INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(I C ENGINES )

Prepared by,

SAIF V KASSIM,
[M.TECH., MBA(Doing)]
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PERINTHALMANNA

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Heat Engine:- A device which convert thermal
energy into mechanical energy
Heat Engine classification
(Based on type of combustion)
1. External Combustion Engine (E C Engine)
- In an EC Engine, combustion of fuel takes
place out side the cylinder.
eg: Steam engines
2. Internal combustion Engine ( I C Engine)
- In an IC Engine, combustion of fuel takes
place in side the cylinder.
eg: Automobile engines

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NOMENCLATURE

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 PARTS (COMPONENTS) OF IC ENGINE
• Cylinder- cylindrically shaped container
with in which piston moves up and down.
Combustion chamber is here.
• Cylinder head- top cover of cylinder
• Piston- Reciprocating part of engine which
moves up and down in side the cylinder.
• Connecting rod- connects the piston to the
crankshaft. It transmit the gas force from the
piston to the crank shaft.
• Crank- It is a rotating member which
receives power from connecting rod and
transmit to the crank shaft
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Crank shaft- the crankshaft turns the
up and down motion of the piston into
circular motion
Inlet& exhaust valves.
In 4-stroke engines, inlet valve
controls the admission of air into the
engine during suction stroke. Exhaust
valve reoves the burnt gases after
combustion.
Spark plug- Used in petrol engines for ignition
Carburetor- Used in petrol engines for mixing
fuel and air in correct ratio

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• Top Dead Centre (TDC) or Inner Dead
Centre (IDC) is the extreme position of the
piston at the top of the cylinder
• Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) Outer Dead
Centre (ODC) is the extreme position of the
piston at the bottom of the cylinder
• Stroke is the travel of the piston from one
dead centre to the other.
• Stroke Length is the distance between two
dead centre

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 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES
1) According to the type of fuel used:
a) Petrol engine
b) Diesel engine
c) Gas engine
d) Kerosene engine
e) Bio fuel engine
f) Mixed engine
2) According to the number of strokes required to
complete the cycle.
a) 4-stroke engine
b) 2-stroke engine
3) According to the cycle of operation
a) Otto cycle
b) Diesel cycle
c) Dual cycle
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4) According to the method of ignition
a) Spark ignition (SI)
b) Combustion ignition (CI)
5) According to method of cooling
a) Air cooled
b) Liquid cooled (water, oil)
6) According to the number of cylinders
a) Single cylinder engine
b) Multy cylinder engine
7) According to the speed of the engine
a) Low speed
b) Medium speed
c) High speed

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8) According to the arrangement of cylinder
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) In line
d) V-type
e) Radial engine
9) According to the fuel feeding
a) Carbureted engine
b) Fuel injection type engine
10) According to the usage
a) Stationary engine- used in power plants
b) Portable engine- used in locomotives
c) Automobile engine- used in vehicles
d) Marine engine- used in ships.
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4-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

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 The four-stroke engine

Spark plug

Exhaust valve

Inlet valve
Cylinder

Piston

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
open

INDUCTION STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
open

INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down

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 The four-stroke engine

Fuel in
Inlet valve
open

INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down

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 The four-stroke engine

Fuel in
Inlet valve
open

INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down

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 The four-stroke engine

Fuel in
Inlet valve
open

INDUCTION STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

COMPRESSION STROKE
Piston up

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

Piston up COMPRESSION STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

Piston up
COMPRESSION STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

Piston down
powerfully POWER STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed
BANG

POWER STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

POWER STROKE
Piston down
powerfully
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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve
closed

POWER STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve Exhaust valve

closed open

EXHAUST STROKE

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve Exhaust valve

closed open

Exhaust gases
out

EXHAUST STROKE
Piston up

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 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve Exhaust valve

closed open

Exhaust gases
out

Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE
 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve Exhaust valve

open closed

INDUCTION STROKE
 The four-stroke engine

Inlet valve Exhaust valve

closed open

Exhaust gases
out

Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE

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 And so the
cycle
continues!!

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 4 Stroke Petrol Engine
In 4 S engine, one cycle of operation is
completed in 4 stroke of the piston( Two revolution
of the crank shaft)
• Suction Stroke (Induction Stroke)
Inlet valve-Open & Exhaust valve-Closed
Process 0-1 in P-V diagram
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
Air-Fuel mixture is sucked in to the cylinder
2. Compression Stroke
Inlet valve-Closed & Exhaust valve-Closed
Process 1-2 in P-V diagram
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Air-Fuel mixture is compressed to high temp: and
Pressure
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 At the end of compression stroke, spark plug initiate
a spark which ignites the mixture and combustion takes
place at constant volume
This is indicated by process 2-3in P-V diagram
3. Expansion Stroke (Power or working stroke)
Inlet valve-Closed & Exhaust valve-Closed
Process 3-4 in P-V diagram
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
When the mixture is ignited, the hot gases are
produced which drives the piston from TDC to BDC and
thus the work is obtained
4. Exhaust Stroke
Inlet valve-Closed & Exhaust valve-Open
Process 4-1 in P-V diagram
During this stroke, the removal of the burnt gas
accomplished

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WORKING OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENIGNE

2STROKE
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 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
 In two stroke engine, one cycle of operation is completed
in two strokes of the piston (One revolution of the crank
shaft)
 In two stroke engine Instead of valves, ports are used
During the upward stroke of the piston
- air-fuel mixture in the cylinder (above the piston) is
compressed
- fresh mixture enters the crank case through inlet port
- at the end of this stroke, the compressed mixture is ignited
- due to this explosion, gas expands & piston moves down
wards
During the down ward stroke of the piston
- air-fuel mixture in the crank case is compressed (Initial stage
compression)
- at the end of this stroke, piston uncovers the exhaust port and the burnt
gas escape. Then the transfer port is uncovered and the compressed
mixture from crank case enters in to the cylinder
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