Concrete Technology

Aggregates 2

Prof. Dr. Tek Raj Gyawali

School of Engineering
Pokhara University
 Bulking of Fine Aggregates (Sand)
Bulking is the increase in the volume of a given mass of sand
caused by the films of water pushing the sand particles apart
Bulking depends upon the percentage of moisture present in the
sand and its fineness.
The increase in volume relative to that occupied by a saturated
and surface dry sand increases with an increases in the moisture
content of the sand up to a value of 5~8%, when bulking of
20~30% occurs. When further water is added, water films
merge and moves into the voids between particles so that
volume of sand decreases. The volume of sand in fully saturated
(flooded) condition is similar to that of dry sand.
Crushed sand has more bulking effect than natural sand while
coarse aggregate has negligible effect of bulking. Effect of
bulking should be considered when batching sand by volume,
otherwise should be weight batched.
 Batching

Charging of Water

Batching should be
done by weighing
each ingredient
Batching of Coarse Aggregates Batching of Fine Aggregates
 Grading of Aggregate
Grading is the particle-size distribution of an aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis. A sample of the aggregate is shaken
through a series of sieves nested one above the other in order of size, with the sieve having the largest openings on top and the one
having the smallest openings at the bottom. These wire cloth sieves have square openings. A pan is used to catch material passing
the smallest sieve.

Coarse and fine aggregates are generally sieved separately. That portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and
predominantly retained on the 75 mm (No. 200) sieve is called fine aggregate or sand, and larger aggregate is called coarse
aggregate. 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600micron, 300micron, 150micron and 75 micron sieves are used for sieve
analysis. Coarse aggregate, retained in 4.75mm sieve, may be available in several different sizes.

IS 383:1970 – Aggregate Grading Table.

Fine Aggregate
 Grading of Aggregate
Minimum weight of samples for sieve analysis
 Grading of Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate- Single Sized aggregate & Graded aggregate As Per IS 383:1970

Grading Limit of All in Aggregate As Per IS 383:1970

 Grading of Aggregate

Typical grading chart: Dashed lines indicate limits specified in ASTM C 33 for fine aggregates and for 25.0-mm
coarse aggregate
Grading Curve of Fine Aggregate (IS code)
 Grading of Aggregate
Fineness Modulus
The fineness modulus (FM) of either fine or coarse aggregate is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages by mass
retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100. The specified sieves for determining FM are:
150 μm (No. 100), 300 μm (No. 50), 600 μm (No. 30), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 10 mm, 20
mm, 40 mm, 80 mm and, 150 mm .
FM is an index of the fineness of an aggregate—the higher the FM, the coarser the aggregate. Different aggregate grading
may have the same FM.
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate should be between 2.3 and 3.1. Fineness modulus of the coarse aggregate depends upon
the maximum size of the aggregate. The greater size of the coarse aggregate, the greater value of the fineness modulus.
Somewhere, it is also called as coarser modulus.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝐹𝑀 =
100
 Numerical on Grading of Fine Aggregate
Numerical on Grading Curve and Fineness Modulus
When sieving the sample of 500 gm sand, the remaining weight of sand in each sieve is given below, determine the grading
curve of the sand and its fineness modulus. Determine the zone of the given sand as per IS standard.
Sieve size 10 cm 4.75 cm 2.36 cm 1.18 cm 600 μm 300 μm 150 μm Pan
Weigh remaining (gm) 0 40 50 80 140 125 55 10
Solution: Weight Passing Passing retaining Cummulative
Sieve
remaining (gm) Weight (gm) (%) (%) retaing (%)
10 mm 0 500 100 0 0
4.75 mm 40 460 92 8 8
2.36 mm 50 410 82 10 18
1.18 mm 80 330 66 16 34
600 μm 140 190 38 28 62
300 μm 125 65 13 25 87
150 μm 55 10 2 11 98
pan 10 0 0 2 100
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐹𝑀 =
100
0 + 8 + 18 + 34 + 62 + 87 + 98
∴ 𝐹𝑀 = = 3.07
100
Numerical on Grading of Fine Aggregate

Thus, the given sample of sand is Zone II

 Numerical on Grading of Coarse Aggregate
Numerical on Grading Curve and Fineness Modulus
When sieving the sample of 2 kg sample of 20 mm maximum size coarse aggregate, the remaining weight of coarse
aggregate in each sieve is given below, determine the grading curve of the aggregate and its fineness modulus
Solution: Weight
Passing Passing retaining Cummulative
Sieve remaining
Weight (gm) (%) (%) retaing (%)
(gm)
40 mm 0 2000 100 0 0
25 mm 0 2000 100 0 0
20 mm 120 1880 94 6 6
12.5 mm 450 1430 71.5 22.5 28.5
10 mm 750 680 34 37.5 66
6.3 mm 300 380 19 15 81
4.75 mm 380 0 0 19 100
2.36 mm 0 0 0 0 100
1.18 mm 0 0 0 0 100
600 μm 0 0 0 0 100
300 μm 0 0 0 0 100
150 μm 0 0 0 0 100
 Numerical on Grading of Coarse Aggregate
100

80
Passing (%)

60

40

20

0
150 μm 300 μm 600 μm 1.18 mm 2.36 mm 4.75 mm 10 mm 12.5 mm 20 mm
Sieve Size
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐹𝑀 =
100
0 + 0 + 6 + 28.5 + 66 + 81 + 6 × 100
∴ 𝐹𝑀 = = 7.815
100
 Abrasion Test of Aggregate
Los Angeles abrasion test (S 2386(Part 4):1963)
Abrasion test is carried out to test the hardness property of aggregates. The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to find the
percentage wear due to relative rubbing action between the aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charge.

Balance should be
accurate up to 1 g Abrasive Charges
Sieves required are 80, 63, Los Angeles Testing Machine
Inside Length = 50 cm and Inside Diameter = 48 mm and
50, 40, 25, 20, 12.5, 10, 6.3, Weight = 390 to 445 g
4.75 (as per gradation of Diameter = 70 cm
aggregate) and 1.7 mm
Gradation of the Aggregate should be carried out so as to assess Table 1
the Grade of the Aggregate (A to G)

1.The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been
dried in an oven at 105 to 110°C to substantially constant weight
and shall conform to one of the gradings shown in Table 1. The
grading or gradings used shall be those most nearly representing
the aggregate furnished for the work.
2.The test sample and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the
Los Angeles abrasion testing machine and the machine rotated at
a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min. For gradings A, B, C and D, the
machine shall be rotated for 500 revolutions; for gradings E, F
and G, it shall be rotated for 1000 revolutions as mentioned in
Table 2.
Table 2
3. The machine shall be so driven and so counter-balanced as to maintain a substantially
uniform peripheral speed. If an angle is used as the shelf, the machine shall be rotated in such a
direction that the charge is caught on outside surface of the angle.
4. At the completion of the test, the material shall be discharged from the machine and a
preliminary separation of the sample made on a sieve coarser than the l.70 mm IS Sieve.
5. The material coarser than the 1.70 mm IS Sieve shall be washed dried in an oven at 105 to
110°C to a substantially constant weight, and accurately weighed to the nearest gram (B).

The difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample is expressed
as a percentage of the original weight of the test sample. This value is reported as the
percentage of wear.

Aggregate Abrasion Value = ((A-B)/A) X 100

where,
A = weight in gm of oven-dried sample.
B = weight in gm of fraction retained on 1.70 mm IS Sieves after washing and oven-dried upto
constant weight.
Crushing Value Test of Aggregate (IS : 2386 (Part IV) – 1963)
 Determination of Aggregate Impact Value
The ‘aggregate impact value’ gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in
some aggregates differs from Its resistance to a slow compressive load.
Determination of Crushing Strength of Aggregate

Then, calculate the compressive strength in MPa.

Thank You !