Level IV – Unit 1: How it’s made

GRAMMAR GUIDE
Grammar: Used to / Would + infinitive and passive voice
Vocabulary: Past habits.
Vocabulary: match the activities on the right to the pictures on the left.

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Wordbank

For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice
 write a book play with dough play an instrument read fairy tales walk the dog
play hopscotch play video games play with marbles sleep over play with
legos rope jumping play hide and seek watch cartoons play under the rain play frisbee

1. Days gone by. Things have changed from when you were a child until today. State what are
the activities you used to do, what activities you do today as an adult and what activities do
you still do from when you were a child.

Activities I used to do Activities I did and I Activities I do as

as a child still do an adult

2. Comparing adulthood to childhood. Match the sentences according to your experiences.

Past habits and nostalgia: Would

Form:
For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice
-“When I was a child I would play outside” (past habit)
-I thought it would be sunny today (past thought about the future)

Warning: Would is always followed by an infinitive verb.

Correct: I would play soccer every sunday.
Incorrect: I would playing soccer every sunday.
Usage:
We use 'would + infinitive' to talk about a habit or repeated action in the past. We usually use
'would + infinitive' in this way when we're telling a story about the past. So, we can say:
When I was a student, we would often have a drink after class on a Friday.
When I lived in Italy, we would go to a little restaurant near our house.
However, we don't use 'would + infinitive' to talk about states in the past. So, if we're talking about
the past, we CAN'T say: I would have long hair. or I would live in Scotland.

Past habits we stopped in the past: USED TO

Usage: We use this expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which we don't
do in the present anymore.

3. Watch the video and get more information about it

4. If it's possible, make a sentence with 'would + infinitive'. If it's not possible, use 'used to
+ infinitive':
● She / love playing soccer when she was 10. _____________________________________
● I / live in a flat when I was a child.______________________________________________
For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice
 ● We / go to the beach every summer? __________________________________________
● She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it _________________________________
● He / not / smoke ___________________________________________________________
● He / play golf every weekend?________________________________________________
● I / not / hate school _________________________________________________________

● My father / drink a cup of coffee after breakfast every morning

________________________________________________________________________

● They / visit their grandmother every summer. ____________________________________

● We / have a car. ___________________________________________________________

5. Try an exercise about used to and would here

PART 2 Grammar: Passive voice

We use the passive for changing the focus.

Example: The teacher is teaching the students. The students are being taught by the teacher.
*we use the passive voice when the subject:
-is not important or less important. The bridge was built.
-is unknown The car was stolen.
-is people in general Computers are bought.
-is already clear My brother was arrested.

Practice: underline the passive voice phrases and write them below.
Paper is an important part of our everyday lives, we use it for communicating connecting and
having fun with each other, but how is paper actually made, how do we turn wood into sheets of
paper for our use. We plant over a hundred and fifty million trees in our plantations every year,
before they are transported to our mills to be turned into paper. Paper making actually involves

For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice
various processes to turn that wood log into our everyday paper products, however there are three
key steps to the process of paper making: one pulping, two papermaking, three finishing.
a. The pulping process: The logs are devoured, the bark has to stripped from the logs since
it cannot be used in paper making, the water used is filtered on the spot and reused for
other logs, reducing the amount of water wastage, together with other byproducts of the
manufacturing process, they are used to generate electricity to power up the mills and
nearby towns, the debug logs are shaped into small pieces before undergoing a process
called chemical pulping, this process breaks down a chemical called lignin and the results
is pulp. Pulp is like a stick less refined version of paper being meshed screened and dried
they can be used to make high- volume commodity printing products like newsprint and
magazine paper, but to be turned into the pulp needs a little bit more work.

b. Papermaking: It is pumped into a large paper making machine which stretches almost four
times the length of an Olympic sized swimming pool and stands as high as a three- storey
building, starting at the first section called the head box the pulp mass is squirted through a
horizontal slit over a moving wire mesh to remove excess water, here the fibers begin to
spread out and take the form of a thin sheet thus giving this part of the process its name
sheet formation, moving at almost 90 kilometers an hour the sim bats are fed into the press
section, where up to 50 percent of the water content is squeezed out up to 90 percent of
water in this entire manufacturing process is also recycled, things then start heating up as
the sheets dried at above a hundred degrees Celsius over a series of cast- iron cylinders.

c. Finishing: A film of chemicals is applied to the surface of the dried paper to improve the
properties of the paper, before being wound onto 8.5 meter wide jumbo but of course most
of our printers can’t print on paper of those dimensions, so the jumbo reels have to be cut
up into smaller pieces, these smaller sheets of paper are then further processed before
being wrapped and packed into our familiar paper one packing, before being stacked into
cartons and shipped worldwide delivered to your doorstep ready to be the launch pad of
your next masterpiece.

● Find the passive voice in the text and make a list of regular and irregular verbs.

Passive voice Regular verbs

Present Past participle

Irregular verbs

Present Past participle

For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice
Let’s practice: turn the following sentences into present passive.
1. They apply chemicals to the dried paper.________________________________________
2. The machine process small sheets of paper._____________________________________
3. The employees wrap and pack the paper________________________________________
4. They feed the sim bats into the press section_____________________________________
5. They shape de debug logs into small pieces_____________________________________

For a more detailed explanation about passive voice visit this link: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-
grammar/active-and-passive-voice