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The formation of compounds

Most elements form compounds.

For example: A reaction between sodium and chlorine gives the

compound sodium chloride (salt) quite readily.

The noble gases do not usually form compounds. They are different from
other elements, since their atoms are described as stable
or unreactive. They are stable because their outer electron shell is full. A full
outer shell makes an atom more stable.

Only the noble gases have full outer shells. This is why they are stable.

Other elements react with each other in order to obtain full outer
shells, this makes them more stable.

How atoms lose and gain electrons

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Depending on their electronic configurations, atoms lose or gain electrons in
order to achieve a full outer shell.

Losing electrons

The sodium atom has one electron in its outer shell. If it loses this one

electron it will achieve a full outer shell. By losing the one electron to another
atom, it becomes a sodium ion.

The sodium ion still has 11 protons but by losing one electron it has only 10
electrons compared to the atom. Hence, its overall charge is +1.

This +1 charge is due to the ion having one more proton than electron.

In naming ions, you take the symbol Na and assign a positive charge. This
gives us the sodium ion Na+.

Gaining electrons

A chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outer shell. It can reach a full outer
shell by gaining one electron. It will then become the chloride ion, Cl-.

A negative charge is assigned to the ion to signify that the ion contains one
more electron than proton.

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Ions

Any atom can become an ion if it gains or loses electrons.

An ion is a charged particle. It is charged due to an unequal number of

electrons and protons.

Remembering that elements gain or lose electrons, when forming

compounds,so that they achieve a full outer shell - let's now look at the
reaction between sodium and chlorine.

Example 1: Reaction between sodium and chlorine

A sodium atom loses one electron to achieve a full outer shell and

chlorine gains one electron to complete a full outer shell. So when a sodium
atom reacts with a chlorine atom, the sodium atom loses its one electron
to chlorine. The two ions formed are a sodium ion, Na+ and a chlorine
ion Cl-.

The two ions have opposite charges, they attract one another.

The force of attraction between them is an electrostatic one. This type of

attraction is strong. It is called an ionic or electrovalent bond.

Example 2: Reaction between magnesium and oxygen

Other metals and non-metals react together to form ionic compounds This is
because metals tend to lose electrons, whereas non-metals tend to gain
electrons.

A magnesium atom has two electrons in its outer shell, whereas oxygen has
six electrons. This means that magnesium wants to lose two (to oxygen) and
oxygen wants to gain two (from magnesium) so that they can have full outer
shells.

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The ions attract each other due to their opposite charges. Magnesium
ions and oxide ions are formed. The product is magnesium oxide, MgO.

Example 3: Reaction between magnesium and chlorine

To obtain full outer shells magnesium must lose two electrons and chlorine

must gain one electron. So when we react magnesium in chlorine, one
magnesium atom reacts with two chlorine atoms to form magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.

The four types that we shall study in this quick learn are:

1. Metals

2. Ionic

3. Molecular

4. Giant molecular

The metals

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 In a metal, the atoms are very tightly packed, leaving little space between
them. Due to this tight packing, the outer electrons
become delocalised from their atoms. This results in a 'sea' of
electrons around a lattice of ions or 'pseudo' cations.

Properties of metals

Here are some general properties, but remember there are always
exceptions!

1. They are hard.

2. They are tough.
3. They are not easily compressed.
4. High tensile strength - not easily stretched.
5. Malleable - can be bent or hammered into a shape.
6. Ductile - can be drawn into wires.
7. Good conductors of heat and electricity because of sea of electrons
that can move around the lattice carrying heat energy or charge.
8. Usually high melting points.

Ionic solids

Ionic solids are made up of a lattice composed of oppositely charged ions.

One of the most common ionic solids is sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is
made up of sodium and chloride ions packed - a lattice. The ions are held
by electrostatic charges in an ionic bond.

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 Properties of ionic solids

1. High melting points and boiling points due to strong ionic bonds. Most
are solids at room temp.
2. They are brittle - will shatter with a hammer.
3. Usually soluble in water. Insoluble in non-polar solvents.
4. Do not conduct electricity in solid state. They do conduct when molten
or dissolved in water since the ions are free to carry the charges as the ionic
bonds do not hold them firmly in the liquid state.

Molecular solids

In a molecular solid, the molecules are held together by weak Van Der
Waal's force, but packed in a regular pattern. Iodine is an example of a
molecular solid. Each iodine molecule is made up of 2 iodine atoms, held

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 together by a strong covalent bond. Each iodine molecule is held to another
by weak Van Der Waal's forces.

Properties of molecular solids

1. Low melting and boiling point due to weak forces between molecules.
2. They are brittle.
3. Insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as
tetrachloromethane and petrol.
4. Do not conduct electricity. Molecules do not carry a charge so even
when melted, molecular solids cannot conduct.

Giant molecular solids

Diamond and graphite

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 Diamond: Is made up of a lattice of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom can
make 4 covalent bonds to 4 other carbon atoms. Each outer atom then
bonds to 3 more and so on. Eventually millions of carbon atoms are bonded
to form a giant lattice.

Properties of diamond

1. Very hard - hardest known substance. Each atom held to 4 others by

strong covalent bonds - this explains the high melting point.
2. Does not conduct electricity due to no ions or free electrons to carry
charge.

Graphite: Graphite is made up of flat sheets of carbon atoms.

Each carbon atom makes three covalent bonds to other carbon atoms. T his
gives rings of 6 atoms. The flat sheets that lie on top of each other are held
by weak forces - Van Der Waal's.

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 Properties of graphite

1. It is soft and slippery due to sheets of atoms been able to slide over
one another because of weak forces between them.
2. A good conductor of electricity. This is due to each atom only using 3
out of 4 outer electrons in bonding. The fourth electron of each atom
becomes delocalised throughout the lattice, enabling graphite to carry
charge.
3. High melting point due to strong covalent bonds holding atoms of
carbon together in the rings.

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