DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION

INRODUCTION TO THE
SUBJECT HISTORY - The study of the past and its
records about events.
SOCIAL SCIENCES
POLITICAL SCIENCE - Deals with the
➢ A branch of science devoted to the system of governance.
study of societies and the
relationships among individuals PSYCHOLOGY - Scientific study of the
within those societies mind and behavior.

SOCIOLOGY - Study of groups – how

NATURAL SCIENCES they are formed, how they change, and
how the group impacts individual
➢ A major branch of science that deals behavior.
with the description, prediction and
understanding of natural SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES THAT
phenomena, basically based on EMERGED DURING THE:
observational and empirical CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
evidence.
• Demography
• Political Science
HUMANITIES
• History
➢ refers to the study of the ways in • Economics
which the human experience is • Geography
processed and documented. • Linguistics
➢ encompasses the field of • Psychology
philosophy, literature, religion, art, • Anthropology
music, history, and language.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES • History

• Psychology (Psychoanalysis)
ANTHROPOLOGY - Scientific study of
man or human being and their societies RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF
in the past and present. EXPLORATION

DEMOGRAPHY – Study of human • Political Science

population and dynamics. • Geography

ECONOMICS - Study of what THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

constitutes rational human behavior in
the endeavor to fulfill needs and wants. • Early Sociology
• Economics
GEOGRAPHY - Deals with the study of
the relationship between the earth and INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE
people. AGE OF IMPERIALISM

LINGUISTICS - Study of languages and • Economics

focuses on the three aspects of language. • Political Science

ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)

 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION

• Psychology and the media.

• Sociology
• deviance is any behavior that
THE MAJOR SOCIAL SCIENCE differs from the societal norm.
THEORIES
NEO-MARXISM
MARXISM
• is based on ideas initially projected
➢ a social, political, and economic
by Karl Marx. Marx believed that
philosophy named after Karl Marx,
economic power led to political
which examines the effect of
power and that this is the key to
capitalism on labor, productivity,
understanding societies.
and economic development and
argues for a worker revolution to
• Neo-Marxists believe the economic
overturn capitalism in favor of
system creates a wealthy class of
communism.
owners and a poor class of
workers.
CONCEPTS OF MARXISM
• They also believe that certain social
Marxism believes that:
institutions such as churches,
• capitalism can only thrive on the prisons and schools have been
exploitation of the working class. created to maintain the division
between the powerful and the
• there was a real contradiction powerless.
between human nature and the
way that we must work in a
STRUCTURAL
capitalist society.
FUNCTIONALISM
• it has a dialectic approach to life in
➢ Sees society as a structure with
that everything has two sides. interrelated parts designed to meet
the biological and social needs of
• capitalism is not only an economic the individuals in that society.
system but is also a political
system. ➢ Functionalist sociologists like
Parsons and Durkheim have been
• economic conflict produces class concerned with the search for
(rich, middle, and poor) and functions that institutions may
inherently class produces conflict. have in society.

• a key part in the control of the ➢ Another functionalist sociologist R.

Proletariat is the use of alienation Merton has adopted a concept of
in all aspects of society, including dysfunction – this refers to the
the family, the education system, effects of any institution which
detracts from the conservation of

ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)

 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
society.
➢ An example of a function which
helps maintain society is that of
the family, its function is to ensure
the continuity of society by
reproducing and socializing new
members.
MANIFEST FUNCTION – Open
intended behavior
LATENT FUNCTION – Hidden or
unintended behavior.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
➢ This perspective relies on the
symbolic meaning that people
develop and build upon in the
process of social interaction.
➢ A social psychological theory
developed from the work of Charles
Horton Cooley and George
Herbert Mead in the early part of
the twentieth century (the actual
name of the theory comes from
Herbert Blumer, one of Mead’s
students).
CONCEPTS OF SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
SYMBOL - a vocal or other kind of
gesture that has the same meaning and
solicits the same reaction between the
one using it and to whom it is directed.
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS - anything
associated with some other thing or
event, but it is produced and controlled
by the very organisms that have learned
to respond to it.
ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)
NATURAL SIGNS - are those that show
appropriateness with its use, that is,
the sign is in its literal form.
TANGIBLE - anything that can be seen
by the naked eye and can be touched
(physical).
INTANGIBLE - not having a physical
appearance; cannot be touched or seen
by the naked eye (social).
• An act starts with an impulse,
which occurs when people’s
existing adjustment or line of
activity is disturbed.
• In perception, people begin to name
or designate objects. Thus, gives
direction to an act.
• In the manipulation stage, people
take concrete steps to reach our
goal.
• Finally, the act ends with
consummation when people’s
original adjustment or line of
activity is restored.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
➢ It is the view that people behave as
they do because they believe that
performing their chosen actions
has more benefits than costs.
➢ People make rational choices based
on their goals, and those choices
govern their behavior.
COST - an amount that must be paid or
spent to buy or obtain something.
BENEFIT - an advantage or profit
gained from something.
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
ASSUMPTIONS OF RATIONAL
CHOICE THEORY
INDIVIDUALISM - It is the ability of
individuals to ultimately take actions.
(independent, self-reliant)
OPTIMALITY - Individuals choose their
actions optimally, given their individual
preferences as well as the opportunities
or constraints with which the
individuals face. (Best or most effective)
STRUCTURES - These structures and
norms that dictate a single course of
action are merely special cases of
rational choice theory.
SELF-REGARDING INTEREST - This
assumption states that the actions of
an individual is concerned entirely with
his/her own welfare.
RATIONALITY - It is the most
predominant assumption of the rational
choice theory.
GENERALITY - This means that one set
of assumptions relating to each type of
actor in a given circumstance is
compatible w/ any set of assumptions
about the environmental setting in
which the actor is present.
PARSIMONY - (cheapness) The
common knowledge of rationality
assumption.
PREDICTIVE - Used to produce a wide
variety of decisive theories, whose
predictions about the measurable real-
world phenomena rule out a much
larger set of outcomes that what is
already general.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)
➢ Defined as a set of psychological
theories and therapeutic
techniques that have their origin in
the work and theories of Sigmund
Freud.
➢ The core idea at the center of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all
people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and
memories (Cherry 2020).
SIGMUND FREUD – Father of
Psychoanalysis
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
UNCONSCIOUS - The material that we
have no immediate access to, and we
cannot bring into consciousness. It
includes repressed feelings, hidden
memories, habits, thoughts, desires,
and reactions.
PRECONSCIOUS - It stores all the
thoughts of which you could bring into
consciousness easily if you wanted to;
thoughts that can be easily recalled
without special techniques.
CONCSCIOUS - It contains those
thoughts of which you are currently
aware (e.g. logic and reasoning).
PROVINCES OF THE MIND
ID
• It is the oldest and most primitive
psychic energy;
• Representing the biological
foundations of personality;
• Is concerned only with satisfying
personal desires; and
• The actions taken by the id are
based on the Pleasure Principle
(motivate the organism to seek
pleasure).
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
EGO
• The “executive”;
• The primary job of the ego is to
mediate/ balance the demands of
the Id and the outer forces of
reality;
• The center of reason, reality-
testing, and common sense; and
• Governed by the Reality Principle
SUPEREGO
• The “ideal”;
• Consequence of the oedipal drama
(sexual desire [child] toward the
parent of the opposite sex – jealous
feelings [child] toward the parent of
the same sex);
• The moral arm of the personality, it
corresponds to one’s conscience;
and
• Bids the psychic apparatus to
pursue idealistic goals and
perfection
THE FEMINIST THEORY
➢ Feminism or feminist theory is a
range of political movements,
ideologies, and social movements
that share a common goal which is
to define and advance political,
economic, personal, and social
rights for women.
➢ This includes seeking to establish
equal opportunities for women in
education and employment.
MOVEMENTS OF FEMINISM
FIRST WAVE - Feminism refers to an
extended period of feminist activity
during the nineteenth century and early
ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)
twentieth century in the United
Kingdom and the United States.
SECOND WAVE - Feminism refers to
the period of activity in the early 1960s
and lasting through the late 1990s.
THIRD WAVE - Feminism began in the
early 1990s, arising as a response to
perceived failures of the second wave
and as a response to the backlash
against initiatives and movements
created by the second wave.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
FEMINISM
1. Working to increase equality
2. Expanding human choice
3. Eliminating gender stratification
4. Ending sexual violence and
promoting sexual freedom
TYPES OF FEMINISM
LIBERAL FEMINISM
• Liberal feminism is an
individualistic form of feminist
theory, which focuses on women’s
ability to maintain their equality
through their own actions and
choices.
• Liberal feminists argue that society
holds the false belief that women
are, by nature, less intellectually
and physically capable than men.
SOCIALIST FEMINISM
➢ Socialist feminism is a branch of
feminism that focuses upon both
the public and private spheres of a
woman's life and argues that
liberation can only be achieved by
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
working to end both the economic
and cultural sources of women's
oppression.
RADICAL FEMINISM
➢ Radical feminism is a perspective
within feminism that calls for a
radical reordering of society in
which male supremacy is
eliminated in all social and
economic contexts.
HERMENEUTICAL
PHENOMENOLOGY
➢ A research method used in
qualitative research in the fields of
education and other human
sciences. It arose out of and
remains closely tied to
phenomenological philosophy, a
strand of continent philosophy.
Phenomenology becomes
hermeneutical when its method is
taken to be interpretive (rather
than purely descriptive as a
transcendental phenomenology).
PHENOMENOLOGY - Refers to a
person’s perception of the meaning of
an event, as opposed to the event as
exist externally to (outside of) that
person.
HERMENEUTICS - In the study of
literary texts, scholars frequently
adhere to a set of rules or a specific
system on which to base their
interpretation.
HERMENEUTIC ANALYSIS - The
strategy forms an opposite to those
research strategies which stress
objectivity and independence of
ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)
interpretations in the formations in
formation of knowledge.
HERMENEUTIC RESEARCH -
Hermeneutic research emphasizes
subjective interpretations in the
research of meanings of texts, art,
culture, social phenomena and
thinking.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -
Based on discussions and reflections of
direct sense perception and experiences
of the researched phenomenon.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH -
Enables you to explore experiences and
sensory perception (different to abstract
perceptions) of researched
phenomenon, and the formation of
understanding based on these
experiences and perceptions.
LIVED EXPERIENCES OF
HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY
LIVED BODY - It refers to our physical
body or bodily presence in our everyday
lives, including all that we feel, reveal,
conceal, and share through our lived
body.
LIVED SPACE - It is the existential
theme that refers us to the world or
landscape in which human beings move
and find themselves at home.
LIVED TIME - It can be understood as
time as we experience it. This is
composed of a subjective understanding
of time as opposed to the more objective
or “factual” time, and it refers to the
ways in which we experience our world
on a temporal level.
LIVED HUMAN RELATIONS - Refers to
the relations we make and/or maintain
with others in our lifeworld.
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
REVIEWER FOR THE THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION
HUMAN – ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEMS
HUMAN
- Have the capacity to interact with
their environment.
- Humans and the environment have
that “mutual” interaction with each
other.
- Have the capacity to change or
influence the balance of society.
ENVIRONMENT
- A complex of many variables which
surrounds man as well as the
living organisms.
- Includes water, air and land and
the interrelation ships which exists
among and between water, air and
land.
SYSTEM
- It may be described as a complex of
interacting components together
with the relationships among them
that permit the identification of a
boundary maintaining entity or
process.
HUMAN – ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
- Also known as CHANS (coupled
human and natural system).
- Dynamical two-way interactions
between human systems (e.g.
economic, social) and natural (e.g.
hydrologic, atmospheric, biological,
geological) systems.
ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)
- Social and natural systems are
inseparable.
- Tackle broader investigations into
the complex nature of reciprocating
interactions and feedbacks
humans on the environment and
the effect of the environment on
humans.
LANDSCAPE
- The visible features of an area of
land of countryside or land, often
considered in terms of their
aesthetic appeal.
- Part of the Earth’s surface that can
be viewed at one time from one
place.
- Continually changing under the
influence of many different factors.
FATHER OF HISTORY – HERODOTUS
- Herodotus is undoubtedly the
“Father of History.” Born in
Halicarnassus in Ionia in the 5th
century B.C., he wrote “The
Histories.” In this text are found
his “inquiries” which later became
to modern scholars to mean “facts
of history.”
FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY – AUGUSTE
COMTE
- French philosopher known as the
founder of sociology and
of positivism. Comte gave
the science of sociology its name
and established the new subject in
a systematic fashion.
FATHER OF GEOGRAPHY –
ERATOSTHENES
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- He was the first one to use the

word geography and he also had a
small-scale notion of the planet
that helped him to determine the
circumference of the earth.

ALCALA, JOHN ANDRE M. (HUMSS 11 – PACITA ABAD)