? burden on city development.
Please suggest some policies regarding 87% agree that Economic differences (poor population) and
13 slums
Table 3.3 Questionnaire A For Experts
adopted.Primary Quantitative research is adopted to collect
the data from two target groups.Group A Experts,to suggest
policies to upgrade slum areas including 50 respondents and
Group B Respondents from surrounding slums to understand Table:3.4 Questionnaire B For slum surrounding residents
how they perceive slum areas,including 70 respondents.Two
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Agree

types of questionnaire were built. Questionnaire A was made

Disagree
Neutral

for Experts for their opinion for the formation of public policy
Agree

No Evaluation of Internal and External

for the slums residents. The questionnaire covered a wide . Threats
variety of questions about policies regarding upgradation of
slums. Distribution and collection was done via Email.Table
Questionnaire B was made for slum surrounding respondents
to evaluate their opinion about internal and external threats of
1
Every informal settlement is a slum.
5 4 3 2 1
crimes, robbery, target killers.
90% suggest that there is need to manage economic inequality
Economic activities (Education, Job) of and lack basic necessities of life.
cities attract villagers and resulting
2 5 4 3 2 1 56 % agree that the monthly income of slums is under 10k.
migration?
76% suggest to control the Population growth in slums.
Slums provide huge unskilled 65% agree that slums resist developmental projects regarding
3 5 4 3 2 1
(illiterate) human capital? population control.
Unskilled labor (illiterate) of slum 84% experts suggest to minimize the poverty in slum
4 5 4 3 2 1
become a burden on city development? areas.Most of the slum's residents live under the poverty line.
Economic differences (poor 56% suggest that there is need to improve the skills of slums.
population) and poor educational 69% agree that Illegal slum (without government permit)
5 5 4 3 2 1
background promotes minimal jobs
settlements threaten nearby societies.
(low pay jobs) of slums.
Social pressures (e.g. dowry (Jehez)
75% agree that growth of slum areas is a major threat to the
6 etc.) force women living in slums to 5 4 3 2 1 environment.
work as maids in urban centers? 73% suggest to improve the waste management in slums.
Slums are the biggest source of child 94% suggest that It is a government responsibility to provide
7 5 4 3 2 1
labor? basic health and good economic opportunities.
Slums encourage criminal activities in 97% suggest that there is a need to start educational and
8 5 4 3 2 1
urban centers (city)? training programs for slums.
Slums are the hub of illegal activities
9 5 4 3 2 1
e.g. crimes, robbery, target killers? 4.5 Discussion
1.Slums suffered from economic
10 inequality and lack basic necessities of 5 4 3 2 1
The aim of this research was to highlight the external and internal
life?
threats of the slum area, to explore the skills of the slum’s people
The monthly income of slums is under
11 5 4 3 2 1 (both men and women) and also their contribution to the market
10k?
economy and propose policy recommendations.
12
Population growth is much high in
5 4 3 2 1
From the data collected by research we have interpreted
slums compared to urban.
Slums resist developmental projects A. External and internal threats of Dadan Shah and
13 5 4 3 2 1
regarding population control? Pathan Colony-Slums of Hyderabad
14
Most of the slum's residents live under
5 4 3 2 1 1.Internal Threats:
the poverty line? Lack of exposure to financial planning, expertise and trade
The skills of slums do not match with relations 72%
15 5 4 3 2 1
the city requirement.
Poor hygienic living conditions 83%
Illegal slum (without government
High Exposure to contagious Disease 94%
16 permit) settlements threaten nearby 5 4 3 2 1
societies?
Less approach health care facilities 81%
The growth of slum areas is a major Crime/Drug smuggling 53%
17 5 4 3 2 1 Child labour 83%
threat to the environment?
Due to the lack of waste management Poverty 89%
18 in slums, piles of garbage cause 5 4 3 2 1
epidemic diseases in urban centers? These are internal challenges/threats that contribute directly or
It's a government responsibility to indirectly to low economic composition of slums.
provide basic health and good
19 5 4 3 2 1
economic opportunities to raise their
living standards?
B. External threats exacerbating the economic composition of
There is a need to start educational and
Hyderabad slums
20 5 4 3 2 1 First External challenge is System Failures these are
training programs for slums?
Underlying constraints that exacerbate the problem
1).Lack of the Political System
Because of insufficient resources, weak teamwork, pervasive
corruption and unbalanced resources, organizations are
struggling to nurture sustainable environments and, in some
poor educational background promotes minimal jobs (low pay Cases, intentionally limit economies in the slums.
jobs) of slums. 2).Lack of Economic System
73% agree that Social pressures (e.g. dowry (Jehez) etc.) force The surplus of low-cost labour in urban areas also encourages
women living in slums to work as maids in urban centers. developing world economies, reducing incentives for municipal
83% agree that slums are the biggest source of child labor. decision-makers to eliminate inequality or facilitating access to
53% agree Slums encourage criminal activities in urban centers fairer economic opportunities for slum workers.
(city). 3).Lack Social System
42% agree that Slums are the hub of illegal activities e.g. Slum-dwellers lack representation and power among employers,
supply chain agents, policy-makers and other urban shareholders
due to prevailing social norms and self-organization challenges.
Root Causes: That are directly contributing to the problem
4).Lack of judicial authority
Slum-based informal employees are often unavailable for formal
legal protection and frequently lack political representation and
influence, increasing employers' and regulators' vulnerability to
abuse.
5).Insecure access to public and private territory
Slum-dwellers also lack safe access to the spaces in which they do
business, whether private homes or public roads. This instability
discourages investment in the long term, thereby rising economic
growth.
6).Social seclusion
Non-slum residents usually view slum populations negatively
and consider slum residents as "external" the centrist urban
community, retaining unequal access to resources.
7). Improper Platforms and services   unofficial urban workers with organizations, ranging from
Slum residents usually lack adequate access to essential services
and resources, including infrastructure, water, and sanitation,
lowering the accessible knowledge and opportunity for
productive efforts.
8). Poor available information
There is no data available on the dimensions and contributions to
the slum economy. Therefore, politicians and urban planners
usually make policies that are disorganized and frequently
disruptive to slum economic systems.(Rocketfeller foundation,
2013)
9).Unsupportable hostile municipalities
“Municipalities fail to implement policies and make investments
supportive of slum economies.”
“Labor market inefficiencies in many urban economies,
including overly abundant low‐cost labor, insufficient job
availability, and information asymmetries, sustain poor working
conditions for slum dwellers.”As a result, urban planners'
aspirations for "global cities" usually ignore slum economies.
10).Inequitable and inefficient labor markets
“Labor market inefficiencies in many urban economies, including
overly abundant low‐cost labor, insufficient job availability, and
information asymmetries, sustain poor working conditions for
slum dwellers.”Contractors and lawmakers still lack
opportunities to resolve this disparity and strengthen informal
workers' rights, increasing the slum dwellers' socioeconomic
vulnerability.
11).Unavailability of infrastructure and other Supporting
Enterprises facts
“Slum dwellers lack access to the resources required to improve
their economic opportunities.”Slum-based enterprises usually
lack adequate access to physical networks, markets,
infrastructure, training, and other tools, which hinder
productivity and scope.
2.Policies indicating a step towards a settlement in the slums
economic system
1. Increasing Availability of Slum Data to Inform Urban
Decision‐making
Innovations and cohabitation in technology allow a more
excellent perception of historically difficult-to-reach
demographics in developed countries. Such techniques, including
geographic1information1systems (GIS),
global1positioning1systems (GPS), and the internet, are
increasingly being utilized by researchers to gather statistics on
slums and slum dwellers.
2. Participation of Private Sector with Slums
Multinational corporations ( MNCs) to social enterprises enhance
the availability of slum data to inform public decision-making
private companies. These are increasingly engaging slum
dwellers as customers and participants in their value chains,
whether as franchise distributors or direct employees
3.Enhanced Interoperability of slum dwellers to economic
security
The private economy is an ever more critical generator of
economic growth in developing countries. Considering that most
metropolitan laborers live in slums, initiatives are undergoing to
boost connections between suburb and new spatial industries. In
particular, different approaches have surfaced for connecting
technology-enabled projects that utilize mobile technology
prevailing among impoverished people to ordinary skill
integrating interventions based on lowering the number of slum
dwellers.
Other Policies suggested by Expert
 Control of the Population growth in slums.
 Developmental projects regarding population control.
 Minimize the poverty in slum areas.
 improve the skills of slum.
 improve the waste management in slums.
 Provide with basic health and good economic
opportunities
 Educational and training programs for slums.
5 CONCLUSION
In almost each and every study regarding slum, they have
considered slums as “poverty traps”and negative consequence
for urban growth. The paper offers a systematic analysis of the
Hyderabad slums, Pathan and Dadan Shah colony. It
concludes with important new directions, both substantive
and operational, for improvement of slums. Generally there
may be two ways for the improvement, firstly to relocate these
slums specifically those ones who are at the hazardous places
and secondly to improve the living conditions of slums. The
improvement should comprise of physical, economical and
human development. The data-based findings are presented
here as:
Overall, people are not well qualified because their literacy
rates display unfortunate educational prevalence, literacy is 40
percent among the maximum section of the overall population
(15-24 years).
.There exists very poor living condition in slums. The water
supply and sanitation, kacha houses and congestion need
attention of the government towards housing facilities for
slums.
Among the social safety nets, the food stamps are almost non-
available to the slum dwellers. As 11.35 percent of the head of
households are females so food stamp program should target
these households.
The availability of micro-credit to slum dwellers is extremely
insufficient as 96 percent of the credit availed come from
informal sector. To pull these households out of poverty
micro-finance funding is direly needed. Similarly, for the
short-run transfer payments, and social
Only 20 percent of households have assets (15 percent of the
households have tenure security of land).
The female labor force participation (50%) is characteristic of
the slums but women have lower productivity probably due
to lack of skill, know-how and education. They are
contributing a significant part to the household income.
Child labor and non-participation of school-age children are
evident characteristics of slum households as 60 percent of
children are doing labor and 85% percent of children are out
of school in Dadan Shah slums. Due to these two factors along
with poor health there exist a inter generational cycle of
poverty so there is a need for public sector intervention for the
provision of education facilities.
The ratio of the children to total population, i.e. expresses the
high fertility rate 8 to 10 or more (every year) in these
households is playing a role for the present and future
provert. y
The health status of children is poor particularly due to non-
availability of health programs to the slums.
Almost 50 percent of the households are facing the hazards of
floods and rain-water. Majority of the households, are living
in slums for more than 20 years.
Future in-habitation planning and New job oppurunities can
save the future of these people. Which is only possible if the
factors that cause the generation of slum cycle are understood.
6 Recommendation
There is no room for new communities, and thus there is a
need for a renewal strategy to resolve these poorly developed
communities.Traditional approaches such as physical
infrastructure projects for slums may have a modest impact,
especially where projects are not integrated with other aspects
of poverty such as employment, education and health. Slum
policies should be integrated with urban poverty reduction
policies, which have to go beyond the physical dimension of
slums.
It is recommended to identify the slums within urban areas for
physical dimensions. Priority should be issued to slum
residents for basic needs, such as health care and education.
For education focus should be on the provision of free primary
education. In heath sector the initial aim should be the
provision of a basic package of low-cost services for slums to
prevent and treat the most common infectious diseases.
Last but not the least the MDGs would only be achievable for
Pakistan, if targeted policies towards slums is directed. Zakat
Funds should be used for rehabilitation instead of relief.
Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal provides relief to poor. With the help of
this institution, schools, vocational center, industrial schools
for girls and dispensaries may be established in slums. The
fund may be used for providing houses to the slum dwellers.
The federal government should allocate loans and subsidies to
local governments for social safety nets for slums. There is also
a need for promoting employment generating sectors of small
and medium enterprises, given that they enable the poor to
acquire or enhance physical assets. The local stakeholders
should be involved to promote the interest of slum dwellers,
i.e. by involving in design and implementation strategies to
improve the housing conditions in slums, and by engaging in
policy dialogue towards making poverty reduction a central
objective of the policy reforms for slums. International
development cooperation could play a central role in helping
to meet targets for improving heath and education in targeted
households. The IMF, ADB and the World Bank should
allocate loans and subsidies for slum development.
This research have come up with some policies and
recommendations for policymakers mentioned above. It will
help NGO sectors to put their effort in those areas. These
human capital living in the slums need government
consideration. The strategic plan or legal control in slums, as
listed previously, does not apply to official governance bodies.
Instead, they are divided between a multitude of private
enterprises, investors, officials and administrators, and
militias. Ideological differences between these stakeholders
and agenda confrontations between state governments and
local municipalities could illustrate why so priorities of
"power structure" have often persisted in slum dwellers.
Besides, initiatives should be promoted to elucidate slum
communities and monitor committee members over many
millennia of the slum. More systematic use could be attempted
to make of analytical techniques used to tackle data collection
decline in other settings.This will permit a thorough vision of
slum tenants' most urgent concerns and deeper assimilation of
these inhabitants into global democratic structures. Several
projects with bulk financing or systematic resettlement of slum
house holdings into residential buildings seem efficient. For
many existing slums in the third world, however, this can not
be accomplished without a political contribution to
transforming the administration trajectories in slum areas or,
specifically, to engage with the stakeholders that, in the
exclusion of state, have occupied over the regulation of those
communities.It is doubtful that any steps at some sort of big
drive or concerted expenditure would have the optimal results
without reforms to these structures and a reversal of the lack
of governance.
Acknowledgment
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