BRITISH STANDARD BS 6180:1995

Code of practice for

Barriers in and about

buildings
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UDC 692.88-78:625.738
 BS 6180:1995

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Technical Sector
Board for Building and Civil Engineering (B/-) to Subcommittee B/209/2, upon
which the following bodies were represented:

Aluminium Federation
Association of Building Engineers
Brick Development Association
British Parking Association
British Plastics Federation
British Railways Board
British Steel Industry
British Woodworking Federation
Building Employers Confederation
Consumer Policy Committee of BSI
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Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)

Department of the Environment (Construction Directorate)
District Surveyors Association
Flat Glass Manufacturers’ Association
Galvanizers Association
Glass and Glazing Federation
Health and Safety Executive
Institution of Structural Engineers
Royal Institute of British Architects

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Technical Sector
Board for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes into
effect on
15 January 1995

© BSI 11-1998 Amendments issued since publication

First published September 1982 Amd. No. Date Comments
Second edition January 1995

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/209/2
Draft for comment 92/11640 DC

ISBN 0 580 23507 6

 BS 6180:1995

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Materials, components and methods of design and construction 1
5 Preliminary considerations 3
6 Design criteria 3
7 Concrete 5
8 Glass 6
9 Masonry 9
10 Metals 10
11 Plastics 16
12 Timber 18
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13 Composites 19
14 Installation 19
Annex A (normative) Building-use categories and barrier loadings 20
Annex B (normative) Vehicle impact on barriers 22
Annex C (informative) Bolt fixing of glass in barriers 25
Index 28

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Figure 1 — Datum, barrier height and design height 2
Figure 2 — Height and width of barriers in front of fixed seating 6
Figure 3 — Preferred minimum bending radius for rectangular
hollow steel sections 13
Figure 4 — Typical site fixing details for steel barriers 14
Figure B.1 — Impact forces for vehicles impacting at right angles
to a barrier 23
Figure B.2 — Typical impact forces for vehicles impacting at 20° to
a barrier, at 10 mile/h 24
Figure C.1 — Alternative bolt fixing arrangement for thick toughend
glass infill panels 25
Figure C.2 — Clamping systems for free-standing glass balustrades 26
Table 1 — Barrier heights 4
Table 2 — Sizes of fully framed single glass panes which will be
in accordance with the design criteria given in annex A 8
Table 3 — Recommended coating thickness and applications 10
Table 4 — Preferred minimum hot bending radius for rectangular
hollow steel sections 13
Table A.1 — Use of buildings or part of building 20
Table A.2 — Barrier loadings 21
List of references 29

© BSI 11-1998 i
 BS 6180:1995

Foreword

This revision of BS 6180 has been prepared under the direction of the Technical
Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, B/-, and supersedes
BS 6180:1982 which is withdrawn.
The changes incorporated in this revision reflect the current materials and
practice used in the design, manufacture and installation of barriers, and are
intended to provide some clarification on ways of applying the code.
In view of the variety of materials available for barrier construction and the wide
range of possible uses for barriers, this code does not attempt to standardize
methods of design but, following the last edition, refers instead to existing
structural design codes. Clause 4 allows users freedom to choose materials and
methods of design and construction not specifically mentioned, subject to the
provision of research data and test results.
In this revision, loading data is provided in annexes. It is intended, however, that
this information will be assimilated into BS 6399 in due course so as to provide
one source only for the loading data.
The safety factors implicit in this code provide adequate levels of protection in the
circumstances given. However, for example, in the case of multifunction
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buildings, the recommendations should be considered with reasoned judgement

to provide a suitable design.
As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and
particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not
misleading.

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Attention is drawn to the fact that statutory legislation [1] may impose more
stringent requirements in certain circumstances.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 30, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii © BSI 11-1998

1 Scope
This British Standard gives recommendations for
the design and construction of temporary and
permanent barriers to be provided in and about
buildings and places of assembly, such barriers
being positioned and designed to protect persons
from various hazards and to restrict or control the
movement of persons or vehicles. This British
Standard is applicable to:
a) barriers that indicate routes;
b) barriers capable of stopping or diverting
moving vehicles up to 2 500 kg within areas
where vehicle speed is restricted to a maximum
of 16 km/h (4.44 m/s, 10 mile/h);
c) walls, glazing and other elements of buildings
or structures where such elements act as
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protective barriers.
This British Standard does not apply to:
1) barriers for resisting impact from vehicles
travelling at speeds greater than 16 km/h, for
example, bridge parapets beyond the curtilage
of a building, or highway safety barriers
(see BS 6779);
works of engineering construction.
2 References
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2) barriers used in building operations and
2.1 Normative references
This British Standard incorporates, by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are made
at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
publications are listed on page 29. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies; any
subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
publication apply to this British Standard only
when incorporated in the reference by amendment
or revision. For undated references, the latest
edition of the cited publication applies, together
with any amendments.
2.2 Informative references
This British Standard refers to other publications
that provide information or guidance. Editions of
these publications current at the time of issue of this
standard are listed on page 30, but reference should
be made to the latest editions.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this British Standard, the
definitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with
the following.
3.1
barrier
a protective barrier which is any element of building
or structure, permanent or temporary, intended to
prevent persons from falling and to retain, stop or
guide persons or vehicles
3.2
datum
the finished level of the floor, roof, foundation slab,
balcony, ramp, stage or pitch line of stairs, etc.
(see Figure 1)
3.3
design level
the level at which the horizontal force on the barrier
is assumed to act for the purposes of design
(see Figure 1)
3.4
safety glass or safety plastics material
glass or plastics sheet material which remains
unbroken or breaks safely under the test specified in
BS 6206
3.5
handrail
a rail normally grasped by hand for guidance or
support
4 Materials, components and methods
of design and construction
Recommendations for the detailed design and
construction of barriers using various materials,
components and methods are given in
clauses 7 to 13. Where materials, components and
methods of design and construction are not covered
by these clauses or by any other British Standard,
this is not to be regarded as discouraging their use.
The designer should satisfy himself that the
materials and methods to be employed are such as
to ensure durability, integrity and a level of
performance at least equal to that recommended in
this code.
Alternatively, a test assembly should be built to
prove the material, component or method under
consideration. The test assembly should be
representative, as to materials, workmanship and
details, of the design and construction for which
approval is desired, and should be built under
conditions truly representative of the conditions in
the actual building construction or curtilage
involved.
1
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© BSI 11-1998 2

Figure 1 — Datum, barrier height and design height

BS 6180:1995
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5 Preliminary considerations
5.1 In the assessment of the need for a barrier and
the type of barrier to be provided, the designer
should give consideration to the building use and
the risks to building users. Annex A sets out a table
of building-use categories.
Where, in a building, more than one use of the
building is anticipated, either the barrier design
should be chosen to suit the worst case, or more than
one type of barrier should be provided, as
appropriate, to the location.
As a general rule, where there is a difference in
adjacent levels greater than 600 mm, barriers
should be installed to restrict or control the
movement of persons and vehicles; however barriers
may be required in certain circumstances where the
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difference in levels is less than 600 mm (e.g. if
required by statutory legislation).
5.2 Where walls, glazing or other elements of
buildings or structures perform the functions of
barriers, the designer shall either:
a) ensure that these elements satisfy the criteria
given in this standard; or
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b) provide additional barriers designed in
accordance with this standard.
5.3 The design of barrier adopted should be such as
to minimize the risk of persons falling, rolling,
sliding or slipping through gaps in the barrier.
Except in areas not likely to be used by children,
barriers should be designed so that the widest gap in
the barrier does not permit a sphere of
diameter 100 mm to pass through, making due
allowance for deflection under load.
5.4 Designers should consider the use of barriers to
protect critical structural elements abutting any
road where vehicle impact could cause structural
damage.
6 Design criteria
6.1 Introduction
Although the design loads tabulated in annex A are
related to specific categories of buildings and parts
of buildings, the design of barriers should be
governed primarily by their location and the loads
expected to be imposed on them in service rather
than by the category of building in which they occur.
Barriers should be designed to resist the most
unfavourable likely imposed and wind loads without
unacceptable deflections or distortions (see 6.4).
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
In some situations (e.g. sports grounds) the spacing
of barriers may be critical. In the case of sports
grounds, guidance may be obtained from a number
of nationally recognized documents such as the
HMSO Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds [2].
Table 1 gives minimum heights for each barrier
location.
6.2 Design procedures
For barriers other than vehicle barriers, either
permissible stress or limit state design procedures
may be used, according to the recommended
procedure given in the British Standard appropriate
for the material to be used, treating the loads given
in annex A as:
a) working loads, for permissible stress design;
b) characteristic loads, for limit state design.
When using limit state design, the partial safety
factors for loads and materials should be those
recommended by the appropriate British Standard
for the relevant material. The strength of the
barrier should be designed as Ultimate Limit State
and the deflection as Serviceability Limit State.
In designing barriers to resist equivalent static
loads, such as those due to vehicular impact
(see 6.3.2 and 6.4.2), the permissible stress
procedure is not appropriate. In such cases, it is
essential to use a limit state approach based on the
partial safety factors for load and materials
appropriate to accidental damage or misuse. Where
a code of practice makes no specific provision for
design against impact loads, decisions should be
made regarding the possible reduction of the overall
factor of safety, according to the relative influence of
dynamic loads compared with static loads on the
properties of the material, the anticipated frequency
of impacts and the failure mode or modes of the
structure.
The designer should also be aware that the
equivalent static force concept is related to an
assumed mean deceleration. Validation tests on
barriers constructed from the materials normally
used in vehicle barriers such as steel, aluminium, or
reinforced concrete show good correlation with
calculated values. However, the performance of
barriers constructed from other materials needs to
be established in order to determine the equivalent
static force against which they should be designed.
NOTE Information on the forces resulting from vehicle impact
into yielding barriers is available from research papers published
by the Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire
RG11 6AU [3].
3
 BS 6180:1995

Table 1 — Barrier heights

Use Position Height
mm
Single family dwelling a) Barriers in front of a window 800
b) Other positions 900
All other uses c) Stairs 900
d) Balconies and stands, etc. having fixed seating within 800
530 mm of the barrier
e) Other positions 1 100
NOTE The design level should be taken to be 1.1 m above datum level in all cases.
(This is the assumed height of the centre of the human body above datum level.)

6.3 Loading A graphic interpretation derived from these

6.3.1 General recommendations is given in annex B.
The design loads should be chosen in accordance Further information to enable designers to derive
equivalent static forces for cases where different
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with the appropriate building-use category

parameters apply is given in annex B.
(see annex A) and the barrier location; that is:
The anticipated area and position of contact should
a) stairs, landings, ramps, edges of internal
be used in calculating the ultimate strength of the
floors;
barrier if the pattern of vehicle or barrier
b) external balconies (being part of or serving deformation can be reliably predicted.
buildings or parts of buildings), edges of roofs,
The assumed distribution of the impact force and
footways, pavements, and areas not less than 3 m

wide, within the building curtilage and adjacent
to access roads, basements or sunken areas
(e.g. light wells);
c) balconies and stands with fixed seating
within 530 mm of the barrier.
Building-use categories and barrier loads are given
in annex A. The design loads are applied
horizontally at the design level (see Figure 1).
Barriers should be designed to resist the more
onerous loads arising from the separate
consideration of the uniformly distributed and
concentrated loads given in annex A. The
concentrated loads are applied in the position which
gives the most onerous requirements.
6.3.2 Imposed loading due to vehicles
When designing barriers to resist vehicular impact,
an estimate of the characteristic mass m of the
vehicle should be made. Ideally, this should be
determined statistically; if this is not possible, the
characteristic mass should be taken to be equal to
the maximum mass anticipated.
Annex B can be used to estimate the equivalent
static force F for a given characteristic mass and
displacement.
Simplified design recommendations for car parks
are given in BS 6399-1:1984. Loadings can be
calculated in accordance with clause 10 of that code,
which allows for a characteristic mass of 1.5 t to be
taken for car parks designed for vehicles not
exceeding 2.5 t in mass.
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the design level at which it is applied should be
related to the likely area and position of initial
contact.
Angular impacts may give rise to additional forces
directed along the line of the barrier. Where the
construction of the barrier is such that frictional
contact between it and the vehicle is likely to be
high, or such that projections may restrain the
vehicle, these additional forces can reach three
times the lateral applied forces. Annex B provides
data for vehicles impacting at 20° to a barrier.
6.3.3 Wind load
External barriers should be designed to resist the
wind loads given in BS 6399-2.
6.3.4 Infill panels and balusters
Infill panels should be designed as recommended
in 5.3 and 6.3. Where the infill consists of successive
balusters, each baluster should be designed to resist
half the concentrated load given in annex A, applied
at mid-height.
6.4 Deflection
6.4.1 Barriers for the protection of people
A barrier for the protection of people that is
structurally safe should not possess sufficient
flexibility to alarm the building users when
subjected to normal service.
The horizontal displacement of any part of the
barrier should not exceed 25 mm.
Glass barriers should also conform to 8.1.2.

4 © BSI 11-1998

Where the infill panel is a plastics material, as given
in 11.4, then the horizontal displacement of any
point of the infill panel should not exceed L/80
(where L is the clear span of the infill panel between
supports) or 25 mm, whichever is the lesser.
This recommendation is in addition to any
recommendations for limiting deflection under full
load given in the appropriate structural codes for
the material to be used, in which event the most
onerous limit is to be applied.
6.4.2 Vehicle barriers
Barriers designed to resist vehicular impacts may
be distorted by such impacts but should remain
substantially in place thereafter.
6.5 Fixings
Care should be taken to ensure that the strength of
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the fixing is adequate for the loading to which the
barrier will be subjected. All joints should be
designed to provide the full strength of the members
being joined.
Wherever a single fixing or support is essential to
prevent the collapse or failure of a barrier, or of a
critical part of a barrier, the design should avoid
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reliance wholly on the pull-out strength of the
fixing. It is essential that fixing design takes
particular account of the material into which the
fixing is placed, the spacing between fixings, the
edge distance, and the position of reinforcement in
the concrete.
When designing fixings, connections, supporting
brackets and other supports, the design loads for the
components should be multiplied by an additional
nominal factor of 1.5.
6.6 Safety details
6.6.1 General
The finished barrier should have no sharp edges or
projections that may cause injury to persons or
damage to clothing.
Infill panels and balusters are intended to provide
support and protection to the user, and should be
designed to restrain people without causing
additional injury from sharp edges, thin sections,
projecting details, etc.
The ends of barriers on unlit access roads should be
provided with reflectors or reflective markings.
6.6.2 Vehicle barriers
The designer should wherever possible avoid
introducing projections on the vehicular face of the
barrier and should also consider ways of redirecting
vehicles in such a way as to cause minimum damage
after impact.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
6.7 Support from adjacent construction
Designers should ensure that any construction or
structure acting as support for barriers is of
adequate strength and stability to sustain all
applied loads safely without excessive stress,
deflection or distortion.
6.8 Maintenance
Designers are alerted to the need to provide for the
safe maintenance of barriers. Consideration should
be given to the possibility of tampering or
vandalism.
6.9 Sight lines
It is essential to consider sight lines as well as safety
aspects when designing barriers in theatres,
cinemas and concert halls. This applies particularly
to barriers protecting balconies or parts of balconies
having fixed seating within 530 mm of the barrier.
The relationship between the height and width of a
barrier affects both sight lines and safety. A lower,
wider barrier may provide the same degree of
protection as a higher, narrower barrier. The height
for a narrow barrier given in annex A is 800 mm;
however this height may be reduced to a minimum
of 750 mm provided the sum of the barrier width
and the barrier height is greater than 975 mm
(see Figure 2).
It should be noted that where the barrier is not in
front of fixed seating (e.g. at the end of the gangway)
the normal design criteria apply.
7 Concrete
All concrete used in the construction of barriers
should be designed and constructed using the design
criteria in clause 6 and in accordance with the
recommendations of BS 8110-1 and BS 8110-2.
When concrete is used to form the external face of
barriers, it is essential that the designer takes into
account the mode or modes of failure that any
envisaged overload would cause and provide
appropriate reinforcement so as to prevent the
spread of debris to a dangerous extent. The use of
fibres in the concrete may be helpful in this respect.
Special consideration should be given to the
ultimate strength and strain behaviour of the
fixings for precast concrete elements in protective
barriers. The designer may choose to design the
barrier so that restraints in one zone fail before
those in another. In such a case, it is essential that
the restraints designed to fail last are capable of
resisting the residual forces after applying the
partial safety factors given in 6.2.
5
 BS 6180:1995
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8 Glass
8.1 Application
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Figure 2 — Height and width of barriers in front of fixed seating

b) Barrier with glass infill panels. In this type of

barrier, the main frame of the barrier
(i.e. handrail and baluster) is designed to
8.1.1 General withstand the loads applied to the handrail and
Glass is not suitable for vehicle protection barriers. the glass is used to form the infill panels. The
glass in no way provides any support to the main
There are certain situations, particularly under
frame.
some lighting conditions, where the presence of
transparent glass may not be readily evident. c) Free-standing glass protective barrier. In this
Suitable manifestation should be provided in type of barrier, the glass is designed to withstand
accordance with BS 6262-4. all the design loads. Each glass plate is clamped
NOTE Glass totally above the barrier height is outside the
to the structure along its bottom edge, the
scope of this British Standard. handrail is attached to the top edge of the glass
and there are no balusters.
8.1.2 Classification of glass usage
8.1.3 Deflection limits
There are three common types of barrier that use
glass. When the glass components of barriers are
a) Full height barrier. Full height barriers formed subjected to half the imposed loads given in
partially or wholly from glass (e.g. storey-height annex A, the horizontal displacement of any point of
windows) should be designed in accordance with the glass component, relative to its fixings, should
this standard, unless another barrier (designed not exceed the smaller of 12.5 mm or L/125, where
in accordance with this standard) is provided in L is as given in 8.3, 8.4 or 8.5.
front of the full height barrier to protect the
building user.
Where the barrier is or contains an opening
window, the barrier should also be in accordance
with this British Standard when the window is in
the open position. When there is an unrestricted
opening below the level of 800 mm a barrier or
rail should be provided not less than 800 mm
from the floor.

6 © BSI 11-1998

8.2 Materials
8.2.1 Glass types
The type of glass should be chosen to suit the design
of protective barrier.
NOTE Glass types are defined in BS 952-1.
Where glass is used in the building façade, or in
other full height barriers which fill the whole of an
opening from floor to ceiling (see 8.1.1 a)), the glass
should be of a type in accordance with the
appropriate recommendations given in BS 6262.
Where glass is used in a protective barrier which
does not fill the whole of an opening, the glass
should be a safety glass (see 3.4) and should conform
to the appropriate impact test requirements of
BS 6206, as recommended in 8.6.
Laminated glass is a safety glass suitable for all
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barriers where the glass is used fully framed.
Toughened glass is a safety glass suitable for all
barriers where the glass is fully or partially framed
or is free-standing (see 8.1.1 c)).
Wired glass which is in accordance with BS 6206 is
not suitable for use in the types of barrier described
in 8.1.1 b) and 8.1.1 c), but can be used in full height
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barriers where the glass is used fully framed. The
manufacturer should be consulted.
8.2.2 Working of glass
The size, position and shape of holes and notches in
toughened glass, and the production of shapes other
than rectangles, should be decided after
consultation with the manufacturer.
8.2.3 Fixing of glass
Contact between glass and any other hard material
(including other glass parts) should be prevented.
Rubber gaskets or other glazing materials should be
used with frame sections. The frame section should
give a minimum of 15 mm edge cover to the glass.
Where bolted connections are used, it is essential to
surround bolts through holes in the glass with
incompressible bushes 2 mm to 3 mm thick,
and 1 mm thick incompressible fibre gaskets should
be used under clamping plates.
The frame and/or fastenings should be designed so
that they do not tend to distort the glass panel. This
is more important with bolted connections, which
can exert considerable forces on the glass, where
particular attention should be paid to the alignment
and position of the fasteners in order to avoid
unnecessary stresses being developed.
The glass, framing system and connections of
barriers and infill panels should be capable of
sustaining and safely transmitting the design loads
to the supporting structure.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
Where appropriate, the method of glazing should be
in accordance with the recommendations given in
BS 6262.
8.3 Design of glass in full height protective
barriers
8.3.1 General
The method of designing the glass depends on its
relation to the barrier height as given in Table 1.
8.3.2 Glass partly or totally below the barrier
height
Glass in this position should be designed to satisfy
the appropriate design criteria given in clause 6.
Any part of a glass pane below the barrier height
should sustain the infill loads. Where the barrier
height is coincident with the glass, the glass should
also sustain the line load applied at the appropriate
height.
The deflection of the glass should be as
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as the longest
dimension of the glass.
Table 2 indicates sizes of glass panes for different
types and thicknesses of glass which, when used
with a glazing method which fully supports the
glass along all edges, will withstand the design
criteria given in clause 6. Significantly larger sizes
than those shown in Table 2 may be possible,
depending on the shape of the glass pane and
whether it is in a double glazing unit. Glazing
methods which do not support the glass on all four
edges may require smaller sizes or thicker glass.
NOTE Glass totally above the barrier height is outside the
scope of this British Standard.
8.4 Design of infill panels
8.4.1 Design criteria
Infill panels should be designed to satisfy the
appropriate design criteria given in clause 6.
8.4.2 Fully framed infill panels
The deflection of the glass should be as
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as the longest
dimension of the glass.
8.4.3 Two-edge framed infill panels
The deflection of the glass should be as
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as the span between
the supporting frames.
7
 BS 6180:1995

Table 2 — Sizes of fully framed single glass panes which will be in accordance with the design
criteria given in annex A
Design criteria from annex A Nominal glass Area for glass type (m2)
thickness mm
Laminated glass Toughened glass Safety wired glass
Line load 0.36 kN/m + UDL 6 3.6 3.8 3.4
0.5 kN/m2 + concentrated 8 5.8 6.0 —
load 0.25 kN
10 8.4 8.6 —
12 11.6 11.7 —
$ 15 no limit no limit —
Line load 0.74 kN/m + UDL 6 2.2 2.4 0.2
1.0 kN/m2 + concentrated 8 4.2 4.3 —
load 0.5 kN
10 5.8 6.0 —
12 7.8 8.0 —
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15 — 11.4 —
16 12.9 — —
$ 19 no limit no limit —
Line load 1.5 kN/m + UDL 6 not applicable not applicable not applicable
1.5 kN/m2 + concentrated 8 not applicable 1.8 —
load 1.5 kN

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10 0.2 4.2 —
12 3.4 6.2 —
15 — 9.0 —
16 9.9 — —
19 — 13.5 —
20 14.4 — —
$ 24 no limit no limit —
NOTE 1 Glass panels within these sizes will satisfy the design criteria irrespective of shape and for glazing methods which support
the glass panel on all edges.
NOTE 2 Conformity with this table does not necessarily indicate suitability for purpose. The thickness and type of glass panel that
can be used may also be affected by other criteria, e.g. wind loads, and these should also be taken into account when selecting the
glass.
NOTE 3 UDL = Uniformly distributed load.

8.4.4 Clipped infill panels The deflection of the glass should be as

The clips should be positioned around the periphery
of the infill panel, at a maximum spacing of 600 mm.
Each clip should be not less than 50 mm in length
and give a minimum depth of cover to the glass
of 25 mm.
The deflection of the glass should be as
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as the maximum
space between support points.
8.4.5 Point bolted supports
Where glass is supported by bolted connections
through holes in the glass, toughened glass should
be used.
Advice on bolted connections for infill panels is
given in annex C.
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as the span between
the bolted connectors.
8.4.6 Position of infill panels relative to the
main frame
When viewed in elevation, the barrier infill panel
should not project beyond a vertical line dropped
from the end of the main frame handrail, or project
above the level of the handrail.
In order not to apply unintended loads to the infill
panels, the line of the barrier infill panels, when
viewed in plan, should not be on the side of the
barrier handrail to which there is public access.

8 © BSI 11-1998

8.5 Design of free-standing glass protective
barriers
8.5.1 Design criteria
The glass should be designed to satisfy the
appropriate design criteria given in clause 6.
The deflection of the glass should be as
recommended in 8.1.3, taking L as 1 250 mm.
8.5.2 Handrail attachment
Where the barrier protects a difference in level
greater than 600 mm, a handrail should always be
used. Continuous fixing is recommended for fixing
the handrail to the glass, since individual fixing
points may introduce unacceptable stress
concentrations.
The handrail should be attached to the glass in such
a manner that, should a glass panel fracture, the
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handrail:
a) will remain in position;
b) will not fail if the design load is applied across
the resulting gap.
Condition b) may be relaxed where the glass pane
is an end panel and protects a difference in level
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
of 600 mm or less, for example, at the foot of a flight
of stairs. In cases where an end pane protects a
difference in level greater than 600 mm, there
would normally be some adjacent structure to which
the handrail could be attached, thus enabling it to
meet condition b).
8.5.3 Structural movement
The structural movement due to live or dead loads
or creep of the structure to which a barrier pane is
clamped should be not greater than 2 mm over the
length of any barrier panel, if more than two bolts
are used to clamp that panel.
8.5.4 Fixing clamps
The attachment of the fixing clamps to the structure
should be capable of withstanding the turning
moment induced at the fixing clamps. Advice on
fixing clamps is given in annex C.
8.6 Impact resistance (containment)
8.6.1 General
In addition to resisting the design loads, the
materials used should also be appropriate to resist
impact forces.
8.6.2 Glass in barriers which do not protect a
difference in levels of more than 600 mm
The glass should be in accordance with the safety
glazing recommendations given in BS 6262-4.
8.6.3 Glass in full height barriers
The glass should be in accordance with the safety
glazing recommendations given in BS 6262-4.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
8.6.4 Barrier with glass infills or free-standing
glass barrier
The impact energy level will vary according to the
position of the barrier relative to the unhindered
distance a body can travel in a direction
perpendicular to the surface of the protective
barrier (the free path). The impact classes that
should be used are:
class C of BS 6206:1981 for a free path less
than 1 500 mm; and
class A of BS 6206:1981 for a free path greater
than 1 500 mm.
The designer should select materials that will not
break when the barrier is subjected to the normal
design loads that may be applied and will not be
penetrated at the required impact class.
Since BS 6206 classifies toughened glass as a safety
glass only for safe breakage when impact tested and
does not classify it for resistance against
penetration, the following recommendations are
given as guidance for the selection of toughened
glass:
class C to BS 6206:1981 (no penetration)
min. 6 mm toughened glass; class A to
BS 6206:1981 (no penetration) min. 10 mm
toughened glass.
Other types of safety glass, e.g. laminated glass, will
normally be classified as a safety glass because of
their resistance to penetration.
8.7 Maintenance
All glass should be regularly cleaned and fixings
checked for corrosion and loosening.
9 Masonry
9.1 General
All unreinforced masonry used in the construction
of barriers, both separately and in conjunction with
other materials, should be designed and constructed
in accordance with BS 5628-1 and BS 5628-3, using
the design criteria given in clause 6 of this code.
Special consideration should be given to the design
of any masonry wall expected to resist vehicle
impact.
For guidance on the design of reinforced and
prestressed masonry, see BS 5628-2.
9.2 Damp-proof courses
Damp-proof courses should be designed and
constructed in accordance with BS 5628-3.
Damp-proof courses at the base of masonry walls
should provide the necessary adhesion across joints
to achieve the required strength.
9
 BS 6180:1995
9.3 Wall ties
Where cavity walls, collar jointed walls or grouted
cavity walls act as protective barriers, the separate
leaves should be connected by wall ties as
recommended in BS 5628-1 or BS 5628-2, as
appropriate. Special consideration should be given
to the durability of certain wall ties when used in
conditions of severe exposure (see BS 5628-2 or
BS 5628-3, as appropriate).
9.4 Copings
Copings should be designed to remain in place when
the barrier is subject to the design load. Where
vandalism is likely to occur, the copings should be
securely anchored to the masonry, using suitable
fixings. Copings should also be designed so as to
deter people from standing on, or walking along, the
top of the wall.
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9.5 Maintenance
Masonry designed and detailed following the
recommendations of this clause should require little
maintenance. Cleaning and surface repair of
masonry should follow the recommendations in
BS 6270-1.
10 Metals
10.1 Aluminium
10.1.1 General
Aluminium alloys for use in barriers should be
designed in accordance with BS 8118-1 using the
design criteria given in clause 6. Aluminium alloy
components can be clipped, hinged, slid or slotted
together, and, in addition, slots or grooves can be
incorporated to accept bolt heads, screw threads or
other fixing devices.
10.1.2 Choice of alloys
10.1.2.1 Wrought aluminium alloys
Barriers should be constructed using wrought
aluminium alloys 6063, 6082, 7020, 3103, 5251
and 5083 conforming to BS 8118-1 and BS 8118-2
or 5251-M seam welded tube conforming to
BS 4300/1 can be used.
For further information on the suitability for
specific uses of structural wrought aluminium
alloys, including durability, see BS 8118-1.
10.1.2.2 Aluminium casting alloys
Aluminium casting alloys LM5, LM6 and LM25
conforming to BS 1490 should be used for barriers.
Aluminium alloy castings should only be used as
load bearing elements of barriers after both
adequate testing and the setting up of quality
control procedures for the production of the castings
has been performed to the approval of the engineer.
10
NOTE The design rules of BS 8118-1 do not cover the design of
castings.
10.1.3 Surface finish
10.1.3.1 General
There are five main types of surface finish for
architectural aluminium:
a) mill finish (as manufactured);
b) anodized finishes, natural and coloured, all of
which can be textured by mechanical and/or
chemical means;
c) applied finishes;
d) textured finish;
e) “as cast” finish (as manufactured).
10.1.3.2 Mill finish and “as cast” finish
Surface treatment for mill finish and “as cast” finish
aluminium is generally unnecessary to maintain
structural performance. However, the appearance of
the metal changes with time, becoming duller and
darker to a degree that is dependent on the
atmospheric pollution. Since the surfaces will
roughen under these conditions, it is recommended
that an anodized finish is specified for the handrail.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
10.1.3.3 Anodizing
Anodizing artificially thickens the natural oxide
film, and is used either to preserve the natural
appearance of the metal or to add decoration in the
form of colour or in conjunction with textured
finishes. It is highly recommended for applications
in which the retention of a good appearance is
important and, in particular, where aluminium has
been chosen to fulfil a decorative function. The
anodic coating is hard and gives the surface of the
aluminium increased resistance to wear and
abrasion, which increases with film thickness.
For coating thickness grades appropriate to
different applications, see Table 3.
Table 3 — Recommended coating thickness
and applications
Thickness Application
µm
25 External architectural, industrial and
hard wearing applications
20, 15 Some external architectural and
industriala
10 Interior domestic
a Where subject to frequent maintenance washing.
Colour anodizing is available in a large range of
colours suitable for outdoor use. The colour
resulting from anodizing aluminium is dependent
on the alloys used, and different components
anodized by the same process may not colour match.
© BSI 11-1998

Matt, satin, polished and brushed surface effects
can be obtained by the use of an appropriate
treatment.
It should be noted that the application of heat to the
aluminium at any stage of fabrication can affect
locally the resultant appearance shown by
anodizing and this in turn may affect the choice of
jointing method and of alloy.
NOTE Reference should be made to BS 1615 and BS 3987.
10.1.3.4 Applied finishes
Where possible, stoved paints or powder coatings,
which provide the most durable type of applied
finish should be used; however these are factory
applied coatings and there may be occasions where
it is necessary to use site-applied air-drying paint.
10.1.3.5 Textured finish
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A texture can be given to the material, depending on
the form, either mechanically
(e.g. impressed, embossed or brushed) or chemically
(e.g. etched). The material can also be mechanically,
chemically or electrochemically polished.
10.1.4 Fabrication
10.1.4.1 Bending and forming.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Aluminium alloys can be manipulated by all
conventional equipment and are available in a wide
range of tempers with varying formability. Cold
bending and forming is preferable; hot working
should not be undertaken without first seeking the
advice of the manufacturer.
10.1.4.2 Punching and shearing
Aluminium can be punched and sheared in the
normal way, the finished edges being, as with other
metals, cleaner with the harder alloys.
10.1.4.3 Machining
Aluminium presents no special machining
problems, the harder alloys being preferred,
providing the accepted tool geometry, lubrication
and machining speeds are followed.
10.1.4.4 Bolting and riveting
Normal bolting and riveting processes can be used
for aluminium. Stainless steel nuts, screws,
washers and bolts are preferred but suitable
aluminium fixings can be used or steel fasteners
other than stainless steel, provided they are hot-dip
galvanized to conform to BS 729 or sherardized to
conform to class 1 of BS 4921:1988.
NOTE Further information is available in BS 8118.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
10.1.4.5 Adhesives
Adhesives may be used to bond aluminium to
metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Surface
preparation and bonding conditions are very
important, and the adhesive manufacturer’s
recommendations should be strictly followed. For
methods of test for adhesives, reference should be
made to BS 5350.
10.1.4.6 Welding
Welding materials, workmanship and protection
should conform to BS 8118-2.
10.1.5 Assembly and fixing
10.1.5.1 General
For general guidance on assembly and fixing,
reference should be made to BS 8118-1.
10.1.5.2 Strength of fasteners and welds
Mechanically fastened and welded joints should be
designed in accordance with BS 8118-1.
10.1.5.3 Site fixing.
Where posts are set into concrete the lower end of
the post should be given two coats of bituminous
paint conforming to BS 3416 or hot bitumen. This
coating should extend 75 mm above the top of the
concrete.
Where posts are bolted to concrete the underside of
the bases should be given two coats of bituminous
paint conforming to BS 3416. Additional protection
to the aluminium at the holding down bolts can be
afforded by the use of plastic sleeves and washers to
isolate the aluminium from the holding down bolts.
NOTE See also BS 8118-2.
10.1.6 Maintenance
10.1.6.1 Mill finish and “as cast” finish
Periodic washing with soapy water to remove dirt
and grime will help to preserve the original
appearance of the metal for a time, but will not
prevent eventual weathering to a shade of grey that
is dependent on the atmospheric environment.
Abrasive cleaners should not be used to remove
natural oxide or applied protective coatings.
Guidance on the cleaning of aluminium is given in
BS 6270-3.
10.1.6.2 Textured finishes
Maintenance of textured finishes, including removal
of stains, should be referred to the aluminium
manufacturers.
11
 BS 6180:1995
10.2 Copper and copper alloys
10.2.1 General
Copper and copper alloys are available in a wide
range of forms and are generally easily formed,
machined and joined by conventional techniques.
Copper and copper alloys for use in barriers should
be designed to meet the design criteria in clause 6.
10.2.2 Choice of alloys
10.2.2.1 Wrought copper alloys
Wrought copper alloys should conform to BS 2874
which includes a wide range of brasses, free
machining brasses, high tensile brasses
(manganese bronzes) and aluminium bronzes. Of
these the most frequently used for architectural
applications are CZ 130, CZ 110, CZ 121 and CZ 131.
Aluminium bronzes commonly specified are CA 104
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and CA 106.
10.2.2.2 Casting alloys
Large and intricate shapes are generally best made
as castings. Materials should conform to BS 1400.
Brasses suitable for castings include SCB3
(sandcasting), DCB1 and DCB3 for die castings and
arsenical brass which is ideal for brazing. High
tensile brasses such as HTB1 are stronger and also
have good corrosion resistance.
Gunmetals such as LG2 can be used where a copper
colour is required combined with good
machinability. Aluminium bronzes such as AB1 and
AB2 are very strong and have good corrosion
resistance, especially in marine environments.
10.2.3 Surface finish
Copper and copper alloys can be finished to a high
standard and polished if required. Many proprietary
treatments are available to preserve the finish.
These processes should be specified with due regard
to their suitability for use with copper alloys.
10.2.4 Fabrication
All wrought copper alloys can be bent and formed to
an extent depending on their cold ductility. Most
can also be hot formed by extrusion or hot stamping
or forging. All copper alloys can be readily machined
provided the suitable tools, feeds and speeds are
used. Where rapid screw threading is required,
special free machining alloys are available.
Welding can only be used with tin bronzes and
aluminium bronzes and to a limited extent with
brasses, but these materials can be readily brazed or
soldered.
12
10.2.5 Corrosion
All copper and copper alloys have excellent
resistance to corrosion in dry atmospheres; a slight
tarnish will appear but corrosion is unlikely. In the
absence of dampness, little further oxidation will
take place, determined by the conditions. If copper
alloys are in contact with other metals, attention
should be given to the possibility of bimetallic
corrosion in damp environments. Copper alloys are
generally more noble than most other metals, which
means that the metals in contact are more likely to
corrode. Care should be taken to ensure that all
fasteners are made of copper alloys since steel
fasteners may rust. When considering bimetallic
corrosion reference should be made to PD 6484.
10.3 Steel
10.3.1 General
Steel for use in protective barriers should be
designed to meet the design criteria given in
clause 6. Stainless steel can be used where an
attractive appearance and/or great durability are
required. Weather resistant steels are also
available.
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10.3.2 Choice of steels
The following steels are recommended for the
construction of protective barriers.
a) Carbon and low alloy steels conforming to
BS 970, BS 1449-1, BS EN 10143, BS 4360,
BS EN 10029, BS EN 10025, BS 6323 or
BS 6363.
b) Stainless steel conforming to BS 970-1,
BS 1449-2 or BS 3605 for plate, sheet, strip, rod,
angles, welded and seamless tubes. Very ductile
but austenitic grades work harden rapidly when
manipulated.
Recommended grades listed in BS 970-1, BS 1449-2
and BS 3605 are 304S16, 315S16, 316S31
and 316S33 (austenitic) and 430S17 and 434S17
(ferritic).
Mechanical jointing methods should preferably be
used for ferritic grades. Austenitic grades are
suitable for welding or mechanical jointing.
NOTE Cast iron is now rarely used, but may be specified for
ornamental features. Wrought iron is no longer available. The
term “wrought iron” is often used loosely and incorrectly to
describe a type of forming used for decorative gates and panels.
10.3.3 Design
For the purposes of the design of commonly used
weldable structural steels, the allowable stresses
recommended in BS 449-2 or the limit state design
method of BS 5950-1 and BS 5950-5 should be used.
© BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995

10.3.4 Fabrication Table 4 — Preferred minimum hot bending

The weldable quality steels facilitate rapid and easy radius for rectangular hollow steel sections
fabrication. However, where, for example, flat panel Width of face, X Thickness Preferred minimum
work is involved, or long lengths of rail over posts mm mm hot bending radius, R
are being constructed, the welding sequence should (see Figure 3)
mm
be carefully considered to avoid distortion of the
finished article. 20 2.5 100
Solid sections, such as rounds or flat bar, can be 30 2.5 150
bent readily to fairly tight radii, particularly when 40 2.5 200
hot, but there are limits to the bending capabilities
of hollow sections. 50 3.2 230
For rectangular hollow sections, the minimum 60 5.0 230
radius also depends upon the relationship between
the width of the face in the plane of bending and the 70 5.0 230
thickness. The preferred minimum hot bending 80 5.0 240
radius is given in Table 4.
90 5.0 270
The use of standard formers to suit the various
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diameters enables tubes to be bent cold to a radius 100 5.0 300

of 3.5 to 4 times their outside diameter. Sand filling 120 5.0 360
or, in small diameters, resin filling that can
subsequently be melted out, help to maintain the 150 5.0 450
circular cross section when bending to small radii. 180 6.3 540
It is possible to obtain ready-formed elbows
200 6.3 600
conforming to BS 1965 with ends bevelled for
welding. These should be used where tighter radii
than can be obtained by normal bending are
required.
Hot-dip galvanized sections should not be bent hot,
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
250
300
350
6.3
8.0
8.0
750
900
1 050
and cold bending is not generally recommended. If 400 10.0 1 200
cold bending is essential, the radius should be not
less than 12X, where X is the width of the face.
NOTE Specifications for materials, workmanship, fabrication
and erection of steelwork are given in BS 5400-6 and BS 5950-2.

Figure 3 — Preferred minimum bending radius for rectangular hollow steel sections

© BSI 11-1998 13
 BS 6180:1995
10.3.5 Protection against corrosion
10.3.5.1 General
Carbon and low alloy steel protective barriers
should be finished by one of the processes described
in 10.3.5.2 to 10.3.5.3.
For further guidance on protective coating of steel
structures, see BS 5493.
10.3.5.2 Metal coating
The steel should be hot-dip galvanized to conform to
BS 729 or sprayed with zinc or aluminium to
conform to BS EN 22063. Alternatively
pre-galvanized or precoated steel strip is available.
Paint or plastics coatings can be applied to the
finished metal coatings to give colour or additional
protection. Where this is done, each coating extends
the life of the other. However, care should be taken
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to select a specification to suit the environmental
conditions.
Figure 4 — Typical site fixing details for steel barriers
14
10.3.5.3 Fasteners and fittings
Fasteners and fittings should be of stainless steel, or
should be hot-dip galvanized to conform to BS 729 or
sherardized to conform to class 1 of BS 4921:1988,
or coated with a suitable plastics material. Thin zinc
plated or cadmium plated coatings should not be
used for external exposure without additional
protection.
10.3.6 Site fixing
Typical site fixings are shown in Figure 4.
All welding should conform to BS 5135. Manual
metal-arc welding is most commonly used.
Electrodes conforming to BS 639 should be suitable
for welding in all positions.
Where metal coated protective barriers have
standards set in concrete or in the ground, these
should be painted with bituminous solution
conforming to type 1 of BS 3416:1991 over a length
of about 200 mm, as shown in Figure 4.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
© BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Figure 4 — Typical site fixing details for steel barriers (concluded)
10.3.7 Maintenance Where no overall metallic protection has been given,
Maintenance requirements, and the frequency with or where reliance is placed solely on a painted finish,
which barriers should be inspected, are governed by barriers are more vulnerable and should be
environment, usage, incidence of malicious damage inspected at frequent intervals. Affected areas
and the protection applied. should be thoroughly cleaned and repainted to the
original specification.
NOTE For further information see BS 5493.
Protective barriers assembled entirely from Particular attention should be paid to joints, bolts,
metal-coated steel and situated in normal screws, etc., and also to fixing points where the
environments should not require any maintenance barrier is in contact with concrete, mortar or other
for a very long period. They should, however, be fixing materials, since these points are particularly
inspected regularly and the residual coating susceptible to corrosive attack.
thickness should be measured; for guidance, Checks should also be made for loosening of
see BS 5411. Maintenance painting should be connections, particularly where fixings are subject
scheduled when approximately 25 µm of coating to fluctuating loads and sustained high loads.
remains on all parts of the surface, so as to retain
the advantages of having a metal coating between
the paint and the steel. When maintenance painting
a metal coating where there has been no rusting of
the basis steel, the surface should be thoroughly
washed to remove soluble corrosion products and
dried; most paint systems can be applied to a
weathered metal coating. Where there has been
some rusting of the basis steel, these areas should
be thoroughly cleaned, causing as little damage as
possible to the remaining metal coating. It is
preferable to apply a compatible metal coating to the
denuded areas before the whole surface is coated
with a conventional paint.

© BSI 11-1998 15
 BS 6180:1995
11 Plastics
11.1 General
Various plastics materials are suitable for use in
barriers, either as structural members, infill panels
or handrails. Plastics materials are particularly
suitable for barriers subjected to corrosive
environments. Since these materials are based on a
number of dissimilar chemical raw materials, their
basic properties differ widely from one another.
Thus, in addition to the general information given
here, detailed information on the particular
material to be used should be sought, as required,
from appropriate industrial sources.
Plastics materials classified as low level glazing in a
building façade should be designed using the design
criteria given in BS 6262. Other barriers of plastics
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materials should be designed to satisfy the design
criteria given in clause 6. In addition, the material
should not break when the barrier is subjected to
the normal design loads that may be applied, and
should not be penetrated when subjected to the
relevant impact test loads (see 11.5).
11.2 Types of plastics
A plastics material is a material based on an organic
polymeric substance of large relative molecular
mass1) which may be used either in its raw material
state or in combination with other chemical
additives that modify the properties of the raw
material to suit particular applications.
Plastics materials can be divided into two general
groups, thermoplastics and thermosetting
(thermoset) materials. Within these groups, there
are various differing types of materials.
Thermoplastics comprise plastics materials that
soften under the influence of heat, thus undergoing
physical, but not chemical, change.
Thermosetting (thermoset) materials comprise
plastics materials that have undergone an
irreversible chemical change during their
manufacture. In their final form, these materials
often incorporate reinforcing fibres, such as glass
fibre or carbon fibre.
11.3 Structural members
Structural members made from plastics materials
should only be made from reinforced thermosetting
plastics. Structural members may be fabricated as
complete units or supplied as shaped rod or profile
stock for subsequent fabrication and assembly.
1)
Formerly known as molecular weight.
16
11.4 Infill panels
11.4.1 General
Plastics infill panels for barriers can be
manufactured both from thermoplastics and
suitably reinforced thermosetting materials.
11.4.2 Infill panels: thermoplastics materials
11.4.2.1 General
Thermoplastics infill panels should be
manufactured from thermoplastics sheet stock,
which may be unreinforced or suitably reinforced.
The materials used should be safety plastics
materials conforming to the impact performance
requirements of BS 6206 (see 11.5).
NOTE Typical examples of such materials are acrylic,
polycarbonate and rigid PVC.
Reinforcement normally consists of wire or metal
mesh reinforcement incorporated during
manufacture. Other types of reinforcement may be
included to give special properties, such as
increased rigidity or improved fire resistance.
11.4.2.2 Design
A nominal additional safety factor of 1.5 should be
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
applied to the design loads, to allow for possible
ageing effects after long-term weathering.
Allowance should be made for the high coefficient of
linear thermal expansion of thermoplastics infill
panels and a clearance of 5 mm per metre length
should be provided within the metal support frames.
11.4.2.3 Fixing
Direct fixing of bolts, screws or clips should not be
used on acrylic panels and is not recommended for
polycarbonate or PVC panels. Fixing should be by
the use of metal profile framing fixed to the
supporting section and handrail. In the case of
acrylic infill panels, edge supports should be over all
of the exposed edges, i.e. full framing.
In the case of fully framed infill panels, the rebate
depth of the thermoplastics sheet should be not less
than 20 mm per metre length. In the case of
two-edge framing only, i.e. non acrylic panels, the
minimum rebate depth should be not less
than 35 mm per metre length.
Neoprene, butyl or similar suitable rubber profile
section should be used to frame the thermoplastics
panel within the metal frame. PVC profile section or
flexible mastic sealants should not be used.
All metal fixings should be protected from corrosion.
© BSI 11-1998

11.4.2.4 Workmanship
All cut edges should be free from cracks, chips or
rough edges and acrylic panels in particular should
never be cold bent. When panels of polycarbonate or
PVC are cold bent on site it is essential that the
manufacturer’s recommendations are followed with
particular reference to the minimum permitted
radius of bend. Any thermoformed bending of all
types of thermoplastics infill panels should be
carried out by the application of heat in accordance
with the supplier’s recommended thermoforming
practice.
11.4.3 Infill panels: thermosetting materials
11.4.3.1 General
Infill panels based on thermosetting materials are
normally based on unsaturated polyester resins
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reinforced with glass fibre in various forms. Such
materials are commonly referred to as glass fibre
reinforced plastics (GRP). Other reinforced
thermosetting materials may include laminates
made by either hot pressing sheets of paper
laminated with phenol formaldehyde resins or by
moulding infill panels from glass reinforced acrylic
resins. The materials used should be safety plastics
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
materials conforming to the impact performance
requirements of BS 6206 (see 11.5).
11.4.3.2 Reinforcing thermosetting plastics sheet
materials
Infill panels made from GRP consist of a laminate of
thermosetting polyester resin and glass fibre. The
laminate should include an outer gel-coat layer
designed to provide an exposed protective surface.
This layer should be made from special unreinforced
resin containing colourants and light-protecting
additives. Gel coats usually provide a hard, high
gloss surface finish.
The laminate can be made by contact moulding or
matched die moulding. In contact moulding, the
laminate may be prepared by the hand lay-up
process, which consists of manual impregnation of
glass matt with resin, or the spray-up process, in
which resin, catalyst and chopped glass fibre
strands are deposited on the mould surface in the
correct proportions by spray gun or depositor.
Matched die moulding can be used to produce
moulded GRP infill panels having specific design
features difficult to achieve using contact moulding,
e.g. smooth surfaces on both sides, or particularly
intricate designs incorporating locating lugs, bases
or strengthening ribs.
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
11.4.3.3 Design
A nominal additional safety factor of 1.5 should be
applied to the design loads, to allow for possible
ageing effects after long-term weathering. GRP
materials have a lower linear expansion coefficient
than thermoplastics materials; thus no special
allowance need be made for expansion.
11.4.3.4 Fixing
The fixing of GRP infill panels follows conventional
practice. Panels can be fixed by bolts, screws,
clamps or full framing. Most commercially available
sealants are suitable for sealing GRP infill panels.
GRP sheets may be cut to shape.
All metal fixings should be protected from corrosion.
11.5 Impact testing
Where theoretical considerations are used to
establish that the barrier is capable of meeting the
design criteria given in clause 6, the designer should
ensure that the materials used are appropriate. The
plastics glazing sheet materials should be of a type
that will conform to the impact test requirements
for safety plastics materials given in BS 6206.
The impact energy level requirement will vary
according to the position of the barrier relative to
the anticipated flight path of a falling body. The
energy level to be considered depends upon the free
path, which is the free distance a body can travel in
a direction perpendicular to the surface of the
barrier.
The impact grades that should be used for barriers
are class C of BS 6206:1981 for a free path
of 600 mm to 1 500 mm and class A of BS 6206:1981
for a free path greater than 1 500 mm.
The designer should select materials that will not
break when the barrier is subjected to the normal
design loads that may be applied and will not be
penetrated when subjected to the appropriate
impact test loads.
11.6 Flammability
The surface spread-of-flame classification of all
plastics infill panels should be class 3 or better when
tested in accordance with BS 476-7:1987. Higher
standards may be required in some locations to
conform to building or other regulations.
The surface spread-of-flame of all plastics structural
components should be class 1 when tested in
accordance with BS 476-7:1987.
All plastics infill panels having a class 2 or 3 surface
spread-of-flame from BS 476-7:1987 should have all
exposed sheet edges protected by a metal frame.
17
 BS 6180:1995
11.7 Handrail
Vinyl handrail coverings are produced from
plasticized PVC and are designed to cover a variety
of metal core rails, but mainly of widths 40 mm
and 50 mm and thickness 8 mm.
Barriers should be fully finished before fitting
handrail coverings.
11.8 Maintenance
11.8.1 Cleaning
Plastics infill panels and handrails should be
cleaned with water and mild detergent only. On no
account should solvents or abrasive cleaners be used
for cleaning.
11.8.2 Decoration
Plastics infill panels and handrails are provided
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precoloured and should never need any form of
decoration. On no account should paint be applied to
plastics panels. If secondary decoration is
necessary, the manufacturer’s recommendations
should be sought.
Care should be taken during the repainting of any
adjacent supporting structures that solvent-based
paint removers or blow lamp flames do not come into
contact with any plastics surface.
11.8.3 General inspection
Plastics infill panels should be inspected at least
annually and checked for cracks or splits arising
from impact or misuse. Damaged panels should be
replaced and loose fixings tightened. To avoid
damage to the panels, it is important that fixings
should not be overtightened. Corroded fixings
should be replaced immediately.
12 Timber
12.1 Materials
Timber used for barriers should conform to one of
the types of softwood or hardwood described in
BS 5268-2 and should be of a grade for which
permissible stresses are given in this code.
Barriers may also be made from glued structural
components of timber and wood based panel
products manufactured in accordance with BS 6446
and designed in accordance with BS 5268-2.
12.2 Design
12.2.1 General
The design of all timber barriers should be in
accordance with BS 5268-2, where applicable.
Using the design criteria given in clause 6, the
stresses used in the design should be those
appropriate to the grade selected.
18
12.2.2 Joints
All joints in the timber should be designed in
accordance with BS 5268-2.
12.2.3 Fixing at base or termination of
horizontal rails
Timber posts and horizontal rails for permanent
barriers should not be set directly into concrete or
masonry likely to be wet for significant periods, but
should be provided with suitable metal shoes or
extensions that keep the end grain of the timber at
least 50 mm clear of surfaces.
12.3 Fabrication
12.3.1 Moisture content
The moisture content of the timber should, as far as
practicable, be appropriate to the position in which
it is to be used. Guidance on the moisture content is
given in BS 5268-2. However, in the case of glued
assemblies, it may be necessary to fabricate a
component at a lower moisture content and
subsequently condition it to suit the assembly in
which the component is to be used.
12.3.2 Preparation of timber
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
The surface finish to all barriers should be smooth
and clear of any projection that would cause injury.
Arises should be rounded to reduce splintering.
Handrails should be smooth finished and of a type of
timber not liable to produce splinters in use.
12.4 Assembly
The components of barriers should be connected to
each other using the methods recommended in
BS 5268-2. If the barrier is to be prefabricated and
subsequently assembled on site, a trial assembly
should take place at the workshop before delivery.
12.5 Protective processes and finishes
12.5.1 Preservation
The preservation of timber barriers, where
required, should be in accordance with BS 5268-5.
12.5.2 Finishes
Timber barriers can be finished with a paint system
or a natural finish treatment. For guidance on paint
systems, see BS 6150.
Whichever finish is used, it is essential that it
should be applied when the timber is at a suitable
moisture content and in the correct climatic
conditions. It is usual to allow for the final coat to be
applied on site after erection so that any accidental
damage can be remedied.
© BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995

12.6 Storage and handling 13 Composites

All materials and assemblies should be protected
against exposure to the weather, wetting, damage,
decay or insect attack prior to fixing on site. The
storage temperature and humidity should be
controlled to ensure that the moisture content of the
timber remains reasonably constant.
Timber components and assemblies should not be
delivered to the site until they are required for
building in. Before leaving the workshop or factory,
they should be protected against damage during
transportation.
12.7 Fixing on site
Care should be taken to avoid overstressing of
members during fixing. All site-bolted joints should
be inspected and all bolts should be carefully
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
Where barriers are constructed from two or more
different materials, the following should be taken
into consideration:
a) the materials should be compatible in all ways
(e.g. electrolytically and thermally);
b) due allowance should be made for the
possibility of differential movement;
c) each element of construction should be
designed in accordance with the appropriate
clause for the material from which it is made.
14 Installation
The installation of a barrier should be supervised by
a suitably qualified person or persons, who should
ensure that the design assumptions have been

tightened without crushing the wood under the

effectively implemented. In this connection,
washers or plates. The fixing of barriers should take
inspections and investigations should be carried out
place as late as practicable in the construction of the
as necessary to establish the integrity of the
building. Bolts and fixings should be checked for
materials and the elements of construction used.
tightness before handing over and subsequently at
the end of the maintenance period.
All metal fixings should be protected from corrosion.

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
12.8 Protection after fixing
Protective barriers should be safeguarded from
damage by other trades. Temporary supports may
be necessary if the assembly is fixed into wet joints.
These supports should remain in place until all
materials are fully set. Special protection may be
necessary for polished or stained finishes to ensure
that other trades do not mark or damage the finish.
12.9 Maintenance
The periodical cleaning and the renewal of certain
finishes is necessary to maintain a good appearance.
Some applied finishes may crack and peel when
used outside and these should be checked at regular
intervals and renewed as necessary.
All joints and connections should be checked to see
if movement exists within the joints. The screws and
nails within the joint should be checked for
corrosion, particularly if the protective system is
damaged.

© BSI 11-1998 19
 BS 6180:1995

Annex A (normative)
Building-use categories and barrier loadings
Building use categories are defined in Table A.1 and loadings for these categories are given in Table A.2.
Table A.1 — Use of buildings or part of building
Building-use category Descriptive title
Residential

1A Single family dwelling (house, maisonette, etc).

1B Boarding house, guest house, hostel, lodging house, residential club
(and communal areas in residential property).
1C Hotel and motel.
Institutional and educational

2 Those parts of a prison, hospital, school, college or other training establishment

or detention centre, not used for assembly purposes.
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Assembly

3A Designated and non-designated sports grounds.

3B Theatre, cinema, concert hall, discotheque, auditorium, shopping mall.
3C Museum, library, non-residential club, pedestrian area.
Office

4 Office.

5
Retail

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Shop, department store, supermarket, public house, restaurant with or without
assembly area, care, hairdressers, wholesale or retail warehouse, public area of
bank, building society or betting shop.
Industrial and storage

6A Factory, workshop, warehousing storage or deposit of goods and materials or

parking only of vehicles other than motor vehicles, light traffic routes subject to
one-way flow.
6B As 6A, but for escape routes and general routes subject to regular two-way flow.
Vehicular

7A Car parks.
7B Any part of a building involving vehicular movement less than 10 mile/h.
NOTE The same building may include two or more different building-use categories. For example, a school sports hall might come
under category 3B whereas a classroom in the same school might come under category 2.

20 © BSI 11-1998
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

Table A.2 — Barrier loadings

© BSI 11-1998

1 2 3 4
Stairs, landings, ramps and edges of internal External balconies, edges of roofs, footways Balconies and stands, etc. having fixed seating
floors and pavements within 530 mm of the barrier
Building use design level infill concentrated design level infill concentrated design level infill concentrated
category horizontal UDL UDL load horizontal UDL UDL load horizontal UDL UDL load
kN/m2 run kN/m2 kN kN/m2 run kN/m2 kN kN/m2 run kN/m2 kN
1A,6A 0.36 0.5 0.25 0.74 1.0 0.5
not applicable not not applicable
applicable
1B, 1C, 2, 3C, 4, 0.74 1.0 0.5 0.74 1.0 0.5 not applicable not not applicable
6B applicable
3A, 3B 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
5, 7A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 not applicable not not applicable
applicable
7B Horizontal loadings imposed by vehicles with a Weight of less than 2 500 kg and travelling at less than 10 mile/h should be
calculated using annex B, subject to a minimum load of 150 kN.

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Vehicles exceeding these limits are not covered by this standard.
NOTE 1 The building-use categories are listed in Table A.1.
NOTE 2 Loadings for crush barriers and handrails in use category 3A are given in the HMSO Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds [2].
NOTE 3 Column 4: see 6.9.
NOTE 4 UDL = uniformly distributed load.

BS 6180:1995
21
 BS 6180:1995

Annex B (normative) where

Vehicle impact on barriers u is the angle of incidence between vehicle and
barrier (in degrees);
B.1 Impact normal to the barrier c is the distance of centre of gravity of the vehicle
The following expression, given in clause 10 of from the front end (in mm);
BS 6399-1:1984, is recommended as a means b is the distance of centre of gravity of the vehicle
whereby a designer may establish, to within a from the side in contact with the barrier (in mm);
reasonable order of magnitude, the equivalent static and
force, F (in kN), transmitted to a barrier system:
m, v, δc and δb are as defined in B.1.
0.5 mv 2
F = ---------------------- In Figure B.2, this expression has been plotted
δc + δ b graphically for unit vehicle mass, an angle u
where of 20° and a velocity prior to impact
m is the characteristic mass of vehicle (in kg); of 16 km/h (4.44 m/s, 10 mile/h).
v is the velocity of the vehicle prior to impact Two typical load deflection curves are shown, one for
(in m/s); heavy goods vehicles (c = 3 960 mm, b = 1 200 mm)
δc is the deflection of the vehicle (in mm); and the other for private motor
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

cars (c = 2 200 mm, b = 860 mm).

δb is the deflection of the barrier (in mm).
The above approach to impact problems has been
For car parks, the force F can be distributed over a adopted by the Transport Research Laboratory for
length of 1.5 m. establishing the validity of barrier systems.
In Figure B.1, this expression has been plotted For further information, reference may be made to
graphically for unit vehicle mass and a velocity prior the appropriate publications listed on the inside
to impact of 16 km/h (4.44 m/s, 10 mile/h). back cover.
The total deformation shown in Figure B.1 should
be taken to be the deformation of the vehicle, which
may be assumed to be not less than 100 mm, plus
the deformation of the barrier system, where this is
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
designed to absorb impact energy by lateral
displacement.

B.2 Impact at an angle to the barrier

For areas other than car parks where the impact on
the barrier is likely to be at a shallow angle, since in
most applications barriers are provided parallel to
the direction of traffic, the order of magnitude of the
equivalent static force, F’ (in kN), transmitted at
right angles to the barrier may be obtained from the
expression:
0.5 m ( v sin u ) 2
F9 = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c sin u + b(cos u - 1) + (δc + δ b )

22 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

Figure B.1 — Impact forces for vehicles impacting at right angles to a barrier

© BSI 11-1998 23
 BS 6180:1995
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

Figure B.2 — Typical impact forces for vehicles impacting at 20° to a barrier, at 10 mile/h

24 © BSI 11-1998

Annex C (informative)
Bolt fixing of glass in barriers
C.1 Bolt fixing of infill panels
At the bolted connections there should be clamping
plates and gaskets (see 8.2.3) on both sides of the
glass that provide a minimum of 50 mm diameter
cover to the glass. These plates should be not less
than 6 mm thick in steel or 10 mm thick in other
suitable metals.
NOTE Where toughened glass of 10 mm thickness or greater
and of maximum dimension less than 1 500 mm is used, an
alternative acceptable fixing design is shown in Figure C.1.
Using this alternative fixing, it is essential to consider tolerances
in detail, since oversize holes in the glass cannot be used with this
fixing system.
Where the length of a glass pane is greater than the
span between the bolted connectors, giving rise to a
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
cantilevered portion of the pane, the cantilevered
portion should be less than one-quarter of the span
between the bolted connectors.
Under the design loads, the barrier should be
designed such that the relative in-plane movement
of the bolted connections in the same panel is not
greater than 2 mm.
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍthat does not rely on bolts through the glass is used,
Figure C.1 — Alternative bolt fixing arrangement for thick toughened glass infill panels
© BSI 11-1998
BS 6180:1995
C.2 Base fixing of free-standing barriers
C.2.1 Point of fixing clamps
The fixing clamps on each side of the glass should be
not less than 100 mm × 150 mm and should be
made of a suitable metal of minimum
thickness 12 mm.
There should be not less than two fixing clamps for
every 1 m length of barrier.
Figure C.2 shows a typical point fixing a clamp.
C.2.2 Continuous fixing clamps
The fixing clamps on each side of the glass should be
not less than 100 mm wide and be made of a suitable
metal of minimum thickness 12 mm.
The clamps should be continuous for the entire
length of the glass pane and have a maximum bolt
spacing of 500 mm.
Figure C.2 b) shows a typical continuous fixing
clamp.
C.2.3 Other clamping systems
Different clamping methods may be used providing
they provide effective continuous clamping over the
length of the glass pane. Where a clamping system
the depth over which the clamping force operates
should be not less than 75 mm, unless specific tests
have been carried out to prove the integrity of the
system and that it meets the design criteria given in
clause 6. Figure C.2 c) and Figure C.2 d) shows some
alternative clamping systems.
25
 26

BS 6180:1995
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Figure C.2 — Clamping systems for free-standing glass balustrades
© BSI 11-1998
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
© BSI 11-1998

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ

Figure C.2 — Clamping systems for free-standing glass balustrades (concluded)

BS 6180:1995
27
 BS 6180:1995

Index

The following alphabetical index gives clause, annex, table and figure references.
A G S
aluminium 10.1 gaps in barrier 5.3 safety details 6.6
assembly 10.1.5 glass 8 safety glass 3.4
choice of alloys 10.1.2 classification of usage 8.1.1 safety plastics material 3.4
fabrication 10.1.4 design criteria 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6 sight lines 6.9
general 10.1.1 free-standing barriers 8.1.2 c), 7.5 sports ground
handling 10.1.6 impact resistance 8.6 designated Table A.1
maintenance 10.1.6 infill panels 8.1.2 b), 8.4 non-designated Table A.1
storage 10.1.6 maintenance 8.7 stand 6.3, Table A.2
surface finish 10.1.3 types of 8.2.1 steel 10.3
transport 10.1.6 working of 8.2.2 choice of section 10.3.2
fabrication 10.3.4
B I
general 10.3.1
balusters 6.3.4 Installation 14
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maintenance 10.3.7
barriers
car park 6.3.2, annex B
M protection against corrosion 10.3.5
Masonry 9 site fixing 10.3.6, Figure C.1
crush annex A
copings 9.4 storage 10.3.7
highway safety 1
damp-proof courses 9.2 stress analysis 10.3.3
protective see protective barriers
maintenance 9.5 supervision 14
vehicle 6.4.2
wall ties 9.3
building enclosure 5.2 T
materials
building-use categories Table A.1 test assemblies 4

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
general 4
timber 12
C particular see under individual
assembly 12.4
characteristic mass materials, e.g. timber
design 12.2
vehicular 6.3.2, annex B metals 10
fabrication 12.3
components 4 methods of design and construction 4
fixing on site 12.7
composites 13
P handling 12.6
concrete 7
plastics 11 maintenance 12.9
design 7
flammability 11.6 materials 12.1
pull-out strength 6.5
general 11.1 protection after fixing 12.8
construction, methods of 4
handrail coverings 11.7 protective processes and finishes 12.5
copper and copper alloys 10.2
impact test 11.5 storage 12.6
D infill panels 11.4
V
Datum, definition 3.2, Figure 1 maintenance 11.8
vehicular impact
design structural members 11.3
critical structural elements 5
adjacent construction 6.7 thermoplastics 11.4.2
imposed loading 6.3.2, annex B
balusters 6.3.4 thermosetting 11.4.3
building-use categories Table A.1 types 11.2
deflection criteria 6.4 protective barriers
distortion 6.4.2 composite 13
fixings 6.5 definition 3.1
infill panels 6.3.4 design see design
introduction 6.1 free-standing 8.1.2 c), 8.5
limit state, use of 6.2 glass infill panels for 8.1.2 b), 8.4
loading 6.3 installation 14
methods 4 materials 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
permissible stress, use of 6.2 maximum gap widths 5.3
preliminary considerations 5 methods of design and construction 4
safety details 6.6 minimum height 6.2
sight lines 6.9 more than one use 5.1
support from adjacent construction 6.7 need for 5
types of protective barrier 1, 5 projections 6.3.2
wind loading 6.3.3 supervision 14
design level type to be provided 1, 5
definition 3.3 vehicular 6.3.2, annex B

28 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 449, Specification for the use of structural steel in building.

BS 449-2:1969, Metric units.
BS 476, Fire tests on building materials and structures.
BS 476-7:1987, Method for classification of the surface spread of flame of products.
BS 639:1986, Specification for covered carbon and carbon manganese steel electrodes for manual
metal-arc welding.
BS 729:1971, Specification for hot dip galvanized coatings on iron and steel articles.
BS 970, Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes.
BS 970-1:1991, General inspection and testing procedures and specific requirements for carbon, carbon
manganese, alloy and stainless steels.
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

BS 1400:1985, Specification for copper alloy ingots and copper alloy and high conductivity copper castings.
BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip plate.
BS 1449-1, Carbon and carbon-manganese plate, sheet and strip.
BS 1449-2:1983, Specification for stainless and heat-resisting steel plate, sheet and strip.
BS 1490:1988, Specification for aluminium and aluminium alloy ingots and castings for general
engineering purposes.

ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
BS 1615:1987, Method for specifying anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium and its alloys.
BS 1965, Specification for butt-welding pipe fittings for pressure purposes.
BS 3416:1991, Specification for bitumen-based coatings for cold application, suitable for use in contact
with potable water.
BS 3605, Austenitic stainless steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes.
BS 3987:1991, Specification for anodic oxidation coatings on wrought aluminium for external architectural
applications.
BS 4300, Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes
(supplementary series).
BS 4300/1:1967, Aluminium alloy longitudinally welded tube.
BS 4360:1990, Specification for weldable structural steels.
BS 4921:1988, Specification for sherardized coatings on iron or steel.
BS 5135:1984, Specification for arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels.
BS 5268-2:1991, Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship.
BS 5268-5:1989, Code of practice for the preservative treatment of structural timber.
BS 5350, Methods of test for adhesives.
BS 5628, Code of practice for use of masonry.
BS 5628-1:1992, Structural use of unreinforced masonry.
BS 5628-2:1985, Structural use of reinforced and prestressed masonry.
BS 5628-3:1985, Materials and components, design and workmanship.
BS 5950, Structural use of steelwork in building.
BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
BS 6206:1981, Specification for impact performance requirements for flat safety glass and safety plastics for
use in buildings.
BS 6262:1982, Code of practice for glazing for buildings.
BS 6270, Code of practice for cleaning and surface repair of buildings.
BS 6270-1:1982, Natural stone, cast stone and clay and calcium silicate brick masonry.

© BSI 11-1998 29
 BS 6180:1995

BS 6323, Specification for seamless and welded steel tubes for automobile, mechanical and general
engineering purposes.
BS 6363:1983, Specification for welded cold formed steel structural hollow sections.
BS 6399, Loading for buildings.
BS 6399-1:1984, Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
BS 6399-2:1994, Code of practice for wind loading.
BS 6446:1984, Specification for manufacture of glued structural components of timber and wood based
panel products.
BS 8110, Structural use of concrete.
BS 8110-1:1985, Code of practice for design and construction.
BS 8110-2:1985, Code of practice for special circumstances.
BS 8118, Structural use of aluminium.
BS 8118-1:1991, Code of practice for design.
BS 8118-2:1991, Specification for materials, workmanship and protection.
BS EN 10025:1993, Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels. Technical delivery conditions.
BS EN 10029:1991, Specification for tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot rolled steel
plates 3 mm thick or above.
BS EN 10143:1993, Continuously hot-dip metal coated steel sheet and strip. Tolerances on dimensions and
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

shapes.
BS EN 22063:1994, Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Thermal spraying. Zinc, aluminium and their
alloys.
PD 6484:1979, Commentary on corrosion of bimetallic contacts and its alleviation.

Informative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
BS 952, Glass for glazing.
BS 952-1:1978, Classification.
BS 1965, Specification for butt-welding pipe fittings for pressure purposes.
BS 1965-1:1963, Carbon steel.
BS 5400, Steel, concrete and composite bridges.
BS 5400-6:1980, Specification for materials and workmanship, steel.
BS 5411, Methods of test for metallic and related coatings.
BS 5493:1977, Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion.
BS 6150:1991, Code of practice for painting of buildings.
BS 6270, Code of practice for cleaning and surface repair of buildings.
BS 6270-3:1991, Metals (cleaning only).
BS 6779, Highway parapets for bridges and other structures.
BS 6779-1:1992, Specification for vehicle containment parapets of metal construction.
BS 6779-2:1991, Specification for vehicle containment parapets of concrete construction.

30 © BSI 11-1998
 BS 6180:1995

Other references

[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Safety at Sports Grounds Act 1975: London: HMSO.
[2] HMSO. Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds.
[3] Department of Transport.
Departmental standard TD19/85 Safety fences and barriers.
Departmental standard TD32/89 Wire rope safety fences.
Technical memorandum (Bridges) BE5 The Design of Highway Bridge Parapets, 1978.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berks RG11 6AU.
Road Research Laboratory reprint LR 104 The D.A.V. and Blocked-out Beam Crash Barriers, 1967.
Report LR 482 Vehicle impact tests on a Christiani and Nielsen bridge parapet, 1972.
Report LR 485 Vehicle impact tests on reinforced concrete bridge parapets, 1972.
Report LR 495 Vehicle impact tests on frangible and yield post designs of bridge parapets, 1972.
U.S. Highways Research Board National Research Council/U.S. National Academy of
Science/U.S. National Academy of Engineering South West Research Institute.
National Co-operative Highway Research Program Report 129 Guardrail Crash Test
Evaluation — New Concepts and End Designs.
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 29/02/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

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