UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
3Q - SocSci2 Page 1 of 4
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND government.

POLITICS (SocSci2) • Analysis of political activity and behavior.
(Second Semester, Third Quarter Reviewer) • Study of the activities related to the art of
governing, the management of public affairs, and/or
THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
creation, preservation, and amendment of the general
- Observation
rules which operate in communities and societies.
- Experimentation
• Examines the interrelationships and dynamics of
- Analysis
power within, across, and between entities in the
- Making generalization
public and private spheres.
- Empiricism
CULTURE
- In the development and progress of human
• Derived from the Latin word “CULTURA” meaning
knowledge, the social sciences were the last to
“cultivation.”
develop after the natural sciences like chemistry,
• The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a
biology, and physics.
particular people or society.
- And while the origin of the social sciences can be
• System of ideas, feelings, and survival strategies
traced to ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato,
shared in a particular group.
and Aristotle, their development as separate fields of
• Structure that unifies a human group and gives it an
knowledge only begun in the modern period.
identity as society.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
SEVEN (7) ASPECTS OF CULTURE
• Scientific study of human society and social
relationships. 1. CULTURE IS EVERYTHING
• Touches all human dealings.
THREE (3) DISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
• What person has, does, and thinks as part of society.
1. ANTHROPOLOGY
2. CULTURE IS LEARNED
• Derived from the 2 Greek words “ANTROPOS”
• Pass on from 1 generation to another.
meaning “man” and “LOGOS” meaning “study.”
• We learn our culture through our family, school,
• Study of humans, past, and present.
church, and other social institutions.
• Study of human beings and their ancestors.
• Examines human societies. 3. CULTURE IS SHARED
• Specifically looks into the origins, physical and • Communally owned.
cultural development, biological, and ecological • Particular behavior cannot be considered as a
characteristics, and the culture, values, and social culture if there is only one person practicing it.
customs of communities.
4. CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY
• Physical or biological, linguistic, and cultural.
• Interaction between the body and culture.
2. SOCIOLOGY • People alter their bodies to fit into the physiological
• Derived from the Latin word “SOCIOUS” meaning norms that are dictated by culture.
“companion” and the Greek word “LOGOS” meaning
5. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
“study.”
• Responds to the need of the environment.
• Studies the structures, developments, and
• Tool for survival that humans use in response to the
functioning of human society.
pressures of their environment.
• Looks into social relations, organizations,
institutions, and societal segments and groups. 6. CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE
• Study of society and human behavior. • Can cause problems for people.
• Problems arise when the environment has changed
3. POLITICAL SCIENCE
and culture has remained the same.
• Branch of knowledge that deals with systems of

Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
3Q - SocSci2 Page 2 of 4
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

7. CULTURE CHANGES 1. UPPER CLASS

• Never static.
• Dynamism is due to the changing needs of humans
as they interpret and survive in their environment.
SOCIETY
• Derived from the Latin word “SOCIOUS” meaning
companion.
• Aggregate of people living together in a more or less
ordered community.
• Organized group of interdependent people who
share a common territory, language and culture, and
who act together for collective survival, and well-
being.
• Bounded together by a general sense of common
identity and pride of place.
• There can be no culture without a society and so far,
there are no known human societies that do not
exhibit culture.
POLITICS
• Theory, art, and practice of government.
• Political institution is a relatively stable cluster of
statuses, general norms, and role behavior, which are
involved in the acquisition and exercise of society of
wide power and making decision (Turner, n.d.).
• Institution that sets up the social norms and values
as to will possess the monopoly of legitimate use of
physical force within a given territory, how that
power is acquired and maintained, and how that
power is organized and exercised, comprised the
state.
• Most productive in terms of resource generation
and oftentimes very successful in their respective
fields of interest and endeavors.
TWO (2) TYPES OF UPPER CLASS
A. NEW RICH
• Usually derogatory, to describe those whose wealth
has been acquired within their own generation,
rather than by familial inheritance.
B. OLD RICH
• Inherited wealth of established upper-class families
or a person, family, or lineage possessing inherited
wealth.
2. MIDDLE CLASS
• Composed of small business and industry operators.
• Mostly owners and managers, professionals, office
workers, and farm owners with income that is
average enough to provide comfortable and decent
living and it includes the OFW.
3. LOWER CLASS
• Farm employees, skilled and unskilled artisans,
service workers, and others who may be unemployed
or underemployed or those who belonged to indigent
families or informal sectors.
• Caused by poverty.

GENDER AND SEX

1. GENDER
• Socially constructed characteristics of being male or
female.

2. SEX
• Refers to the biological and physiological
characteristics of person.

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
• Category of persons who have more or less the
same socioeconomic privileges in a society.
• Due to inherited wealth and/or the occupational
status of the breadwinner in the household. ETHNICITY
• Expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a
THREE (3) TYPES OF SOCIAL CLASSES OF PEOPLE
distinct ethnic or indigenous group.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
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ETHNIC GROUP TWO (2) TYPES OF DEVIANCE

• People who collectively and publicly identified
1. FORMAL DEVIANCE
themselves as a distinct and unique based on
• Violated the enacted laws.
distinguishable cultural features that set them apart
• Examples are robbery, theft, graft, rape, and other
from the others such as shared ancestry and common
forms of criminality.
origin, language, customs, and traditions.
2. INFORMAL DEVIANCE
RELIGION
• Violation to social norms that are not codified into
• Organized system of ideas about the spiritual
law.
sphere or the supernatural, along with associated
• Examples are pricking one’s nose, belching loudly,
ceremonial or ritualistic practices by which people
or spitting on the streets among others.
tried to interpret and/or influence aspects of the
universe otherwise beyond human control. TABOOS
• Taboos related to food are manifestations of
EXCEPTIONALITY
deviancy.
• Refers to the state of being intellectually gifted
• Case to case basis since what one society views as
and/or being physically or mentally challenged
deviant may be seen by other societies as normative,
conditions such as personality or behavior,
traditional, or desirable.
communication (learning disability, speech
impairment, and hearing problems), intellectual FIVE (5) FOOD TABOOS
(mild intellectual and mental development abilities), 1. Hindu, it is prohibited to eat the cow because they
physical (blind low vision), and combination of more considered it as sacred.
than one specific exceptionality or disability. 2. For Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), blood is a taboo for
them.
NATIONALITY
3. Muslims and Jews are prohibited to eat pork.
• Legal relationship that binds between a person and
4. Eating or dogs (Example; Yulin Festival in China).
a country.
5. Eating of rodents and insects.
• Affords the state jurisdiction over the person in the
same way with the person of the protection by state. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL CHANGE
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL BEHAVIOR 1. SOCIAL CHANGE
AND PHENOMENA • Variations or modifications in the patterns of social
organization, sub-groups within a society, or of the
NORMS
entire society itself.
• Served as a guides or models of behavior which tells
us what is proper or improper, appropriate or A. INVENTION
inappropriate, or right or wrong. • New combination or a new use of existing
• Serves as a form of limit or regulation. knowledge.
• Usually in the form of rules, standards, or
prescriptions that are strictly followed by people who TWO (2) CLASSIFICATIONS OF INVENTION
adhered on certain conventions and performed a. MATERIAL INVENTION
specific roles. • Example of this are bow and arrow, mobile phones,
• Every society has its own norms to follow. and airplane.
DEVIANCE OR NONCONFORMITY b. SOCIAL INVENTION
• Behavior that are relatively or distinctly set away • Example of this are alphabet, texting, and jejemon.
from the norm.
• Can be tolerated, approved or disapproved B. DISCOVERY
depending on societal views. • Takes place when people reorganized existing
elements of the world that they had not noticed
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
3Q - SocSci2 Page 4 of 4
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

before or learned to see in a new way.
• Provides something new to the culture because it
became an integral part of the culture only after
discovery happened or took place.
C. DIFFUSION
• Spread of culture traits from one group to another.
• Creates changes as cultural elements spread from
one society to another through trade, migration, and
mass communication.
CULTURE SPREADS THROUGH THE PROCESSES
ENCULTURATION
• Each culture is spread to the other through learning.
SOCIALIZATION
• Learning through constant exposure and experience
to culture, which ultimately imbibe the latter to the
system of values, beliefs, and practices of the
individual or group.
ASSOCIATION
• Establishing connection with the culture thereby
bridging areas of convergence and cultural symbiosis.
sovereignty and recognitions of one’s political
determination and identity.
C. Random events or acts of man like oil price hike in
the market.
D. Technology serves as one of the causes of change.
ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM
ETHNOCENTRISM
• Perspective that promotes an individual culture as
the most efficient and superior.
• Positive effect, it promotes solidarity and loyalty
within the group.
• Negative effect, it can lead to conflict within groups.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
• Promotes the perspective that cultures must be
understood in the context of their loyalty.
• No culture should be considered better than
another; different cultures should be accepted,
tolerated, and appreciated rather than condemned.
• The culture of cultural relativism was developed to
overcome the bias generated due to ethnocentrism in
cultural studies.

INTEGRATION TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

• Total assimilation of culture as manifested by • Includes all material objects such as artifacts,
change of worldviews, attitudes, behavior, and buildings or landscapes, tools, furniture, bridges, and
perspectives of looking things. any physical substance which has been change and
used by people.
2. POLITICAL CHANGE
• Includes all categories of change in the direction of INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
open, participatory, and accountable politics. • Consists of abstractions that include knowledge,
• The change of realm of civil and political societies beliefs, values, rules for behavior, traditional skills
and in the structure of relations among civil society, and technologies, religious ceremonies, performing
political society, and the state. arts, and storytelling.
• Youth awareness and active political participation.
3. CULTURAL CHANGE
• Includes all alterations affecting new traits or trait
complexes, to changes in culture’s content and
structure.
• These changes are caused by several factors such as
physical environment, population, war and conquest,
random events, and technology.
FOUR (4) EXAMPLES:
A. Population movements brought about migration
and transnational origins.
B. War and constant fighting for territorial

Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal