Individuals and Society Flashcards

Individuals and Society
Self-Concept
Our concept of our identity

Existential Self
The most basic part of the self-scheme or self-

concept; The sense of being separate and distinct
from others and the awareness of the constancy of
the self
Categorical Self
The ability to put the self into categories, such as

age, gender, skill or size
Self-Esteem
Confidence in one's own worth or abilities

Actual Self
The way we see ourselves as we currently are

Ideal Self
The person we would like to be

Ought Self
Our representation of the way others think we

should be
Social Identity Theory

A theory that predicts certain intergroup

behaviours on the basis of perceived group status
differences, the perceived legitimacy and stability
of those status differences, and the perceived
ability to move from one group to another
Self-Efficacy
Our belief in our ability to succeed

Hierarchy of Salience
A framework or organization of an individual's

identities in order of how frequently they are used
and how likely they are to be used in a particular
situation
Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory Stages

Preconventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)

Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
Postconventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Preconventional Morality
Places an emphasis on the consequences of the

moral choice
Stage 1
Obedience and punishment; Behavior driven by

avoiding punishment
Stage 2
Individual interest; Behavior driven by self-interest

and rewards
Conventional Morality
Individuals being ot see themselves in terms of

their relationships to others
Stage 3
Interpersonal; Behavior driven by social approval

Stage 4
Authority; Behavior driven by obeying authority and

conforming to social order
Postconventional Morality
Describes a level of reasoning that not everyone is

capable of and is based on social mores, which
may conflict with laws
Stage 5
Social contract; Behavior driven by the balance of

social order and individual rights
Stage 6
Universal ethics; Behavior driven by internal moral

principles
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory

Stages
Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role Confusion
Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 8 – Integrity vs. Despair
Stage 1. Trust vs. Mistrust

1 year of age; Learning to depend on caretakers.

Negative outcome: suspicion and fear
Stage 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

2 years of age; Learning to do things on your own.

Negative outcome: lacking self-esteem
Stage 3. Initiative vs. Guilt

3-5 years of age; Learning to initiate play.

Negative outcome: act more as a follower
Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority

6-12 years of age; Learning to be competent.

Negative outcome: doubting own abilities and
feeling inferior
Stage 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

12-18 years of age; Learning how to fit into society.

Negative outcome: confusion of self
Stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

18-40 years of age; Learning to form relationships.

Negative outcome: Loneliness
Stage 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

40-65 years of age; Learning the bigger picture of

life.
Negative outcome: feeling unproductive
Stage 8. Integrity vs. Despair

65+ years of age; Reflecting on life.

Negative outcome: dissatisfaction
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive

Development Theory
The internalization of various aspects of culture

(rules, symbols, language) drive cognitive
development
Zone of Proximal Development

The skills and abilities that have not yet fully

developed but are in the process of development
Psychodynamic Theory
Emphasizes systematic study of the psychological

forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and
emotions and how they might relate to early
experience. It is especially interested in the
dynamic relations between conscious motivation
and unconscious motivation.
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory

Stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital Stage

Oral Stage
Ages 0-1; Libidinal energy centered on the mouth,

fixation can lead to excessive dependency
Anal Stage
Ages 1-3; Toilet training occurs during this time,

fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or
messiness
Phallic Stage
Ages 3-5; Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved

during this time
Latent Period
Libido is largely sublimated during this stage

Genital Stage
Begins at puberty; If previous stages have been

successfully resolved, the person will enter into
normal heterosexual relationships
Major Jungian Archetypes

Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow

Jungian Unconscious Types

Personal and Collective Unconscious

Personal Unconscious
All information that is present within an individual's

mind, but not readily available to conscious recall
Collective Unconscious
A powerful system that is shared among all

humans and is considered to be a residue of the
experiences of our early ancestors
Persona
The part of our personality that we present to the

world
Anima
Feminine behavior in males

Animus
Masculine behavior in females

Shadow
Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts,

feelings, and actions in our consciousness
Jung’s Dichotomies of Personality (Myers-

Briggs Type Inventory)
Extraversion vs. Introversion

Sensing vs. Intuiting
Thinking vs. Feeling
Judging vs. Perceiving
Extraversion vs. Introversion

Orientation toward the external world vs.

orientation toward the internal world
Sensing vs. Intuiting

Obtaining objective information about the world vs.

working with information abstractly
Thinking vs. Feeling

Using logic and reason vs. using a value system or

personal beliefs
Judging vs. Perceiving

Preferring orderliness vs. preferring spontaneity

(not original to Jung, adapted for MBTI)
Object Relations Theory

Object refers to the representation of parents or

other caregivers based on subjective experiences
during early infancy. These objects persist into
adulthood and impact our interactions with others
Imitation
The reproduction or performance of an act that is

stimulated by the perception of a similar act by
another animal or person
Roles
A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that

define expectations for behavior associated with a
given status
Reference Groups
The group whom we compare ourselves to

Me
The organized set of attitudes of others which an

individual assumes
I
The response of an individual to the attitudes of

others
Actual self
The balance of both the "I" and the "me"

Looking glass self

A person's self grows out of society's interpersonal

interactions and the perceptions of others

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Individuals and Society

Our concept of our identity

The most basic part of the self-scheme or self-

The ability to put the self into categories, such as

Confidence in one's own worth or abilities

The way we see ourselves as we currently are

The person we would like to be

Our representation of the way others think we

Social Identity Theory

A theory that predicts certain intergroup

Our belief in our ability to succeed

A framework or organization of an individual's

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory Stages

Preconventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)

Places an emphasis on the consequences of the

Obedience and punishment; Behavior driven by

Individual interest; Behavior driven by self-interest

Individuals being ot see themselves in terms of

Interpersonal; Behavior driven by social approval

Authority; Behavior driven by obeying authority and

Describes a level of reasoning that not everyone is

Social contract; Behavior driven by the balance of

Universal ethics; Behavior driven by internal moral

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory

Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 1. Trust vs. Mistrust

1 year of age; Learning to depend on caretakers.

Stage 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

2 years of age; Learning to do things on your own.

Stage 3. Initiative vs. Guilt

3-5 years of age; Learning to initiate play.

Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority

6-12 years of age; Learning to be competent.

Stage 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

12-18 years of age; Learning how to fit into society.

Stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

18-40 years of age; Learning to form relationships.

Stage 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

40-65 years of age; Learning the bigger picture of

Stage 8. Integrity vs. Despair

65+ years of age; Reflecting on life.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive

The internalization of various aspects of culture

Zone of Proximal Development

The skills and abilities that have not yet fully

Emphasizes systematic study of the psychological

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital Stage

Ages 0-1; Libidinal energy centered on the mouth,

Ages 1-3; Toilet training occurs during this time,

Ages 3-5; Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved

Libido is largely sublimated during this stage

Begins at puberty; If previous stages have been

Major Jungian Archetypes

Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow

Jungian Unconscious Types

Personal and Collective Unconscious

All information that is present within an individual's

A powerful system that is shared among all

The part of our personality that we present to the

Feminine behavior in males

Masculine behavior in females

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts,

Jung’s Dichotomies of Personality (Myers-