U. C. S. P.
ANTHROPOLOGY – Systematic study of humanity; it
focuses on individual level of human behavior
SUB-BRANCHES
 Archaeology
- Focuses on the objects humans have
made.
 Biological Anthropology
- Examines the way humans adapt to
different environment.
 Cultural Anthropologist
- Interested in how humans live and
make sense of their surroundings,
studying their folklore, cuisine, arts, and
social norms.
 Linguistic Anthropologist
- Study the ways different cultures
communicate.
PERSPECTIVE IN ANTHROPOLOGY
 HOLISM
- Holistic approach to the study of human
groups is general to anthropology. It
studies humanity as a whole, in how
various aspects of life interact.
 Cultural Relativism
- Refers to not judging a culture to our
own standards of what is right or
wrong, strange or normal.
- Anthropologists seek to understand
people’s beliefs within the system they
have for explaining things.
 Comparison
- Anthropologists used the comparison to
learn what humans have in common,
how we differ, and how we change.
 Fieldwork
- Is the process of observing and
collecting data about people, cultures,
and the natural environment.
- “Ethnography”, which is both the
process and result of cultural
anthropological research.
- Greek term “ethno” – people; “graphy”
– writing
o The ethnographic process involves the
research method of participant –
observation. Fieldwork; you participate
in people’s live while observing them
and taking field notes that along with
interviews and surveys, constitute the
research data.
SOCIOLOGY – Study of groups and group interaction,
societies and small interactions from small groups and
personal groups to very a very large group.
SOCIETY – A group of people who live in a defined
geographic area, who interact with one another, and who
share a common culture.
 “Socius” – means companion or fellowship
 “Logia” – means the study of
SUB-FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY
 Sociology of Religion
- Examines the beliefs of individuals as
well as the structure of religion within a
society.
 Sociology Theory
- Sociologists analyze past sociological
theories through scientific methods.
 Rural Sociology
- It deals with the study of social life,
structure and culture of rural society
 Urban Society
- Urban sociologists are interested in
analyzing the social life and structure of
a cosmopolitan society.
 Criminology
- Studies deviant or criminal behavior of
individuals and groups within a society.
PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIOLOGY
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 Symbolic Interactionism (Max Weber)
- (micro sociology)
 Functionalism/ Structuralism (Emile Durkheim)
- (macro sociology)
- Relationship between the parts of
society; how aspects of society are
functional (adaptive)
 Manifest – common/intended
 Latent – unrecognizable/
unintended/uncommon
 Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)
- Competition for scarce resources; How
the elite control the pooper and weak.
 Class-conflict
 Race conflict
 Gender conflict
POLITICAL SCIENCE – it is a classical discipline that deals
with the study of political phenomena. It deals with the
traditional fields of public national life, such as
democracy, parliaments, politicians, elections, and the
government.
 “Politike” – pertaining to public affairs,
concerning the governance of a country or
people.
 “Politicus” – citizens or the state, civil, civic
SUB-FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Comparative Politics
- is the study of how different societies
and political system work. There are so
many similarities but there are also
many differences.
 International Relations
- is the study of the interactions between
nations and other types of international
entities.
 Political Theory
- Is the study of how political institutes,
power, and sovereignty are organized
and exercised.
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF POLITICAL THEORY
1. NORMATIVE
- The normative side of political theory is
concerned with the concept of justice,
rights, and legitimacy.
2. POSITIVE
- The positive side of political theory is
concerned with the study of power,
interest, and decision-making.
 Political Economy
- Is the study of how power, resources,
and decision-making influences
economic outcomes. How power
shapes the economy.
 Political Administration
- is the management of government and
public affairs. It is concerned with the
use of public resources, the creation of
public policy and planning for future of
society.
3 branches
i. Executive – president (execute laws)
ii. Legislative – upper (senate); lower
(congress)
iii. Judiciary – interpret the laws
 Domestic Policy
- Is the set of laws and rules that a
country has for how it governs its own
country. These laws are created to
make the everyday life of citizen easier
and more enjoyable.
APPROACHES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Institution
- Encompasses a range of methodological
approaches in political science that
have at their core an emphasis on the
institution, understood as the rules,
regularities, structures, and the context
more generally which influence political
outcomes and shape political conducts.
 Positivism
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-A philosophical system that holds that the new culture that was diffused with
every rationally justifiable assertion can it.
be scientifically verified.  SOCIAL CONTRADICTION
 Rational Choice Theory - Societal change does not always start
- States that individuals use rational and ascend smoothly and peacefully.
calculations to make rational choices Revolutions are sometimes used to
create a just society. There are also
and achieve outcomes that are aligned
instances that changes in social and
with their own personal objectives. political landscape lead to the
deterioration even destruction of
SOCIAL CHANGE – refers to the transformation of
communities.
culture, behavior, social institutions, and social  Class Struggle
structure overtime.  Inter-Ethnic Conflict
 Armed Conflicts
SOURCE OF CHANGE  Terrorism
 Protests
 INNOVATION  Gender Inequality
 ACCULTURATION
 ASSIMILATION 3 Types of Changes
 DIFFUSION
 SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS & TENSION  Cultural Change
- Refers to the changes that come about
 INNOVATION in both the material and non-material.
- Is an independent invention to  Social Change
creatively find solutions to problems. - Social change should be understood as
 Primary Innovation
the changes that come about in society,
i. Occurs when an
in relation to human relationships and
individual or group
comes up with a social institutions
completely new idea,  Historical Materialism
method, or device. - Change over time in relation to
 Secondary Innovation “material reality”.
ii. Happens when an
Ex. Modes of Production
individual or group
further develops an o Raw materials
already existing idea, o Man power/labor
method, or device.
o Machineries
 DIFFUSION
o Land
- The process by which products, people, o Businessman
ideas, language and information spread
from one society to another.
 POLITICAL CHANGE
 ASSIMILATION
- Happens when aspects or culture - Political change happens when the
disappear and are replaced by another. rulers of a country lose power or when
the type of governance in the country
 ACCULTURATION changes. Governance is the kind of
- The process when the original culture system or ideology used to express
does not disappear, but it is mixed with authority in a country. It may be a
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democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, or
others.
LESSON 3: DEFINING CULTURE & SOCIETY
 EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR – that complex
whole which compasses beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a
person learns and share as a member of society.
Forms of Culture
1. Material Culture
- The tangible or physical objects that
have been created by members od
society out of the raw materials in
nature.
2. Non-Material Culture
- The intangible or nonphysical aspects of
culture. This comes in the form of ideas
that range from art to music to
philosophy that humans have created
over time.
Elements of Culture
1. Artifacts (Material Culture)
- Are the material expressions of culture.
These are all the objects made by
humans, fashioned out of raw materials
provided by nature or from other
objects already produced by humans.
2. Symbols (Non-Material Culture)
- Are anything that humans create and
use to mean something else.
3. Language (Non-Material Culture)
- Is a system of symbols shared by
members of society to enable them to
communicate with one another. It is the
most important set of symbols for
communication and transmitting
culture ever created by humans.
4. Values (Non-Material Culture)
- Are a society’s shared ideas or standard
of what is right or wrong, ethical or
unethical, acceptable or unacceptable,
worthy pr unworthy, desirable or
undesirable.
5. Norms (Non-Material Culture)
- Are tules that guide human behavior
and interaction in society.
 Folkways – informal norms;
rules of casual behavior that do
not take much effort to think
about.
 Mores – the most specific
clearly stated and strictly
enforced that carry sanctions
for those who violates it.
 Laws – norms that are
promulgated, enacted, or
codefied by members of
society.
 Taboos – Highest form of mores
which must be strictly observed
with no exceptions.
6. Rituals (Non-Material Culture)
- Established ways, set of actions, and/or
ceremonies that mark the transition of
a person from one part to another in
the life course.
 Cultural Diversity – refers to the variations in
the cultural patterns within societies.
 Multiculturalism – the recognition that many
societies are now culturally diverse and the only
way to deal with this diversity is to promote
equality of different cultures.
 High Culture – patterns that differentiate a
society’s elite from the past.
 Popular Culture – patterns that have a wide
presence and acceptance in any given culture.
 Subculture – a group that has its own set of
standards and expectations that gives it a sense
of belongingness to the group as opposed to
non-members.
 Counterculture – any group whose values and
beliefs challenge, run counter to, or even reject
the larger culture.
 Ethnocentrism – is the attitude of judging
another culture based the standards of one’s
culture.
 Cultural Relativism – where one suspends one’s
cultural view and biases by seeing another
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culture according to the standard of that geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to
culture. have "drifted" across the ocean bed.

EVIDENCE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Society - This refers to an autonomous group  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) points to
or organization of people occupying a distinct the fact that we humans are primates,
geographic territory who interact with others and thus belong to the same Order as
and share a common culture. that of the great apes.
 fossil evidence also point to the fact of
TYPES OF SOCIETIES human evolution. Around twenty early
 Foraging societies – are the simplest form of human species have been identified by
societies. They depend on hunting and/or researchers and became extinct due to
fishing for animals and gathering edible plants environmental factors. The lone
for survival. hominid species that survived the
 Pastoral societies – are those that are engaged drastic changes in the environment is
largely in herding cows, goats and sheep mainly Homo sapiens sapiens, our own species.
for subsistence and for transportation; hence
they are also called herders
 Horticultural societies – With the
domestication of animals also came the
domestication of plants in areas conducive to
growing edible crops, giving rise to horticultural
societies.
 Agricultural societies – also produce food crops
like those of horticultural societies but in a
more efficient and intensive manner using
sophisticated knowledge and technology
resulting in surpluses.
 Industrial societies – are largely different from
agricultural societies in that they convert raw
materials into finished products using machines
and in much larger quantities than would be
possible in agricultural societies.
 Post-industrial societies – the major economic
activity is centered in providing services and
facilitating the exchange of correct information
with the use of advanced communication
technologies.

HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY PANGEA - is the

hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over