CARBON,

HYDROGEN, B
OXYGEN BORON

Ca Cl
CALCIUM CHLORINE

Cu Fe
COPPER IRON

Mg Mn
MAGNESIUM MANGANESE

Mo Ni
MOLYBDENUM NICKEL
 N P
NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS

K S
POTASSIUM SULFUR

Zn
ZINC

Cell wall synthesis

Major constituents of organic plant material
Enzymatic reaction and metabolic pathways
Assimilation of oxidation reduction reaction
Mitotic activity for root development
 Water splitting system for photosystem II

Stomatal opening regulation Structural component of the cell wall and cell
membrane
When the roots begin to sense a water shortage in the soil, abscisic acid (ABA) is
released. ABA binds to receptor proteins in the guard cells' plasma membrane and
cytosol, which first raises the pH of the cytosol of the cells and cause the concentration of Counter-ion in the vacuole (K for stomatal opening)
free Ca2+ to increase in the cytosol due to influx from outside the cell and release of
Ca2+ from internal stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles. This causes
the chloride (Cl−) and organic ions to exit the cells.

Co-factor for metalloproteins and enzymes

photosynthetic electron transport
Regulatory component of proteins and metabolites
in roots and leaves. Cell wall metabolism and hormone signaling
Oxidative Stress
(involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll, and it is essential for the maintenance of
chloroplast structure and function) *(co-factor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an
enzyme's activity as a catalyst, a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction)

*(Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor.)

Photodestruction of chlorophyll and

chloroplast structure Chlorophyll synthesis
(Without magnesium, chlorophyll cannot capture sun energy needed for photosynthesis.)
Enzyme activator

Precursor of amino acid, hormones Co-factor in activation of ATPase

(auxin) and lignins

Endosperm development and dehydrogenase

activity; urease activation for urea breakdown Enzyme activation (e.g. nitrate reductase, catalase
H202 to H and O2 and ribonuclease)
Root nodule growth
Chlorophyll synthesis
(Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis
with nitrogen fixing bacteria)

Energy transferring process for

photosynthesis and respiration (ADP General plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flowers
ATP synthesis) and fruits

Structural component of phospholipids, Chlorophyll Synthesis

nucleic acids, coenzymes and nucleotides
 Cell extension and stomatal regulation
Assimilation of oxidation reduction
Enzyme activation (kinase, starch synthase and
Reactions
nitrate reductase)
Participates in various enzymatic processes
Photosynthetic activity (e.g. CO2 fixation and pH
regulation)

Enzymatic function and reactivity

Stem elongation

Protein and starch synthesis