Memory

What is Sensory Memory?

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The shortest element of memory that has the
ability to retain impressions of sensory
information after the original stimuli have ended
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What are the types of Sensory Memory?
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Iconic and Echoic Memory
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What is Iconic Memory?
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Visual Aspects of Sensory Memory
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What is Echoic Memory?
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Auditory Aspects of Sensory Memory
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What are the components of Working
Memory?
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Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad,
Episodic Buffer, and Central Executive
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What is Working Memory?
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Short Term Memory that is stored while it is held
in attention
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What is a Phonological Loop?
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Perpetual repetition of verbal information
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What is a Visuospatial Sketchpad?
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Perpetual repetition of mental images
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What is an Episodic Buffer?
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Combing information from a variety of sources
that communicates with both Working and Long
Term Memory
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What is an Central Executive?
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Functions as a supervisory system that controls
information flow from and to the components of
Working Memory (Phonological Loop,
Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer)
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What are the types of Long-Term Memory?
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Explicit Memory and Implicit Memory
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What is Explicit Long-Term Memory?
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Consist of Memories that require conscious
recall
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What are the types of Explicit Long-Term
Memories?
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Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory
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What is Semantic Long-Term Memory?
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General world knowledge that one has
accumulated throughout their life
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What is Episodic Long-Term Memory?
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Memory of autobiographical events
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What is Implicit Long-Term Memory?
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Memory that does not required conscious recall
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What is the main type of Implicit Long-Term
Memories?
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Procedural Memory
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What is Procedural Memory?
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Aids the performance of particular types of tasks
without conscious awareness of these previous
experiences
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What is the Dual Coding Hypothesis?
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States that it is easier to remember words
associated with images
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What is Operation Span?
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The maximum number of words that can be
recalled following a simple mathematical
verification and the reading of words
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What is Priming?
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The implicit memory effect in which exposure to
a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus
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What are the types of Priming?
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Negative and Positive Priming
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What is Negative Priming?
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Prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably
influences the response to the same stimulus
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What is Positive Priming?
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Prior exposure to a stimulus favorably influences
the response to the same stimulus
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What is Autobiographical Memory?
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A Memory System consisting of episodes
recollected from an individual’s life, based on a
combination of episodic and semantic memory
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What is Encoding?
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The process of receiving information and
preparing it for storage
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What is Effortful Encoding?
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effect
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What is Automatic Encoding?
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Encoding that does not require attention and
conscious effect
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What is Route Rehearsal?
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Saying the something to oneself over and over
again
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What is Chunking?
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A process by which individual pieces of
information are bound together into a meaningful
whole
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What are Mnemonic Devices?
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A technique that aids in Memory Recall
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What are the types of Mnemonic Devices?
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Imagery, Pegword System, Method of Loci, and
Acronym
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What is the Pegword System with regards to
Mnemonic Devices?
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Associates numbers with items that rhyme with
or resemble the number
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What is the Method of Loci with regards to
Mnemonic Devices?
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Associates each item in a list with a location
along a route through a building that has already
been memorized
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What is the Self-Reference Effect?
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The tendency for individuals to best recall
information that they can relate to their own
experiences
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What is the Spacing Effect?
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The phenomenon of retaining larger amounts of
information when the amount of time between
sessions of relearning increases
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What is the definition of Retrieval?
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The process of demonstrating that information
has been retained in memory
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What is included in Retrieval?
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Recall, Recognition, and Relearning
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What is the Context Effect?
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A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when
a person is in the location where encoding took
place
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What is State-Dependent Memory?
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A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when
a person is in the same state of emotion or
intoxication as when the encoding took place
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What is Free Recall?
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The Retrieval of Memory without help of cues
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What is Cued Recall?
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The Retrieval of Memory with the help of others
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What is the Serial-Position Effect?
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The tendency to better remember items presented
at the beginning or end of a list
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What is the Primacy Effect?
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Results in a subject recalling primary
information presented better than information
presented later on
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What is the Recency Effect?
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Results in a subject recalling information
presented later on better than primary
information
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What is Source Monitoring Error?
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A memory error by which a person remembers
the details of an event but confuses the context
by which the details were gained
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What is Source Amnesia?
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The inability to remember where, when, or how
previously learned information has been
acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge
 Memory
What are Flashbulb Memories?
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A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid “snapshot”
of the movement and circumstances in which a
piece of surprising and consequential (or
emotionally arousing) news was heard
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What is a Long-Term Potentiation?
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The strengthening of neural connections due to
rehearsal or relearning
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What is Decay?
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The fading of memory due to the passing of time
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What is Retroactive Interface?
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Difficulty recalling old information because of
newly learned information
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What is Proactive Interference?
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Difficulty recalling new information cause of
already existing information
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What is Retrograde Amnesia?
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The loss of previously formed memories
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What is Anterograde Amnesia?
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The inability to form new memories
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What are Semantic Networks?
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Organization of information in the brain by
linking concepts with similar characteristics and
meaning
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What is Spreading Activation?
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The unconscious activation of closely linked
nodes of a Semantic Network
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What types of Cognitive Abilities are
considered Stable?
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Implicit and Recognition
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What types of Cognitive Abilities can be
Improved?
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Semantic, Crystalized IQ, and emotional
reasoning
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What types of Cognitive Abilities can Decline?
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Recall, Episodic Memory, Processing Speed,
Divided Attention, and Prospective Memory
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What is a Prospective Memory?
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Remembering to do something in the future
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What is the definition of Dementia?
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Decline in memory and other cognitive functions
to the point of interfering with normal day
activities that result from excessive damage to
the brain tissue
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What is the most common form of
Alzheimer’s Disease?
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Dementia
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What is the definition of Alzheimer’s Disease?
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A progressive brain disorder that affects different
aspects of memory over time
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What is the definition of Korsakoff’s
Syndrome?
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Chronic Memory disorder due to lack of Vitamin
B1 or Thiamine
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What is Retrograde Memory?
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The ability to remember experiences before a
brain injury
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What is Antegrade Memory?
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The ability to remember experiences after a brain
injury
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What is Neural Plasticity?
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Formation of Neural Connections that allows for
repair, regrowth, and adaptation after injuries or
disease
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What is the relationship between Memory and
Learning?
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Both depend on each other, Learning is acquiring
knowledge or skill and Memory is acquired
information