Co-ordination Chemistry

&
Organometallic Compounds
(milgla;kstd jlk;u o dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd)

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 vdkcZfud ;kSfxd dks lkekU; :i ls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS -
1. lk/kkj.k yo.k (Simple Salt)- tc vEy o {kkj fd;k djrs gS rks lk/kkj.k yo.k dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSA
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Base Acid
 ty esa ?kksyus ij buesa (+)nt lHkh vk;uksa dk ifj{k.k nsrs gS
-
NaCl (in H2O) Na++ Cl
Ex.- NaCl, NaBr, NaI, NaClO4, Na2SO4, KCl, KBr, KI, K2CO3, Na2CO3 etc.

2. f)d yo.k (Double salt)- leku _.kk;u ;qDr nks lk/kkj.k yo.k feydj f)d yo.k cukrs
gSA
Ex.- K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O , ;g leku (-)Ve ion ;qDr Al2(SO4)3 o K2SO4 (Alum) ds
la;ksx ls cuk gSA
Ex.- FeSO4.(NH4)SO4.6H2O Mohr’s Salt
 budk vfLrRo dsoy fdzLVyh; :Ik esa gh gksrk gSA
 ty esa ?kqyuÓhy o ty esa ?kksyus ij lHkh vk;uksa dk ifj{k.k nsrs gSA
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O ty esa ?kksyus ij K+, SO4-2 , Al+3, dk ijh{k.k nsrk gssSA

3. ldqay ;kSfxd ;k milgla;ksd ;kSfxd- ,sls compound Bksl o tyh; foy;u nksauksa :iksa
esa LFkkbZ gksrs gSA
 bues metal o ligand es co-ordinate bond dk fuek.Zk gksrk gSAS
(metal) M :L (ligand)
 Tky esa ?kksyus Ikj lHkh ljy vk;u u nsdj tfVy lajpuk okys ladyq vk;u (complex ion) nsrs
gSA
 ladqy vk;u ds xq.k vo;oh ion ds ls fHkUu gksrs gS
 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd tyh; foy;uksa ds feykdj muds fdzLVyu ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
 Ex.- Fe(CN)2 + 4KCN gives K4[Fe(CN)6] Complex
-4 -
 Now K4[Fe(CN)6] dissociates into K+ and [Fe(CN)6] not in Fe+2, K+, CN

 milgla;kstd ;kSfxdks esa&

i. ljy /kuk;u o ,d complex ion –K4 Fe(CN)6
ii. ,d _.kk;u o ,d complex nagetive ion- [Cu (NH3)4] SO4
iii. ;k ,d complex positive ion o complex negative ion Ex. – [Pt(NH3)] [PtCl4]
S
 Special Point –
 complex ion ;k v.kq esa ,d /kkrq ijek.kq ;k /kuk;u (+)nt gksrs gS tks
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd mnklhu v.kq ;k vk;uks ls tqMk gksrk gSA
 dsfUnz; /kkrq ls tqM+s ;s mnklhu v.kq ;k vk;u fyxsUM dgykrs gSSA
 bu compounds dsfUnz; /kkrq ijek.kq o fyxs.M eas milgla;kstd

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 ca/k curk gSA
 gS blfy, bUgs milgla;kstd ;kSfxd Hkh dgrs gSA
 lkekU;r ladqy ;kSfxd ladze.k rRo cukrs gSA
 fyxs.M (ligand) & ijek.kq ;k ijek.kqvksa dk lewg electron pair nsus dh gksrh gS
fyxs.M dgykrk gSaA
fyxs.M dk og ijek.kq tks electron pair nsrk gS nkrk ijek.kq dgykrk gSA

 fyxs.Mks ds izdkj& nkrk ijek.kq dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ;s fuEu izdkj ds gks ldrs gS A

1. ,dy nUrqd fyxs.M (mono dented ligand) & bl izdkj ds fyxs.M esa dsoy ,d nkrk ijek.kq
gksrk gSA
Tkks ,d electron pair nsus dh izo`fr j[krk
Ex.-CN-,F-,Cl-,Br-,OH-,H2O,NH3,NO2-,C2H5N etc.

 ;s rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS &

i. _.kkRed ,d nUrqd fyxs.M &bu fyxs.Mksa dk uke ‘o’ ls lekIr gkssrk, bu ij _.kked vkosÓ gksrk
gSAS
ii. /kukRed ,d nUrqd fyxs.M& bu ij /kukosÓ gksrk gsS gSA uke ds vUr es ‘ium’ fy[krs gSA
iii. mnklhu ,d nUrqd fyxs.M& bu ,d ij dksbZ vkosÓ ughs gksrk gSA budk uke dksbZ yk{kf.kd ÓCn ls
lekIr ugha gksrk gSAS
-
2. f}nUrqd fyxs.M (di danted ligand)- buesa nks nkrk ijek.kq (+)nt gksrs gSA nks e pair nku djrs gSA
Ex. ,fFkfyu MkbZ&,sFkhu, vkDlksysVks

 Special Point&
 _.kkosfÓr dkZcfud fyxs.M ftuesa dkcZu ijek.kq lh/kk dsUnzh; /kkrq
ijek.kq ls tqM+k gks] muds vUr ‘o’ esa ugha yxrk gSA
 NH2&NH2 esa nks nkrk ijek.kq gS ijUrq ;g ,d nUrqd fyxs.M gS]
D;ksdh nksuksa nkrk ijek.kq viuk electron pair nku djrs gS rks rhu
lnL;ksa dh dhysV oy; curh gS tks vLFkkbZ gksrh gS] lkekU;r;k
ikWap ;k N% lnL; dh oy; LFkkbZ gksrh gS A
(
3. f=nUrqd fyxs.M(tri danted ligand)& buesa rhu nkrk ijek.kq persent gksrs gSA
Ex. MkbZ,fFkfyu VªkbZ ,ehu(dien), 2,2’,22” VjfifjfMu(terpy)

4. Prq%nUrqd fyxs.M(tetra danted ligand)& pkj nkrk ijek.kq (+)nt gksrs gSA
Ex. VkbZ ,fFkfyu VkbZ ,ehu (trien)

5. iapnUrqd fyxs.M(penta dented) & iakp nkrk ijek.kq (+)nt gksrs gSA
Ex. ,fFkyhu Mkb,sehu Vªkb,slVsVksa [EDTA]-3 etc.
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 6. ÔVnUrqd fyxs.M(hexa danted)& N% nkrk ijek.kq (+)nt gksrs gSA
Ex. ,fFkyhu Mb,sehu VsªVk ,lhVsVksa [EDTA]-4 etc.

7. Ckgq nUrqd fyxs.M(poly danted)-buesa nks ls T;knk ijek.kq (+)nt gksrs gS rFkk dsfUnz; /kkrq ijek.kq ds lkFk
nks ls vf/kd ca/kks )kjk tqM+k gksrk gSA
 mHk;nurqd fyxs.M(ambi danted) os fyxs.M ftuesa nks fHkuu nkrk ijek.kq gksrs gS ijUrq ,d le; esa
,d gh ls milga;kstd ca/k curk gSA

 Chelation& tc f)nUrqd ;k cgqnUrqd fyxs.M dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ls tqM+rs gS rks ,d oy; lajpuk
izkIr gksrh gS ftls dhysV oy; rFkk ,slsa fyxs.M dks chelation ligand dgrs gSA

 Note- Chelation ligand vf/kd LFkkbZ complex cukrs gS bls Chelation effect dgrs gSA

 Co-ordination number- fdlh ladyq es persent ,d nUrqd fyxs.Mksa dh la[;k milgla;kstd ca/kksa dh
la[;k milgla;kstu la[;k dgykrh gSA
Ex-[Cu(NH3)4]+ CN=4, [Ag(CN)2]- CN=2, [Co(en)3]+3 CN=6
 leUo;h e.My (Co-0rdination sphere)&dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u o blls tqM+s fyxs.Mksa dks
,d lkFk oxkZdkj dks"Vd esa fy[krs gS bls leUo;h e.My dgrs gSA
 blesa (+)nt dksbZ Hkh species vk;uhdr` ugha gksrh gSa
 vk;uhdr` gksus okys lewg dks bl dks"Bd ls ckn esa ;k igys fy[krs gSA
 bls vk;fud e.My dgrs gSA

 dzsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq dh vkDlhdj.k voLFkk& dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ls tqMs lHkh fyxs.Mksa dks vyx djus
ds ckn ml ij tks vkosÓ vkrk gS] mls ml /kkrq dk vkDlhdj.k vad dgrs gSA
 fdlh Complex ion esa dk vkosÓ] mlesa (+)nt fyxs.M o dsfUnz; /kkrq ijek.kq ds ;ksx ds rqY; gksrk gSA
 mnklhu complex esa lHkh fyxs.M o dsfUnz; /kkrq ijek.kq ds oxidation no. dk ;ksx zero gksrk gSA
 izHkkoh ijek.kq dzekad &
 izHkoh ijek.kq dzekad = /kkrq dk ijek.kq dzekad µ /kkrq dk oxidation no. + 2(Co-ordination no.)
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 Ex. K3[Fe(CN)6]
Fe dk atomic no. = 26
Fe oxidation no. = +3 Co-ordination no. = 6
Fe dk izHkkoh ijek.kq dzekad = 26 µ 3 + 12 = 35 ans.
ukedj.k(Nomenclature)
 IUPAC Rules-
i. lcls igys /kuk;u dk uke fy[kk tkrk gS mlds ckn _.kk;u dk uke fy[kk tkrk gSA
ii. ljy /kuk;u o ljy _.kk;u dk uke fy[krs le; mldh la[;k ugha fy[kh tkrhA
iii. fyxs.M dk uke lnSo alphabetic order esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
iv. ;fn ,d gh izdkj ds ligand ,d ls vf/kd la[;k esa gks rks iwoZyXu di, tri , tetra Ykxkrs gSA
v. Di, tri, tetra vkfn ukeksa ls uke ls Óq: gkus okys dkcZfud ligand esa iwoZyXu bis, tris,
tetrakis pentakis vknh dk iz;ksx djrs gS o ligand dk uke dks"Bd esa fy[krs gSA
vi. (+) complex ion Okkys milgla;kstd ;kSfxd dk uke&
Ligand + metal + oxidation state + simple (-)ve ion

Complex (+)ve ion

vii. Complex (-) ion okys co-ordinate compound dk uke&
Simple (+)ve ion + Ligand + metal + oxidation state

Complex (-)ve ion

viii. Lakdqy /kuk;u rFkk ladyq _.kk;u gks rks&
Ligand + metal + oxidation state + Ligand + metal + oxidation state

Complex (+)ve ion Complex (-)ve ion

ix. mnklhu ladyq dk uke& Ligand + metal + oxidation state
x. Ligand dk ukeµ

 NOTE → (+) complex esa metal dk lkekU; uke fy[krs gS tcfd (-)ve
complex es metala dk og uke fy[krs gS ftlls mldk izrhd cuk gSA
Examples –

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  IUPAC Ukke ds vk/kkj ij lw= fy[kuk&
 loZizFke ljy vk;u ds ladsr dks vkosÓ lfgr fy[krs gSA
 tfVy vk;u dk lw= oxkZdkj dks"Bd esa fuEu dze esa fy[krs gS&
(+) ligand, neutral ligand, fQj (-) ligand fy[krs gSA
 fofHkUu ligands ds vkosÓ rFkk /kkrq dh Oxidn state lgk;rk ls Complex ij vkosÓ Kkr djrs
gSA
 /kuk;u o _.kk;u ds vkosÓ dks larfq yr djrs gSA
Ex. Hexamine platinum (IV) chloride
+4 -
[Pt(NH3)6] Cl
v.kqlw=& [Pt(NH3)6] Cl4

milgla;kstd ;kSfxdksa esa leko;ork

leko;ork

lajpukRed leko;ork f=foe leko;ork

T;kfefRr izdkfÓd

vk;uu gkbMzsªM leUo; ca/ku fyxs.M cgqyhdj.k

leko;ork leko;ork leko;ork leko;ork leko;ork leko;ork

 lajpuk leko;ork(Structural Isomerism)& os milgla;kstd ;kSfxd ftuesa v.kqlw= leku

gks ijUrq ljpuk lw= fHkUu gks lajpukRed leko;rh dgykrs gSaA
 lajpukRed leko;rk dk fuEu Hkxksa esa ckVk x;k gS&
a) vk;;u leko;rk(Ionisation Isomerism)&
 bleas co-ordinate compound dk v.kqlw= le; jgrk gSA
 os milgl;kstd ;kSfxd] ftuds foy;u esa izkIr vk;u fHkUu&2 gks vk;uu leko;oh dgykrs gSA
Ex. [CoBr(NH3)5]SO4 & [CoSO4(NH3)5]Br
pentaaminebromocobalt [III] sulphate, pentaaminesulphatocobalt [III] bromide

-
Ion- [CoBr(NH3)5]+2 + SO4-2 [CoSO4(NH3)5]+ + Br

b) cU/kd leko;ork(Linkage Isomerism)&

 ,sls milgla;kstd ;kSfxd ftuesa mHk;nUrqd fyxs.M (+)nt gks bl izdkj dh leko;ork iznfÓZr djrs
gSA
 ,sls ;kSfxdksa ds nks ca/kd leko;oh laHko gksrs gS ftuesa dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ls tqM+us okyk fyxs.M dk
nkrk ijek.kq vyx&vyx gksrk gSA
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 Ex. (i)

(ii)
c) gkbMzsªM leko;ork(Hydrate Isomerism)&
 os ladyq ;kSfxd ftuds v.kqlw= leku gks ijUrq dsfUnz; /kkrq ls ligand ds :Ik esa tqM+s ty ds v.kqvksa
dh la[Fkk fHkUu&fHkUu gks gkbMªsM leko;oh dgykrs gSA
Ex. CrCl3.6H2O blds rhu leko;oh laeo gS&
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 cSxuh
[Cr(H2O)5.Cl]Cl2.H2O gYdk gjk
[Cr(H2O)4.Cl2]Cl.H2O xgjk gjk
d) leUo; leko;ork(Co-ordinate isomerism)&
 os ladyq ;kSfxd ftuesa (+)ve o (-)ve nksuksa gh tfVy gks leUo;h leko;ork nÓkZrs gS] nks ladqy
vk;uksa ds e/; nks ligandes ds fofue; (exchange) ls bl izdkj ds le;o;oh curs gSA
Ex. [Co(en)3][Cr(C2O4)3] rFkk [Cr(en)3][Co(C2O4)3]
[Cu(NH3)4][PtCl4] rFkk [Pt(NH3)4][CuCl4]
e) fyxs.M leko;ork(ligand isomerism)& ;fn fdlh ladqy esa ds dbZ leko;dh cu ldrs gS rks og
ladqy leko;ork nÓkZrk gSA
Ex. C6H4Cl – Chlorophenyl

 bl izdkj ls Chlorophenyl ds rhu leko;oh cu ldrs gS bl ligand ds dkj.k ladyq ;kSfxd ds

Hkh rhu leko;oh cu ldrs gS&
Ex. [Cr(NH3)5{C6H4Cl(2)}]Cl2
[Cr(NH3)5{C6H4Cl(3)}]Cl2
[Cr(NH3)5{C6H4Cl(4)}]Cl2
f) cgqyhdj.k leko;rk(Polymerisation Isomerism)& ;s okLrfod leko;ork ugha gS] blesa leko;oh;ksa
ds ewykuqikrh lw= leku gksrs gS rFkk v.kqlw= fHkUu gksrs gSAS
Ex. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] & [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]

 f=foe leko;ork& os ladyq ;kSfxd ftuesa v.kqlw= o lajpuk lw= nksuksa leku gks ijUrq /kkrq ijek.kq
ls tqM+s ligand dk f=foe esa foU;kl fHkUu&2 gks f=foe leko;oh dgykrs gSA

 NOTE- os ladqy ftudh leUo; la[;k 4 ;k 6 gks mudk f=foe esa

foU;kl rhu izdkj dk gks ldrk gS&

1. T;kfefr leko;ork& ladqy ;kSfxdksa esa dh fHkUu&2 T;kfefr O;oLFkk ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh
leko;ork T;kferh leko;ork dgykrh gSA

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  NOTE- prqIQydh; T;kfefr ;qDr ladqy cis o trans leko;ork ugha
nÓkZrs D;ksafd buesa dsoy ,d gh (cis) :Ik laeo gSA

 oxZleryh; ladqy ;kSfxdksa esa T;kfefr lajpuk&

A. Ma2b2 Type- Ex. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

B. Ma2bc Type- Ex. [Pt(NH3)2Cl.Br]

C. Mabcd Type- Ex. [Pt(NH3)NO2Cl.Br]

 SPECIAL POINTS-
 ,sls ;kSfxdks ds leko;oh :Ik fy[krs le; fdlh ,d ligand dks fLFkj j[kdj
ÓsÔ rhu dks blds foi{k ij ¼lkeus½ j[kk tkrk gSA

 Ma4 rFkk Ma3b izdkj ds oxZ leryh; ;kSfxd T;kfefr leko;rk ugha nÓkZrs
gSA
 ;fn oxZ leryh; complex esa f)nUrqd ligand (+)nt gks rks f) nUrqd ligand
dks nks izdkj ls iznfÓZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA &
1. tc f) nUrqd ligand esa nksuksa nkrk ijek.kq leku gks (a,a) type
2. tc f) nUrqd ligand esa nksuksa nkrk ijek.kq fHkUu gks (a,b) type
 M(ab)2 type Ex. [Pt(Gly)2]

 [M(a,a)2], [M(aa)a2], [M(a,a)ab], [M(a,a)bc], [M(a,b)a2], [M(a,b)(a,a)]

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 ;s lHkh oxZ leryh; ladyq T;kfefr leko;ork ugha nÓkZrs gSA
 v"VQydh; ladqy esa T;kfefr leko;ork&
 [Ma4b2], [Ma2b4], [Ma3b3], [Ma4bc] bl izdkj v"VQydh; ladyq T;kfefr leko;ork iznfÓZr djrs
gSA
1. [Ma4b2] ;k [Ma2b4] izdkj ds ;kSfxd& Ex. [Co(NH3)4Cl2]

(cis) cxSuh uhyk jax Trans(green)

2. [Ma3b3] izdkj ds ;kSfxdks esa& Ex. [Co(NH3)3Cl3] & [Rh(Py)3Cl3]

Cis trans
+
3. [M(aa)2b2] ;k [M(aa)2bc]- Ex. [CoCl2(en)2]

cis trans
4. [M(a,a)b4] type- Ex. [Co(NH3)4en]

Only cis form possible

5. [Mabcdef]- blds 15 T;kferh leko;o laHko gSA

------------------
 izdkfÓd leko;ork&

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  ;fn dksbZ ladqy vlefer gks rFkk mls vius niZ.k izfrfcEc ij v/;kjksfir ugha fd;k tk lds rks og
izdkfÓd leko;ork nÓkZrk gSA
 leUo; la[;k 4 o 6 okys ;kSfxd izdkfÓd leko;ork nÓkZrs gSA
 NOTE- oxZ leryh; ladyq lefefr ds dkj.k ;g leko;ork ugha nÓkZrk gSA
1. M(aa)3 type- Ex. [Co(en)3]+3

2. M(aa)2b2 & M(aa)2bc type- Ex. [CoCl2(en)2]

3. M(aa)b2c2 type- Ex.- [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]+

MODERN THEORY OF BONDING IN CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

 ouZj og igys oSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus ladyq ;kSfxdkssa esa ca/ku dks le>k;kA
blds ckn flfTod us vo/kkj.kk nhA ijUrq bu vo/kkj.kksa ds }kjk ladqy ;kSfxdksa ds lHkh xq. kksa dh
O;k[;k ugha dh tk ldrhA
 uhps fn, x, fl)karksa }kjk ladqy ;kSfxdksa ds xq.kksa tSls jax T;kfefr vkSj pqEcdh; xq.kksa dh O;k[;k dh
tk ldrh gSA ;g fl)kaUr fuEu gS&
A. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
B. Crystal Field Theory (CFT)

A. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)-

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  ;g fl)kar pauling us fn;kA
 ;g fl)kar dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk] T;kfefr] pqEcdh; xq.kks rFkk ca/k dks le>krk
gSA
 bl flðakr ds vuqlkj dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u ladfjr d{kdksa ðkjk ca/k fuek.kZ djrs gSSaA
 bl fl)kar dh eq[; vo/kkj.kk,a fuEu gS&
1. blds vuqlkj dsUnzh; /kkrq] ijek.kq ;k vk;u viuh leUo; la[;k ds rqY; fjDr s, p rFkk d d{kd
miyC/k djkrs gSaA
;s fjDr d{kd ladj.k }kjk leku mtkZ ds ladfjr d{kdksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSa rFk fuf'pr
T;kferh esa O;ofLFkr gks tkrs gSaA
2. bu ladfjr d{kdksa dh O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj ladqy dks T;kferh izkIr gksrh gSA

3. ;s fjDr ladfjr d{kd fyxs.M ds ,dkadh bysDVkWu ;qXe ;qDr d{kdksa ds lkFk vfrO;kiu dj
milgla;kstd ca/k dj fuekZ.k djrs gSA

4. /kkrq ds vca/kh bysDVªkuW vkarfjd d{kdksa esa LFkku xzg.k djrs gSaA ;s gq.M ds fu;e vuqlkj ;qfXer
gksrs gSaA ijUrq dqN fyxs.Mksa ds izHkko esa gq.M ds fu;e ds foijhr bysDVªkuW LFkku xzg.k djrs gaSA
 ;fn vko';drk gks rks izcy {ks= fyxs.M (CN-, CO, NH3, en, Py, NO2- etc.) dh mifLFkfr
esa /kkrq vk;u ds bysDVªkWu gks ;qfXer tkrs gSaA
 ;qXeu mruk gh gksrk gS ftruk dh fjDr d{kd miyC/k djkus ds fy, vko';d gksA
 ,d nqcZy fyxs.M (X-, OH-, H2O etc.) dh mifLFkfr esa bysDVªkuW ksa dk ;qXeu ugha gksrk gSA
 Lakdj.k esa dke vkus okys d d{kd vkarfjd ;k ckg~;re gks ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ladj.k esa
dke vkus okys vkarfjd ;k ckgjh d{kdksa ds vk/kkj ij cuus okys ladqyksa dks vkarfjd d{kd
ladqy ;k ckgz; d{kd ladyq dgrs gSaA
Ex. (n-1)d + ns + np vkarfjd d{kd lady q @ fuEu ladj.k ladyq
nd + ns + np Ckkgz; d{kd ladqy @ mPp pdz.k ladyq

5. ;fn lady
q esa v;qfXer bysDVªkuW gksrs gSaA rks og pqEcdh; izd`fr dk gksxkA tcfd ;fn blesa ,d Hkh
v;qfXer ugha gksxk rks ;g izfrpqEcdh; izd`fr dk gksxkA

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 Examples-

 lgla;kstd ca/k fl)kar dh lhek,a&

bl fl)kar }kjk ladyq ;kSfxdksa ds jax dh O;k[;k ugha dh tk ldrhA
;g fl)kar fuEu pdz.k rFkk mPp pdz.k ladyq dh lgh izdkj ls O;k[;k ughsa djrk gSaA
bl fl)kar }kjk dbZ ladyq ksa dh fod`r T;kferh dh O;k[;k ugha dh tk ldrhA
ladyq ksa ds vkisf{kd LFkk;hRo dh O;k[;k bl fl)kar }kjk ugha dh tk ldrhA
GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 12
 B. Crystal Field Theory (CFT)-
 ;g fl)kar bethe vkSj vleck us fn;kA
 bl fl)kar ds }kjk ladqy ;kSfxdksa ds fofHkUu xq.kksa eq[;r% jax vkSj pqEcdh; xq.kksa dh O;k[;k lcls
vPNh rjg dh tk ldrh gSA
 bl fl)kar ds eq[; fcUnq fuEu gS&
1. bl fl)kaUr ds vuqlkj ladqy ;kSfxdksa esa ca/k iw.kZr% fLFkj oS|qr gksrk gSA vFkkZr bl fl)kar ds
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh izdkj dk d{kdh; vfrO;kiu ughas gksrk gSA
GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 13
  Lakdqy ;kSfxd dks dsUnzh; /kkrq /kuk;u vkSj fyxS.M ls fufeZr ekuk tkrk gSA ftUgsa dzeÓ%
/kukosfÓr fcUnq vkosÓ vkSj _.kkosfÓr fcUnq vkosÓ ;k f}/kzoq ekuk tkrk gSA
 dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ds pkjksa vksj fyxs.M bl izdkj O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa fd muesa izfrdÔZ.k
(repulsion) U;wure gksA
2. dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ds /kukosfÓr ukfHkd vkSj _.kkosfÓr fyxs.M ds e/; nks izdkj dh vUrj fdz;k
gksrh gSA
a) /kukosfÓr /kkrq vk;u ds ukfHkd vkSj _.kosfÓr fyxs.M ;k mnklhu fyxs.M ds _.kkosfÓr fljs ds
e/; fLFkj oS|qr vkdZÔ.kA
;g vkdZÔ.k fyxs.M dks dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ls cka/k dj j[krk gSA bl izdkj dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u
vkSj fyxs.M ds e/; ca/k iw.kZr% vk;fud gksrk gSA
b) fyxs.M ds ,dkadh bysDVªkWu ;qXe vkSj /kkrq ds d{kd esa mifLFkr bysDVªkuW ds e/; dk izfrdZÔ.kA
fdzLVy {ks= fl)kar bl izfrdZÔ.k ds dkj.k d{kdksa ds foikVu ij vk/kkfjr gSA
3. eqDr ladez .k /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u esa mifLFkr d d{kdksa dks vUrfj{k esa muds foU;kl ds vk/kkj ij
nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
 rhu d d{kd (dxy , dyz , dzx) Tkks fd funsZÓkad v{kksa ds e/; esa mifLFkr gksrk gS] mUgsa t2g dgrs gSa
rFkk nks d{kd (dx2- y2, dz2) tks funsZÓakd v{kksa ij fLFkr gksrk gS mUgsa eg dgk tkrk gSA
 eqDr ladze.k /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u esa iakpksa d d{kd leHkzaÓ gksrs gS tc ligand central
metal ion dh vksj c<rs gS rks central metal ion ds d d{kd esa (+)nt electron ligand ds
Loan pair )kjk izfrdfÔZr gksrs gS
 ;g izfrdZÔ.k t2g rFkk eg d{kdksa ij fHkUu gksrk gSA blls leHkzaÓ d d{kd fHkUu mtkZ ds nks Hkkxksa esa
foikfVr gks tkrs gSaA bl fdzLVy {ks= foikVu dgrs gSaA lg foikVu gh fdzLVy {ks+= fl)kar dk
vk/kkj gSA
 foikVu dk eku fyxs.M dh izdfr vkSj la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fofHkUu lajpuk vkSj leUo; la[;k
esa foikVu Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSA

 v"BQydh; ladqy esa d d{kdksa dk foikVuµ

 v"BQydh; ladyq esa dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u v"BQyd ds dsUn esa gksrk gS rFkk Ng fyxs.M v"BQyd ds
dksus ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA

GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 14

  nksuksa d{kd dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u dh vksj vkus okys fyxs.Mksa ds ekxZ esa vkrs gSaA vr% bu
d{kdksa esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWu fyxss.Mksa }kjk t2g d{kd dks bysDVªkuW ksadh vis{kk vf/kd izfrdfÔZr gksrk gS]
D;ksafd t2g d{kd fyxs.Mksa ds ekxZ ds e/; mifLFkr LFkku esa mifLFkr gksrs gSA bl izdkj vf/kd
izfrdfÔZr gksus ds dkj.k eg d{kdksa dh mtkZ vf/kd gks tkrh gSa bl izdkj leHkzaÓ d d{kd nks Hkkxksa
esa foikfVr gks tkrk gSaA buds e/; mtkZ vUrjky dks fdzLVy {ks= foikVu mTkkZ (CFSE=Δ0)dgrs gSA

 fdlh fn, x, /kkrq vk;u ds fy, CFSE dk eku fyxs.M dh izdfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftu
fyxs.Mksa }kjk d d{kdksa dk foikVu de gksrk gS vFkkZr ftuds fy, CFSE dk eku de gksrk gS mUgsa
nqcyZ {ks= fyxs.M dgrs gSa vkSj ftu fyxs.Mksa }kjk d d{kdksa dk foikVu vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr ftuds
fy, CFSE dk eku vf/kd gksrk gS mUgsa izcy {ks= fyxs.M djrs gSA

 fyxs.Mksa dks fdzLVy {ks= foikVu ds vk/kkj ij O;ofLFkr djus ij izkIr Js.kh dks spectrochemical
series dgrs gSaA

- - - - -2 - - -
I <Br < Cl < OH < OX < H2O < Py = NH3 < en < dipy < NO2 < CN < CO
fdzLVy {ks= foikVu dk c<+rk dze

 v"BQydh; ladqy esa d bysDVksuksa dk forj.k t2g rFkk eg d{kdksa esas fuEu izdkj gksrk gS&
bysDVªksuksa dk forj.k fyxs.M dh izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
1. tc fyxs.M nqcy Z gks&
 nqcyZ fyxs.M dh mifLFfr esa ;qXeu mtkZ dh vis{kk CFSE dk eku de gksrk gSA vkSj blfy, t2g
d{kdksa esa bysDVªkWu dk ;qXeu gksus ls iwoZ bysDVªkuW igys eg d{kdksa esas Hkjs jgrs gSa vkSj blds ckn
t2g esa ;qXeu izkjEHk gksrk gSA bls uhps nÓkZ;k x;k gSA
t2g1,2,3 eg4,5 t2g6,7,8 eg9,10

2. tc izcy fyxs.M mifLFkr gks&

 çcy fyxs.M ds izHkko esa CFSE dk eku ;qXeu mtkZ ls vf/kd gksrk gS A vr% igys t2g d{kdksa
esa bysDVªku iw.kZ:Ik ls Hkj tkrs gSaA mlds ckn eg d{kdksa esa bysDVªkWu cuuk izkjaEHk gksxkA bls uhps
nÓkZ;k x;k gSA
t2g 1,2,3,4,5,6 eg7,8,9,10

GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 15

 Pkrq"Qydh; ladqy esa d{kdksa dk foikVu(Spliting of d- orbitals in tetrahedral coplexes)µ
 Pkrq"Qydh; ladyq esa t2g d{kd fyxss.M ds vf/kd ikl gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd izfrdfZÔrZ gksrs gSaA
vr% budh mtkZ eg d{kdksa ls vf/kd gks tkrh gSA

 iz;ksxksa }kjk Kkr gqvk gS fd Δt (CFSE in tetrahedral complex) dk eku de gksrk gSA buds
e/; lekU;r% fuEu lac/a k gksrk gSA
Δt = Δo

 izcy ;k nqcyZ nksuksa gh izdkj ds fyxs.Mksa dh mifLFkfr esa CFSE dk eku ;qXeu mtkZ ds d{kd esa
bysDVªkuW ds ;qXeu ls iwoZ bysDVªkuW d{kd esa izosÓ djuk izkjaHk dj nsrs gSaA bls uhps nÓkZ;k x;k
gSA
eg1,2 t2g3,4,5 eg6,7 t2g8,9,10

 CFT ds vuqlkj ladqy ds jaxhu gksus dk dkj.kµ

 ladqy fo|qqr pqEcdh; fodj.kksa esa ls n`'; {ks= dh fuf'pr rjaxnS/;Z okyh fofdj.k dk voÓksÔ.k
djrk gS vkSj nks dks ikjxfer djrk gSA bu 'ksÔ ikjxfer fofdj.kksa ds dkj.k og jaxhu fn[kkbZ
nsrk gS A ladqy }kjk voÓksfÔr fofdj.k dh mtkZ }kjk bysDVªkWu dk ladze.k fuEu mtkZ ds d d{kd
ls mPp mtkZ ds d d{kd esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj d d{kdksa ds foikVu ls bysDVªkWu dk d-d
ladze.k laHko gksrk gSA vkSj ;gh jax dk dkj.k gksrk gSA
GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 16
 STABILTY OF CO-ORDINATION COMPUNDS
 Lakdqy ;ksfxd dk fuekZ.k in nj in fyxs.M ds /kkrq vk;u ij tqM+us ls gksrk gSA ladyq ;kSfxd dk iw.kZ
fuekZ.k fuEu izdkj nÓkZ;k tk ldrk gSA K
M = nL [MLn]
lkE;fLFkjkad (K) = [MLn] / [M][L]n
 mijksDr lkE; fLFkjkad dks LFkkf;Ro fLFkjkad Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 LFkkf;Ro fLFkjkad ftruk vf/kd gksxk ladyq mruk gh vf/kd LFkk;h gksxkA
1@K dks ladyq dk fo;kstu fLFkjkad dgrs gSaA
 LFkkf;Ro dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd
1. dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ij vkosÓ ?kuRo ftruk vf/kd gksrk gS ladqy mruk gh vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA
Charge density = Charge / radius
2. dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u dh fo|qr _.krk ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS ladyq mruk gh vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA
3. fyxs.M ftruk vf/kd {kkjh; gksxkA og mruh gh ljyrk ls ,dkadh bysDVªkuW ;qXe dk nku /kkrq
vk;u dks djsxkA vr% ladqy mrus gh vf/kd LFkk;h gksaxsA bl izdkj izcy {kkjh; fyxs.M LFkk;h
ladqy dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
4. dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u dh oxidn state ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS ladyq mruk gh vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA
5. Chelating ligands vf/kd LFkk;h ladyq dk fuekZ.k djrs gS D;ksfd pdzhdj.k ls LFkk;hRo izkIr gksrk
gS
IMPORTANCE OF CO-ORDINATION COMPUNDS
 Lakdqy ;kSfxdksa dk dbZ {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx gS]buesa ls dqN fuEu gS&
1.) In analytical hemistry-
 milgla;kstd ;ksfxdksa dk ek=kRed vkSj xq.kkRed fo'ysÔ.k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izFke lewg esa Ag+ dk Hg2+2 ls i`FkDdj.k bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd flYoj DyksjkbM dk 'osr
vo{ksi veksfu;k ds tyh; foy;u esa ladqy fuekZ.k ds dkj.k ?kqy tkrk gSA tcfd Hg2Cl2 ladqy esa
ifjofrZr ugha gks ikus ds dkj.k]vfoys; jgrk gSA

 II B lewg ds lYQkbM ds vo{ksi dk II A lewg ds lYQkbM ds vo{ksi ls i`FkDdj.k bl rF; ij

vk/kkfjr gS fd IIB lewg ds lYQkbM ihys veksfu;e lYQkbM ds lkFk foys;'khy ladqy lYQkbMksa dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tcfd IIA lewg ds lYQkbM bl izdkj ds ladyq ugha cukrs gSaA
 Cu+2 dk ijh{k.k ladyq fuekZ.k ij vk/kkfjr gS

 Fe+3 dh igpku bl vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS KSCN ds lkFk yky jax dk ladyq cukrk gSA

 Ni+2 dk xq.kkRed vkSj ek=kRed fo'ysÔ.k bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd og dimethyl glyoxime ds

lkFk yky jax dk ladqy cukrk gS
GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 17
  Nessler’s vfHkdeZd veksfu;e vk;u ds lkFk Hkwjs jax dk ladqy (NH3)[HgI4] Ckukrk gSA ;g
veksfu;e vk;u ds ijh{k.k ds dke vkrk gSA
 Ca+2, Mg+2 vkfn vk;uksa ds vk;rukRed fo'ysÔ.k ds fy, ladyq dkjh vfHkdeZd EDTA dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
bl izdkj ;g ty dh dBksjrk dks Kkr djus ds dke vkrk gSA
2.) In electroplating-
 /kkrq ladqy ls /kkrq dh izkfIr /khjs&/khjs gksrkh gS vr% fdlh oLrq ij lekaxh :Ik ls fo|qr ysiu djus
ds fy, /kkrq ladyq ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls flYoj]xksYM]dkWij vkfn ds /kkrq ysiu ds fy,
buds ladyq ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
3.) In photography-
 QksVksxzkQh esa usxsfVo ij fp= dks fLFkj djus gsrq fQYe ij ekStwn flYoj gSykbM dks gkbiks esa ?kksydj
foys; ladyq cuk;k tkrk gSA

4.) In biological processes-

 Lakdqy ;kSfxdksa dk tUrq vkSj ikniksa esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
Chlorophyll a complex of Mg+2
Haemoglobin a complex of Fe+2
Vitamin B12 a complex of Co+2
Insulin a complex of Zn+2
5.) In medicinal field-
 Lkhls ds fo kDr izHkko dks lekIr djus ds fy, dSfYÓk;e vkSj EDTA }kjk cus gq, ladyq dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA IysVsfu;e ds ladqy cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2] ftls cis-platin dgrs gSa] dk mi;ksx dSUlj
ds mipkj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
6.) In metallurgical process-
 xksYM rFkk flYoj /kkrqvksa dks muds v;Ldksa ls izkIr djus fd fy, ladqy fuekZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA flYoj ;k xksYM dh vfHkfdz;k lksfM;e lk;uk;M foy;u ls djkdj blesa ok;q izokfgr dh
tkrh gSA flYoj ;k xksYM lk;ukbM ladqy ds :Ik esa ?kqy tkrs gSa vkSj bl foy;u esa ftad Mkydj
Ókq) flyoj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
Ag2S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Ag ( ) silver

ORANOMETALLIC COMPUNDS
 Oks ;kSfxdks ftuesa /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u lh/ks gh gkbMksdkcZu ewyd ;k v.kq ds dkcZu ijek.kq ls tqM+k
gksrk gS mUgsa dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxdks dgrs gSaA /kkrq dkcsZfuy dks NksM+dj
Ex. RMgX, R2Zn, (CH3)4Si, (C2H5)4Pb, R3Al
 bu ;kSfxdksa esa dkcZu&/kkrq cU/k gksrk gSA
Ex. RCOONa, CH3SO3Na, B(OCH3)3

 bu ;kSfxdksa esa C-M ca/k dk dkcZu gkbMksdkcZu eqDr ewyd ;k v.kq ls gksrk gSA (Except in metal
carbonyls)

GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 18

 Ex. CaC2, [Ni(CN)4]-2 etc. dkcZ/kkfRod ugha gSaA
 v/kkrq vkSj mi/kkrq ftudh fo|qr _.krk dkcZu ls de gksrh gS tSls B, Si, Ge, P, As vkfn Hkh
dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
 izFke dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd dk fuekZ.k Zeisse us fd;k A

 Classification of organometallic compounds-

dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxdksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj fd;k x;k gS&
1) σ bonded organometallics -
 bu ;ksfxdksa esa /kkrq ijek.kq vkSj fyxs.M ds dkcZu ds e/; σ ca/k ik;k tkrk gSA
Ex. RMgX, R2Zn

2) π bonded organometallics -
 /kkrq rFkk ,Ydhu] ,Ydkbu] csUthu vkSj vU; oy; ;kSfxdksa ds e/; bl izdkj ds ladqyksa dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bu ladqyksa esa /kkrq vkSj fyxs.M ds e/; π bysDVkWu fyxs.M ds ca/ku esa Hkkx
ysrs gSaA
Ex. Zeisse’s salt, Ferrocene, Dibenzene chromium etc.

 iwoZyXu η2, η5, η6 iznf'kZr djrs gSaA fd /kkrq ls 2]5 vkSj 6 dkcZu tqM+s gq, gSaA

3) σ and π bonded organometallics-

 /kkrq dkcksZfuy bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA budk fuekZ.k /kkrq vkSj dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM }kjk gksrk gSA
;s σ and π ca/k nksuksa gh cukrs gSaA
 bu ;kSfxdksa esa /kkrq ijek.kq dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk 'kwU; gksrh gSaA
 ;s ,dyd ds :Ik esa] cgqukfHkdh; :Ik esa ;k lsrq ;kSfxdksa ds :Ik esa gks ldrs gSaA
 budk fuekZ.k eq[;r% VI, VII rFkk VIII lewg dh ladez .k /kkrqvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
 dqN eq[; ;kSfxd fuEu gSa&
Ex. Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, Cr(CO)6, Mn2(CO)10 etc.
 dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa esa /kkrq vkSj dkcZu ds e/; cU/k esa σ vkSj π ca/k y{k.k nksuksa gh gksrs gSA tc
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM ds dkcZu ij mifLFkr ,dkdh bysDVkWu ;qXe ;qDr d{d /kkrq ds fjDr ladfjr
d{d ds lkFk vfrO;ku djrk gS rks σ- ca/k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA tc /kkrq ds Hkjs gq, d{kd
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM ds fjDr foijhr ca/kh π* ds lkFk vfrO;kiu djrs gSa rks π ca/k dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSaA bl vfrO;kiu dks i'p ca/ku Hkh dgrs gSaA

GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 19

  Applications of organometallic compounds-
dqN eq[; mi;ksx fuEu gS&
1. Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) dk mi;ksx xSlksfyu esa viLQksVu jks/kh ds :Ik esa djrs gSaA
2. Silicones dk mi;ksx foÓsÔ xq.kksa ;qDr cgqyd ds :Ik esa djrs gSaA
3. Organoalkali vkSj Grignard Reagents dk mi;ksx dbZ dkcZufd ;kSfxdksa ds la'ysÔ.k esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
4. fudy dk fu"dÔ.kZ vkSj Óks/ku mlds }kjk cuk;s tkus okys dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd Ni(CO)4 ij vk/kkfjr
gSA
5. C2H5HgCl dk mi;ksx dodukÓh ds :Ik esa djrs gSaA
6. Wilkinson’s catalyst [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] dk mi;ksx ,Ydhu ds gkbMkstuhdj.k esa lekaxh mRizsjd ds :Ik
esa djrs gSaA
7. Zeigler Natta catalyst [TiCl + triethyl aluminium] dk mi;ksx ethylene ds polyethylene
esa cgqyhdj.k esa fo"kekaxh mRizsjd ds :Ik esa djrs gSA

GURU TUTORIALS PVT. LTD . Group | Helpline : 7737-555551 20