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03 Tensors PDF
03 Tensors PDF
X v1
velocity vector ~v = v1~x1 + v2~x2 + v3~x3 = vi~xi = v2
i v3
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The Stress Tensor
σ11 σ12 σ13
stress tensor σij = σ21 σ22 σ23 (1-25)
σ31 σ32 σ33
The first subscript keeps track of the plane the component acts on (de-
scribed by its unit normal vector), while the second subscript keeps track of
the direction. Each component represents a magnitude for that particular
plane and direction.
Figure 2: Four of the nine components of the stress tensor acting on a small
cubic fluid element.
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The Stress Tensor
EXAMPLE: SIMPLE SHEAR
σ12 = σ21 ≡ σ = F/A (1-27)
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Strain and Strain Rate Tensors
Strain is a dimensionless measure of local deformation. Since we want
to relate it to the stress tensor, we had best define the strain tensor to be
symmetric.
The strain rate tensor (or rate of deformation tensor) is the time deriva-
tive of the strain tensor.
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Strain and Strain Rate Tensors
EXAMPLE: SIMPLE SHEAR
0 γ 0
γij = γ 0 0
0 0 0
Where the scalar γ = ∂u1 /∂x2 + ∂u2 /∂x1 (1-41)
0 γ̇ 0
γ̇ij = γ̇ 0 0 (1-51)
0 0 0
Where the scalar γ̇ ≡ dγ/dt.
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The Newtonian Fluid
Newton’s Law is written in terms of the extra stress tensor
N1 = N2 = 0 (1-54)
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Vector Calculus (p. 1)
acceleration ~a = d~v
dt
= ax~i + ay~j + az~k
d~v
~a = dt
involves vectors so it represents three equations:
If ∂v
∂x
x
> 0 and ∂v
∂y
y
> 0 and ∂v
∂z
z
>0
and vx > 0 and vy > 0 and vz > 0
then you have an explosion! ∴ the name divergence.
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Vector Calculus (p. 2)
~ ≡ ∂P ~ ∂P ~ ∂P ~
Gradient n. ∇P ∂x
i + ∂y
j + ∂z
k
∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vx ~
2
∇ ~v = + + i
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2
∂ vy ∂ 2 vy ∂ 2 vy ~
+ + + j
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2
∂ vz ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz ~
+ + + k
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
~ · ∇~
Also written as ∇ ~ v , divergence of the gradient of ~v .
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Conservation of Mass in a Fluid (p. 2)
THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
ρ = density (scalar)
~v = velocity vector
ρ(~v · ~n)dA = net flux out of the control volume through small area dA.
R
S
ρ(~v · ~n)dA = net flow rate (mass per unit time) out of control volume.
R
V
ρdV = total mass inside the control volume.
d
R
dt V
ρdV = rate of accumulation of mass inside the control volume.
d
R R
Mass Balance: dt V
ρdV = − S
ρ(~v · ~n)dA
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Conservation of Mass in a Fluid (p. 2)
Z Z
d
ρdV = − ρ(~v · ~n)dA
dt V S
Divergence Theorem:
Z Z
ρ(~v · ~n)dA = ~ · (ρ~v )dV
∇
S V
Z
∂ρ ~
+ ∇ · (ρ~v ) dV = 0
V ∂t
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Conservation of Mass in a Liquid
A liquid is incompressible
In Cartesian coordinates:
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Incompressible Continuity Equation for
Liquids
Cartesian Coordinates: x, y, z
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Cylindrical Coordinates: r, θ, z
1 ∂ 1 ∂vθ ∂vz
(rvr ) + + =0
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Spherical Coordinates: r, θ, ϕ
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂vϕ
2
(r vr ) + (vθ sin θ) + =0
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
~ · ~v = 0
All are simply ∇
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