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2 Measurement of Horizontal Distances PDF
2 Measurement of Horizontal Distances PDF
Horizontal Distances
the distance between two points means
the horizontal distance
Pacing
Mechanical Devices
Taping*
Tachymetric
Photogrammetric*
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)*
1 Stride
(2 Paces or Double Step)
1 Pace
(Heel to Heel)
1 Pace
(Toe to Toe)
1 Stride
(2 Paces or Double Step)
Distance by Pacing
This method can often be used to advantage on
preliminary surveys where precise distances are
not necessary
For low precision surveys or for quick measurements
Distance by Photogrammetric
These devices send out a beam of light or high-frequency
microwaves from one end of a line to be measured, and
directs it toward the far end of the line.
1. Stadia Method
◦ Factors:
Refinement with which the instrument was manufactured
Skill of observer
Length of measurement
Effects of refraction
Distance by Tachymetric
1. Stadia Method
D Ks C
D = horizontal distance
K = stadia interval factor of
the instrument
s = difference between the
upper and lower stadia hair
reading
C = stadia constant
Distance by Tachymetric
2. Subtense Bar Method 2-m Long Subtense Bar
Theodolite or
Transit S/2
α/2
α S
S/2
S /2 Since S=2.00m
Tan( / 2)
D 1
D Cot ( / 2)
S /2 Tan( / 2)
D
Tan( / 2) D = horizontal distance
α = angle subtended by the targets
Distance by Tachymetric
1. A stadia rod held at a distant point B is sighted
by an instrument set-up at A. The upper and
lower stadia hair readings were observed as
1.50m and 0.80m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor is 100, and the instrument
constant is 0, determine the length on line AB.
Illustrative Problem
Most common method of measuring or laying out
horizontal distances
Consists of stretching a calibrated tape between
two points and reading the distance indicated on
the tape
a. Steel Tape
b. Meter
c. Marking Pins
d. Clamp Handles
e. Range Pole
f. Plumb bobs
Distance by Taping
• Incorrect Tape Length
• Slope
• Temperature
• Pull (Tension)
• Sag
• Alignment
• Wind
Taping Corrections
A systematic error occurs when incorrect
length of a tape is used.
The true length of a tape can be obtained
by comparing it with a standard tape or
distance.
An error caused by incorrect length of a
tape occurs each time the tape is used.
A 100m B
A 100m B
Illustrative Problem
Gentle Slope
(s < 20%) d s Ch
h2
Ch
2s
Steep Slope
(20% < s < 30%)
h2 h4
Ch
2s 8s 3
s = measured slope distance
between points A and B
Very Steep Slope
(s > 30%) h = difference in elevation between A
and B
Ch s(1 cos )
d = equivalent horizontal distance
AC
Illustrative Problem
k= coefficient of linear expansion or
the amount of change on length per
unit length per degree change in
temperature
Ct kL(T2 T1 ) L = length of the tape or length of
line measured
Due to Temperature
3. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear
expansion of 0.0000116/°C is known to be 50m
long at 20°C. The tape was used to measure a
line which was found to be 656.29m long when
the temperature was 40°C. Determine the
following:
a. Temperature correction per tape length
b. Temperature correction for the measured line
c. Correct length of the line
Illustrative Problem
Cp= total elongation in tape due to
pull or the correction due to
incorrect pull applied on the
( P2 P1 ) L tape (m)
Cp
AE P2 = pull applied to tape the during
measurement (kg)
Illustrative Problem
• A steel tape not supported along its entire length
sags in the form of a catenary curve
• Because of sag the horizontal distance is less
than the graduated distance between tape ends
• Sag can be reduced by applying great tension,
but not eliminated unless the tape is supported
throughout
Due to Sag
Cs= correction due to sag or the
difference between the tape
reading and the horizontal
w 2 L3 distance between supports (m)
Cs
24 P 2 w = weight tape per unit length
(kg/m)
Due to Sag
5. A 50-m steel tape weighing 0.035kg/m is
constantly supported at mid-length and its end
points, and is used to measure a line AB with a
steady pull of 6.5kg. If the measured length of
AB is 1200.00m, determine the following:
a. Correction due to sag between supports and
for the whole tape length
b. Total sag correction for the whole length
measured
c. Correct length of line AB
Illustrative Problem