APPLIED PROBLEMS

Particular Use of BIG DATA in Medical Diagnostic Tasks1

N. Ilyasovaa,b,*, A. Kupriyanova,b,**, R. Paringera,b, and D. Kirsha,b
aSamara
University, Samara, Russia
bImage Processing Systems Institute – Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”
of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara, Russia
* e-mail: ilyasova@smr.ru
** e-mail: alexkupr@gmail.com

Abstract—The paper presents the main research results in the area of data mining application to medicine. We
propose a new information technology of data mining for different classes of biomedical images based on the
methodology of diagnostically relevant information selection and creation of informative characteristics.
Application of Big Data technology in proposed systems of medical diagnostics has allowed to improve the
learning set quality and reduce the classification error. Based on these results, the conclusion is made, that
the usage of many heterogeneous sources of diagnostic information made it possible to improve the overall
quality of the diagnostics.

Keywords: Big Data, medical diagnostics, data mining

DOI: 10.1134/S1054661818010066

1. INTRODUCTION rate (90% of information has been gathered in the last

The existing level of technology allows us to speak
about evolution of the world medicine. It moves
beyond evidence based medicine to personalized
medicine intending a close combination of informa-
tion technology, science, and clinical therapy to
achieve the best clinical or preventive results. The
treatment efficiency considerably increases. The prob-
lem of knowledge extraction from big data sets is
denoted by the “big data” definition (Big Data) [1, 2].
The problem of data-arrays-to-knowledge conversion
defined in 2013 by the system of National Institutes of
Health (USA) is of prior focus for the International
Data-Enabled Life Science Alliance involved over 80
world’s leading scientists working in medicine, public
health, and application informatics [3, 4].
Big Data has been characterized in terms of its vol-
ume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value [1, 2]. A data
volume is considered to be big when difficulties stem
during its processing and storing by applying tradi-
tional methods which require new approaches and
more refined tools. The internal reason for new data-
processing techniques is the necessity to parallelize the
processing and distribute it into a large number of
independent data-processing flows. In regard to the
variety, such data volumes are rarely homogeneous. In
the vast majority of cases, the overall data array
includes both structured and unstructured data. The
velocity shows both an increasing data accumulation
1 The article is published in the original.
Received September 15, 2017
two years) and a data processing rate – on-line data
processing techniques have recently become more
sought-after. Under big data work conditions, the par-
ticular significance is taken on by data veracity, sepa-
ration of true data from information noise and junk
information, and sifting of this noise and junk infor-
mation [3]. There is the following thing in biomedi-
cine: the larger sample size, the more accurate esti-
mates. However, large sample sizes with poor-quality
data may seriously disorient. In public health service,
either accuracy or reliability qualities are equally
important. Information value predetermines reason-
ability of its processing. Currently collected data
should provide answers to preliminarily articulated
and reappeared questions. The effects, resulting from
data collection and processing, should justify the costs
required for these operations. Currently collected data
should bring positive results.
Public health statistics pass through the following
three stages before they are used for structural diag-
nostics: (1) data collection including acquisition of key
data elements, data quality assurance, and integration
of collected data in the work process; (2) data analysis
including data interpretation, data mining, and data
quality assessment; (3) data submission including data
movement and visualization for clinicians.
State-of-the-art information technology makes it
possible to collect, store and process enormous aggre-
gations of information. There are a lot of data analysis
methods, i.e. the methods of mathematical statistics,
clusterization, and classification including “sections”
of algorithms when the results obtained by several
algorithms are averaged to construct a finite model [1,

ISSN 1054-6618, Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 114–121. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2018.
 PARTICULAR USE OF BIG DATA
as much Data and Content
Over Coming Decade
Velocity
Variety
Volume
2009
800.000 petabytes
Storage Gowth
Total Data Healthcare Providers (PB)
15000
10000
5000
0
2010 2011 2012
Fig. 1. Data volumes increase in public health service.
5]. The above mentioned methods may describe data
mining with varying degrees of accuracy. Under mod-
ern conditions, by reason of too much increasing
information, its structure becomes more complicated.
One of the procedures, which help to solve the
tasks of data mining and diagnostic result interpreta-
tion, is the Data Mining technique. It is used for iden-
tifying and analysis of relationships in arrays of semi-
structured information and for build-up of models
which describe behavior of complicated systems. Data
Mining means the research and detection by a “mech-
anism” (algorithms, artificial intelligence tools) in raw
data which were formerly unknown and are practically
useful and acceptable for interpretation by a human
being [5].
2. MEDICINE AS A SOURCE OF BID DATA
Modern medicine is one of the most high-tech
fields of scientific and practical activities, the high pri-
ority of which is the development of new efficient
early-diagnostic techniques in various health prob-
lems. Some last decades are characterized with signif-
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS
115
2020
35 zettabytes
Of world’s data
is unstructured
Admin
Imaging
EMR
Email
File
Non clin img
2013 2014 2015 Reserch
icant breakthrough in technological infrastructure of
medicine. Computer image analysis became a basic
tool of medical diagnostic systems which allows to
considerably increase diagnostics quality.
Medicine is one of few fields which accumulate
data in huge quantities (Fig. 1) with high velocity and
in very diverse formats, i.e. figures (tests data), texts
(medical notes), videography (e.g., ultrasound investi-
gation), photography (tomography, X-ray photogra-
phy), and technical signals from electric-signal
recording equipment (electrocardiography, electroen-
cephalography), etc. According to projections, the
data volume will be 35 zettabytes with 44-frequency
multiplication by 2020 versus 2009.
The most of data increase is produced by unstruc-
tured data (medical imaging, videography, texts,
speaking). It may be currently affirmed that 90% of all
medical data is supposed to be unstructured. As a mat-
ter of fact, public health data are usually presented in
different departments, in various formats, from several
sources and different clinical systems (80% of elec-
tronic medical history and medical images of com-
Vol. 28 No. 1 2018
116 ILYASOVA et al.
puted tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance
tomography (MRT)).
The Institute for Health Technology Transforma-
tion has shown that a human body represents an inex-
haustible source of big data [6]. Image archive volumes
in medicine annually increase by 20–40%: the data
volume of one 3D X-ray computed tomography snap-
shot (3D CT) is about 1 GB; the data volume of one
3D magnetic resonance tomography snapshot (3D
MRT) is about 150 MB; the data volume of one X-ray
snapshot is about 30 MB; the data volume of one
mammogram snapshot is about 120 MB. There is also
a clear trend of rapid growth in the number of wearable
devices that are wore on the patient’s body and shoot
on-line information. It is expected that about 500 mln
of such devices will be used worldwide by 2018.
Expanding a diagnostic information pattern makes it
possible to considerably increase the veracity of diag-
nosis of human diseases in personalized medicine.
The objective is to increasingly quantify capacity of
different ways of efficient diagnostics.
The main objective of currently conducted
research at the Image Processing Systems Institute –
Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre
“Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Acad-
emy of Sciences (RAS) under the leadership of the
Academic of the RAS V.A. Soifer is the development
of computer techniques for remote high-performance
processing, analysis, and interpretation of medical and
diagnostic images in order to identify cause-and-effect
relationships in changes of diagnostic information of
different image classes for various types of diseases.
The relevance of conducted research is also stipulated
by the significance of early diagnostics, prediction of
the course and selection of an optimal therapeutic
approach to the treatment of human diseases. Late
diagnostics or interpretation of changes often results in
significant treatment efficiency decrease and disease
prevention. Currently used methods of status account-
ing and formalized description do not always give an
aggregate factor pattern required for proper diagnos-
tics. There is an urgent need for introduction into clin-
ical practice of new diagnostic techniques for various
diseases [7, 8].
The Image Processing Systems Institute (IPSI)
studies the following imaging classes: human vascular
system imaging for early diagnostics of diabetic reti-
nopathy; bone tissue X-ray imaging (femoral neck
fracture imaging) to diagnose osteoporosis; ultrasonic
images of a renal system to diagnose pyelonephritis
and computed tomography scans of lungs to diagnose
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema).
Research of diagnostic images is comprised of
three stages of data processing given in Fig. 2: process-
ing of biomedical signals, data analysis, and results
visualization.
Big data mining of specified image classes per-
formed at IPSI RAS to solve tasks of identification of
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS
regular changes in diagnostic information in medical
images with various types of diseases includes the use
of new mathematical methods and algorithms of dis-
tributed processing and recognition of biomedical
images for remote diagnostic systems. A common
approach has been proposed to the analysis of different
classes of images based on evaluation of aggregate geo-
metric and texture parameters of allocated regions of
interest which are supposed to be a basic feature set for
further diagnostic analysis [9].
As integrated indices of the state of the fundus ves-
sels and coronary heart vessels, a global set of geomet-
ric features is used that is a sufficiently total character-
istic of diagnostic images which allows to perform effi-
cient diagnosis of vascular malformations [10, 11]. As
integrated indices of the state of crystallogramm
images of biological fluids, a set of texture features is
proposed that enables to perform efficient diagnosis of
inflammatory diseases.
To detect renal system ultrasonography, bone
X-ray imaging, and lungs CT scanning the polynomial
features are suggested that are consistent with textural
properties of the given classes of images [12].
The efficient feature space technique has been
developed to analyze diagnostic images based on big
data mining of unstructured information using the
methods of statistical analysis [13–18]. Informational
feature analysis is performed by discriminative analy-
sis using separability criteria that depends neither on
distribution of objects per classes nor on the used clas-
sifier.
Remote high-performance processing, analysis,
and interpretation of images to identify main relation-
ships are based on the Big Data – Hadoop technique.
The need for its usage is justified with a large size of
arrays and semi-structured information generated by
standard software and hardware used for medical diag-
nostic purposes. The Hadoop technique allows not
only to reduce the time of data pre-processing and
processing for imaging systems, but also to consider-
ably enhance capabilities for analysis, in terms of new
information, of semi-structured or completely
unstructured data. In order to provide efficient storage
and processing of large volumes of unstructured infor-
mation in large-sized image mining, we use, as the
basis, the methods of information parallel processing
and distributed storage by applying a software infra-
structure of MapReduce distributed computations.
The technique is also used to optimize the existing
data-processing operations, allows to significantly
reduce storage and processing costs, and ensures high
efficiency of data handling [19].
Vol. 28 No. 1 2018
 PARTICULAR USE OF BIG DATA 117

Biomedical signal processing

Kidney ultrasound Bone X-ray CT of lungs Fundus

Nephrological study Osteoporosis Emphysema Estimation of vessel
Recognition based on texture analysis geometrical parameters
Data analysis
0.6 0 Separability criterion
1
0.4 2 Path tortuosity
3 Path frequency
Path amplitude
0.2 Radius tortuosity
Radius frequency
Radius amplitude
0 Beads factor
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Straightness
Mean diameter
Feature distribution histogram Samples in feature space before and after 0 0.04 0.08
for different stages of diabetes discriminative analysis

Visualization and results

Areas Reconstruction and visualization Estimation of blood

of interest selection of coronary blood vessels vessel features

Fig. 2. Main phases of research.

3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY method of automatic region-of-interest differentiation

OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGE DATA MINING
The information technology of diagnostic image
data mining includes the efficient feature-space gen-
eration method to classify the given set of images.
The methodology of significant diagnostic infor-
mation differentiation in blood-vessel images is based
on a new generalized mathematical model of blood
vessels of two diagnostic image classes, i.e. the fundus
and coronary vessels, which is characterized by a set of
geometric parameters [9]. The geometric approach to
generation of diagnostic features, which, unlike tradi-
tional abstract spectral-and-correlation features, are
supposed to be customary and understandable for
medical professionals, as well as clearly evident and
having regard to specifics of the object, allows to even-
tually improve the value of diagnosis.
The methodology of significant diagnostic infor-
mation differentiation in lungs CT images includes the
which conforms to texture, geometric and topological
characteristics of regions of interest for the given train-
ing sample of grayscale diagnostic images that
allowed, except additional diagnostics automation, to
increase the veracity of pulmonary emphysema recog-
nition from 0.94 to 0.97. The approach also includes
the calculation of polynomial information features
and the methods of their matching with textural prop-
erties of X-ray diagnostic images that allowed to
increase the veracity of osteoporosis recognition from
0.9 to 0.95 [20, 21].
To select the most efficient features we use their
correlations with expert evaluation results and make
the analysis of variance of training samples or diagnos-
tic errors by applying some additional characteristics.
We evaluate the efficiency of various features for the
problem of automatic diagnosis and make recommen-

PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS Vol. 28 No. 1 2018

118 ILYASOVA et al.
dations on how to use different groups of features in
medical practice.
The information technology of diagnostic image
data mining involves the following methods and algo-
rithms:
– the method of region-of-interest automatic
selection in diagnostic images using the region-grow-
ing segmentation algorithm. Its use provides an
opportunity to reduce probable incorrect recognition
for the problem of lungs CT diagnostics by considering
only diagnostically important image areas;
– the calculation algorithm for polynomial features
that enable to conform to textural properties of diag-
nostic grayscale images while imposing natural
restrictions on physical feasibility of calculating qua-
dratic features, significant in practice, the use of which
can further reduce possible incorrect detection for
diagnostics of bone-tissue X-ray images [22, 23];
– the method and the algorithm of increasing fea-
ture informative value based on the discriminative
analysis and optimal sampling for training an expert
system of diagnosis of diseases [14, 17, 18];
– the algorithm of reducing feature space dimen-
sions for medical radiological images. A separate
problem is the space dimension of features optimized
in the process of correlation of features with textural
properties of halftone training-sample images. To
effectively solve the optimization problem for such a
large number of parameters it is needed to use a large
amount of training image samples. For this purpose,
finite sampling from hundreds of pre-readied images
is not enough: constantly updated sampling from
thousands of images is needed that is not possible to
get in a particular clinic or to computerize. Instead of
this, a distributed software environment is built that
allows us to store and process large and constantly
updated sets of diagnostic images at the same time;
– the method of optimal sampling for training the
expert system of diagnosis of vascular malformations
on the basis of exclusion of discordant observations.
Based on the discordant observation hypothesis test-
ing, we have developed the algorithm of optimal sam-
pling that enabled to improve the accuracy of diagno-
sis of diseases. To remove invalid data and to obtain
standard feature values according to pathology groups,
the tools of cluster analysis are used to filter out the
training sample.
Problem-oriented complex software systems have
been developed for the analysis of medical and diag-
nostic images to detect pathological changes including
software tools for quantitative estimates of pathology
degrees based on expert evaluations and proposed
classification methods: a complex software system for
analysis of lungs computed tomography, computer
systems for analysis of diagnostic images of the fundus
vessels (OphthalmOffice) and the coronary heart ves-
sels (CardiOffice). The software systems allow the user
to control the analytics and decision-making pro-
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS
Table 1. Changes of separability criteria and diagnostic
accuracy for various types of diagnostic data
Rising of classes
Data set Reliability
separability
Bones X-rays 8% 0.9
Ultrasonography 23%
0.87
of kidneys
Computer tomography 17%
0.95
of lungs
Blood vessels 21% 0.94
cesses and enable to analyze subclinical morphologi-
cal changes of pathomorphological elements, com-
puterize diagnostic steps, and carry out quantitative
monitoring of pathological changes of diagnostic sam-
ples. A special feature is the use of elements of expert
systems: a database of diagnostic characters; the fea-
ture-space correlation, discriminative, and cluster
analysis; and the prognosis of a pathology degree
based on expert assessments.
The classification and diagnostic testing system
[24] (Figs. 3, 4) provides tools for correlation and dis-
criminative analysis to form informative feature space,
tools for optimal sampling based on efficiency separa-
bility criteria according to pathology groups, and
instruments for cluster analysis to filter out the train-
ing sample for the purpose of removing invalid data
and obtaining feature standard values according to
pathology groups.
A data mining subsystem allows the user to receive
a proper degree of pathology, standard feature values
for each degree of disease pathology, and the progno-
sis of possible development of diseases, and provides
diagnostic decisions made.
The use of Big Data technology in developed med-
ical diagnostic systems has made it possible, due to
attracting diverse diagnostic information sources and
more data amounts, to improve the training sample
and reduce classification errors that ensured increase
of diagnosis accuracy up to 95% (Table 1).
Research of various image classes showed that
increase of the number of considered diversified diag-
nostic data sources and concurrent discussion of vari-
ous aspects of how to use big data allowed us to reveal
new trends, which influence over diagnosis of dis-
eases. Despite of the fact that the data are different,
they have some common characteristics that are typi-
cal not so much for medicine as for data mining. Fur-
ther acceptance of these characteristics is reflected in
data operating procedures that resulted in improving
the quality of diagnosing.
Vol. 28 No. 1 2018
 PARTICULAR USE OF BIG DATA 119

User
Discriminative Filtered
analysis criteria Sample
sample

EFFICIENT FEATURE GENERATION SYSTEM

INPUT AND OUTPUT SYSTEM
Discriminative analysis
Sample load and storage
Feature transformation module

Imaging and storage of 2D and 3D

graphics of mutually arranged data Classification Samples with Training
parameters new features sample

Organization of a user interface SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Supprot Vector Machines

classification
Training Processing Sample Clusterization
Classification error analysis
sample result parameters

Classification result
SAMPLE FILTERING SYSTEM
DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM
Features space clusterization
Data mining
Modality criteria calculation for
sample histograms Standard values generation

Filtered sample
Processing result

Fig. 3. Architecture of classification and diagnostic testing software applications.

Fig. 4. User’s interface of a data analysis subsystem.

PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS Vol. 28 No. 1 2018

120 ILYASOVA et al.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The developed efficient feature-space generation
technique used to analyze diagnostic images based
on big data mining of unstructured information by
applying the discriminative analysis methods and
the methods proposed hereby, enable to improve
the quality of medical diagnosis due to obtaining
numerical objective estimations of biomedical
image parameters using large volumes of arrays of
available data.
Conducted research have shown that the use of
modern big data processing techniques, as well as fur-
ther increase of the number and the shared use of het-
erogeneous data sources leads to identification of new
patterns and enhances the accuracy of diagnosing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was partially supported by the Ministry
of education and science of the Russian Federation in
the framework of the implementation of the Program
of increasing the competitiveness of SSAU among the
world’s leading scientific and educational centers for
2013–2020 years; by the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research grants (nos. 15-29-03823, 15-29-07077, 16-
41-630761; 16-29-11698; 17-01-00972); by the ONIT
RAS program no. 6 “Bioinformatics, modern infor-
mation technologies and mathematical methods in
medicine” 2017, in the framework of the state task
#0026-2018-0104 “Optoinformation technologies for
obtaining and processing hyperspectral data.”
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Vol. 28 No. 1 2018
 PARTICULAR USE OF BIG DATA
Nataly Yu. Ilyasova (born 1966),
graduated with honors from S.P.
Korolyov Samara State Aerospace
University (SSAU) (1991). She re-
ceived her PhD (1997) and DSc
(2015) in Technical sciences. At
present, she is a senior researcher at
the Image Processing Systems Insti-
tute of the Russian Academy of Sci-
ences, and holding a part-time posi-
tion of Associate Professor at
SSAU’s Technical Cybernetics sub-
department. The area of interests in-
cludes digital signals and image processing, pattern recog-
nition and artificial intelligence, biomedical imaging and
analysis. She’s list of publications contains more than 100
scientific papers, including 35 articles and 3 monographs
published with coauthors.
Alexander Victorovich Kupriyanov
(born 1978) graduated with honors
from Samara State Aerospace Uni-
versity (SSAU) (2001). Candidate’s
degree in Technical Sciences (2004)
and Doctor of Engineering Science
(2013). Currently, Senior Researcher
at the Image Processing Systems In-
stitute, Russian Academy of Scienc-
es, and part-time position as Associ-
ate Professor at SSAU’s sub-depart-
ment of Technical Cybernetics.
Areas of interest: digital signals and
image processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelli-
gence, nanoscale image analysis and understanding, bio-
medical imaging and analysis. More than 90 scientific pa-
pers, including 42 published articles and 2 monographs.
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS Vol. 28
121
Rustam Aleksandrovich Paringer
(born 1990) received Master’s de-
gree in Applied Mathematics and
Informatics from Samara State
Aerospace University (2013). Teach-
ing assistant of the Technical Cyber-
netics Department and junior re-
searcher of Samara University, in-
tern researcher of IPSI RAS –
Branch of the FSRC “Crystallogra-
phy and Photonics”. Research inter-
ests are currently focused on com-
puter image processing, pattern rec-
ognition and data mining.
Dmitriy Victorovich Kirsh (born
1990), graduated (2014) with Mas-
ter’s degree in Applied Mathematics
and Informatics from Samara State
Aerospace University. At present, he
is a postgraduate student of Samara
University, and holding a part-time
position of a junior researcher of IP-
SI RAS – Branch of the FSRC
“Crystallography and Photonics”.
The area of interests includes digital
image processing, pattern recogni-
tion, methods of mathematical for-
mulation and comparison of crystal lattices, classification
of crystal lattices.
No. 1 2018