kj ,snr,a wd¾Ólhg úl,amh( iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh

ir;a fyajf.a
B.A. / P.G. Dip in Econ. / M.A. in Econ. / M.Phil. in Econ (Reading)
Tele 071 7803959

fï jkúg rg uqyqKq § we;s wd¾Ól w¾nqoh yuqfõ ck;dj fmdÿfõ N+la;s úÈ iqN idOkh hï m%udKhlg my,
jeàu" meje;s hymd,k wKAvqfõ id¾j wd¾Ól l<uKdlrKfha idOKSh ;;a;ajhka iuÕ iei§ug we;euqka W;aiy lrñka
isá;s' úfYaIfhka tlS iei§ula w¾: mQ¾K jkafka oekg mj;sk rdcH Kh w¾nqoh" mqkrdj¾;k yd m‍%d.aOk úhoï oeÍu
fukau ue;sjrK ch.‍%yKh i|yd foaYmd,k mlaI ,ndfok iqN idOkjd§ fmdfrdkaÿ wdÈh ie,ls,a,g .;aúg wkd.;fha
ìysjk wdKAvq wkq.ukh l<hq;= wd¾Ól m‍%;sm;a;sh l=ulao@ hkak idlÉPd lsÍu ;=<skah' tys§ jvd;a WÑ; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh
jYfhka iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ól jevms<sfj<la ms<sn|j lÓldj OfkaIajr wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskaf.a idlÉPdjg
,laù we;' fï ms<sn|j mj;sk l;sldjg W!k-mQ¾Khla iemhSu fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'

1977 miqj ,snr,a fj<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla l%shd;aul lsÍug Wrÿka tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh mjd" Tjqkaf.a j¾;udk
wd¾Ól jevms<sfj< jYfhka oeka Tjqka l,amkd lrkafka iudc fj<|fmd, w¾: l%uhla ms<sn|jh' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha
kdhl rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d ;u mlaIh ;=< fuu u;jdoh f.k hdfï m%uqL l;slhd jYfhka oelsh yelsh' Tyq jir 40
jeä foaYmd,kh .uk ;=< ,snr,a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ;Srlfhla jYfhka lghq;= lr w;aoelSï we;s wfhlaùu fuys§ jeo.;ah'
,snr,a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfuka muKla wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh we;s lr .ekSfï wmyiqj Tyq fï jkúg w;a oel we;s
njg ielhla ke;' tkï 1980 oYlh jkúg f,dalh mqrd me;sr.sh ,snr,a iudc wd¾Ól jevms<sfj<g Y%S ,xldjo iïnkaOjQ
w;r tys ch.%yKhka fukau w;miqùï rdYshlao fïjk úg wm rgla jYfhka w;a ú| we;'

wd¾Ólh flfrys rcHfha we`.s,s .eiSï jeäjkafkao" th mqoa., ksoyi iSud lsÍug fya;=jk nj;a" th fj<|fmd,
l%shdldÍ;ajfha ld¾hlaIu;djh wvq lsÍug fya;=fõh hkak;a" ksoyia fj<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%ufha foaYmd,k u;jdoh jk
zz,snr,ajdofhaZZ uQ,sl w¾:hhs' ta wkqj ,snr,a wd¾Ól l%uh mokï jkafka fj<|fmdf<a § fjf<ka|kaf.a yd mdßfNda.
slhskaf.a fm!oa.,sl ;SrK yd Tjqka w;r we;sjk ;rÕh u.ska l%shd;aul jk wd¾Ól jevms<sfj<lah' ta ;=<ska ´kEu
wd¾Ólhla uqyqK fok l=ula ksmojkafkao@" fldmuK ksmojkafkao@ flfia ksmojkafkao@" ld i|yd ksmojkafkao@ hk
fmdÿ uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%YaK úi£ug wjYH mßÈ iïm;a fnodfjka lsÍu ld¾hlaIu jk nj ,snr,ajd§kaf.a u;h úh'

isâks úYajúoHd,fha foaYmd,k-wd¾Ól úoHd¾:fhl= jk finia;shka iam¾,sx fmkajd fok WodyrKhla u.ska
fuh ukdj meyeÈ,sfõ' th fufiah' zTng hï frÈ m%udKhla uyk hka;%hla we;skï kj ;d,fha à I¾Ü álla uid tajd
fj<|fmd<g úlsKSug wjYH kï th Tn lrkak' thska Tng fi!Nd.H Wodfõ'Z fuhska fmkShkafka fj<|fmd< wd¾Ól
l%uhla ;=< ;ukag wjYH foa ksoyiaj l< yels njh' tkï mqoa.,hdg ksoyfia is;Sug" ;SrK .ekSug" yd l%shd;aul lsÍug
tys ksoyila mj;S' kuq;a finia;shka iam¾,sx m%Yak lrkafka" tfia fj<|fmd, wd¾Ólfha mj;sk ksoyi u.ska ieug
fi!Nd.H Wod lr.ekSug thska yelsjkafkao@ hkakhs' th tfia jkafka ke;s nj finia;shka iam¾,sxf.a WodyrKfha fojk
fldgi u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs' tkï zTng f.or ueiQ à I¾Ü fj<|fmdf<a úlsKSug wjYH jqj;a" yelshdj mej;sh;a" Tng
uyk ueIsula ke;skï lrkafka l=ulao@'Z ;jÿrg;a finia;shka iam¾,sx fmkajd fokafka" ztfy;a Tng Ôj;aùug wjYHhh'
Ôj;aùu i|yd Tng wdydr wjYHhhs' wdydr i|yd Tn /lshdjla fidhd .ekSug fhduq ùug isÿfõ' tys§ Tnf.a fiajd fhda-
clhd u; Tng bka bÈßhg /§ug isÿfõ'Z tfia kï ,snr,ajd§ka úia;r lrk yd ms<s.kakd ksoyi t;ek fkdue;s nj fuu
WodyrKfhka meyeÈ,sfõ' tkï ksoyi ,snr,ajdÈ u;h ;=<u iSudiys; ù we;s nj fuu WodyrKh u.ska fmkajhs'

fuhska fmkS hkafka ,snr,ajdofha wd¾Ól jevms<sfj< jk ksoyia fj<|fmd< l%uhg ienE jYfhkau iudcfha
ish¿ mqrjeishkaf.a ksoyi ;rjqre lsÍug muKla fkdj bka Tíng f.dia Tjqkaf.a iqNidOkh iy;sl lsÍugo fkdyelsj
we;s njh' kj ,snr,ajd§kaf.a m,uq m%;sm;a;s lÜg,h jk fjdIskagka iïuq;sfha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing-
ton_Consensus ) wka;¾.; uq,sl m%;sm;a;Ska 10 u.ska oeä ,snr,a fj<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhla i|yd fhdackd lrk w;r tys
lsisÿ wdldrhlska mqoa., iqNidOkh ms<sn|j weÕhSula tys isÿ lr ke;' fuu m%;sm;a;Ska wkq.ukh lr wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a
iuÕ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w;alr.;a rgj,a .Kk wf;a we.s,s .Kkg;a jvd wvq nj w¾: Ydia;%{hska fmkajd fok jeo.;a
lreKls' fjdIskagka iïuq;sfha uq,a m%;sm;a;Skaf.a wid¾:lNdjh ksidu ,snr,ajd§ka ;u wd¾Ól jevms<sfj< ms<s.kakd
rgj,aj,g fojkqj ;j;a fhdackd 10la bÈßm;a lrhs' tu fhdackd u.ska uQ,sl jYfhka rgl wd¾Ól jevms<sfj< ;=<ska hï
wldrhlg w;yefrk wdka;sl iudc ;Sre flfrys wjOdkh fhuq lrhs' tu fhdackd w;r WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu" iudc
wdrlaIK cd,hla we;s lsÍu" ÿ.s nj wju lsÍfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu jeks lreKq wka;¾.;fõ' tkï ,snr,ajd§ka
fojk m%;sm;a;s lÜg,h f.k tAu u.ska f;areï f.k we;s fohla jkafka" fj<|fmd, wd¾Ól l%uh u.ska iudcfha iEu
mqrjeishdgu idOdrKhla bgq fkdjk ksid tA flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYH jk njh'

1988 muK miqlrk úg wdrïN jk zzckiúhZZ jevigyk" bkamiqj tys hï fjkia lsÍï iuÕ wdrïN jk zziu-
DoaêZZ jevigyk;a" miqj l%shd;auljQ zzÈúke.=uZZ jevigyk;a" fulS ,snr,a wd¾Ól jevms<sfjf<a fojk m%;sm;a;s lÜg,h
u.ska fhdackd lrk iudc wdrlaIK cd, we;s lsÍu furg l%sh;aul jQ wdldrhhs' kuq;a tu iudc wdrlaIK cd, jevigyka
l%sh;aul lrñka wd¾Ólfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg iïnkaO fkdjk wdka;sl iudc ;Srej, iqNidOkh by, kex.ùug f.k we;s
l%shdud¾.hka fld;rï ÿrg id¾:l ù ;sfnkafkao@ hkak keje; m%YaK l< hq;=j we;' uQ,slj .;aúg iudc wdrlaIK cd,
jevms<sfj< foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu;a" n,fha isák foaYmd,k mlaIfha mdlaIslhskaf.a iqNidOkh i|yd;a" tu foaYmd,k
n,fõ.fha bÈß ue;sjrK ch.%yKhka i|yd wjYH miqìu ieliSu;a wruqKq lrf.k iudc wdrlaIK cd,h jevigyka
l%shd;aul jk wldrh wog;a oelsh yelsh' fï ksid ,snr,ajd§ wd¾Ól jevms<sfjf,a m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska wruqKq lrk wdl-
drfha b,lalhka Y%S ,xldj jeks ixj¾Okh jk yd fkdÈhqKq foaYmd,k ixialD;skag Wreulï lshk rgj,§ m%dfhda.sl jkafka
ke;s nj meyeÈ,sh'

fuejeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< ,snr,ajd§ m%;sm;a;Skaf.ka wid¾:l jQ rgj,aj, m%.;sYS,s Okm;s foaYmd,k jHdmdrhka fh-
duqjkafka ;jÿrg;a fj<|fmd< l%uh wdrlaId lr .kakd w;r iudc iqNidOkh i|yd rcfha ueÈy;aùu ;yjqre lsÍugh' tkï
zziudc fj<|fmd, wd¾ÓlhlaZZ foig fhduqùugh'

ta wkqj Tjqka l%shd;aul lsÍug fhduqjk zziudc fj<|fmd< wd¾ÓlhlZZ uQ,sl ,laIK my; mßÈh' ² ,snr,ajd§ka olajk
wdldrfha hï iudc wdrlaIKhla we;s lsÍu fjkqjg Yla;su;a iqNidOk rdcHhla we;s lsÍu' ² b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ.j, iajhx
iïnkaëlrKfhka l%shd;auljk ,snr,a wdlD;sfha fj<|fmd< ;=< ck;djf.a tÈka tod lghq;=j,g oeäj iïnkaOjk wd¾Ól
l%shdjka rdcH uQ,sl;ajfhka fj<|fmd< ;=< iïnkaêlrKh lsÍu' ² ,snr,ajdofha oelafjk mßÈ mqoa., ksoyi Wmßu lsÍu
fjkqjg" iudcfha ish¿ fokdf.a ksoyi Wmßu lsÍu' ² ksIamdokfha§ m<odhs;djh flfrys muKla fkdj m<odhs;djh iuÕ iudc
wruqKq w;r iu;=,s;hla we;s lsÍu' ² udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍfï§ isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug iSudjk
,snr,ajd§ ixl,amfhka bÈßhg f.dia isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól iudc yd ixialD;sl hk ish¿ udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍug fh-
duqùu'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl tlS pß; ,laIK w;r fojk ,laIKfhka fmkajk b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ.hkaf.a ;SrK
l%shd;aul lsÍu rdcH uQ,sl;ajfhka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu hkq" udlaiajd§ foaYmd,k wd¾Ól iys;H u.ska bÈßm;a lrk hï wl-
drhl uOH.; md,khla ;=<" úOdkh lrk wd¾Ól jevms<sfj<la fkdjk nj f;areï.; hq;=h' th jQ l,S fj<|fmd< l%uh
;=<u wd¾Ól flakaøfhka bj;g f.dia isák wdka;sl iudc ;Sre wd¾Ól jevms<sj<g .%yKh lr .ekSu;a" Tjqkaf.a mßfNdackh
by, kex.úh yels wdldrfha iïm;a fnodfjka lrk OfkaIajr jevms<sfj< ;=<u jQ l%shdj,shls' kuq;a hï m%.;sYS,s njla fï ;=<
wka;¾.;j we;s nj f;areï.; hq;=h'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< rchg ld¾hh Ndrhla mj;S' tA wd¾Ól lghq;= iïnkaëlrKhg;a" hï iSñ; NdKav yd
fiajd iemhSula rdcH u.ska isÿ lsÍug hdu;a iuÕh' ta i|yd rdcH úhoï oeßh hq;=h' úhoï i|yd wdodhï bmhSuo isÿ l< hq;=h'
rch uQ,slj ksIamdokfha iïnkaëlrlfhla ñi ysñldrfhla fkdjk ksid rdcH wdodhu ;SrKh lrkafka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha nÿ
u.skah' tkï iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha nÿ wdodhu o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka by, w.hla .kS' kuq;a iudc idOdrKh
bgqjk wjia:dfõ§ tfia nÿ f.jkakdgo rdcH fiajdjka ;=<ska ,efnk m%;s,dNhka by, uÜgul mj;sk ksid" nÿ f.ùu u.ska
we;sjk wkQmfhda.s;djhg iudk Wmfhda.s;djhla rdcH imhk fiajd mßfNdackfhka ,eìh yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka fkdñf,a
,efnk wOHmkh" fi!LH fiajd" ish¿ fokdg WmÍu yd iudk wldrfhka N=la;sú§ug ,eîu fuysÈ oelsh yelsh'

iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka njg mßj¾;kh ùug W;aiy lrk fuu rdcHhka" ,snr,a wd¾Ól jevms<sfj< yuqfõ
wid¾:l wd¾Ólhka njg m;ajQ tAjdh' Kh nr by, hdu" iudc wdrlaIK cd, l%uh fukau úY%u jegqma l%u jeks iqNidOkhka
ksid iudcfha ks;H fldgila wLkavj rch u.ska kv;a;= lsÍug isÿj meje;Su" ck.ykh jhia.;ùfï .eg¿j ksid tu m%udKh
jeäùu yd wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g odhljk jHjidhlhska m%udKh l%ufhka wvqùu" f.da,ShlrKh ;< m%d.aOk ixp,kh ksid ksYam-
dok iqrlaIs;Ndjhg ndOd meñKSu fukau nÿ wdodhï fjkiaùu jeks .eg¿ fuys§ oelsh yelsh' fï ksid mQ¾K jYfhka l%shd;aul
iudc fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla hkq ksjerÈ oelaula" fkdfjkia wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shla ;=< È.=ld,Skj ,nd.; hq;= mßj¾;khla ñi
fláld,Skj isÿl< yels mßj¾;khla fkdjk njo f;areï.; hq;=h'