Personality

Psychoanalytic Theory
 Personality

The theory of personality organization and the

dynamics of personality development that guides
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating
psychopathology
 Personality

Libido
 Personality

The sex or life drive

 Personality

Death Instinct
 Personality

The drive toward death and self-destruction

 Personality

Fixation
 Personality

The result of overindulgence or frustration during a

psychosexual stage causing a neurotic pattern of
personality based on that stage
 Personality

Id
 Personality

Consists of all the basic, primary, inborn urges to

survive and reproduce
 Personality

Pleasure Principle
 Personality

The aim is to achieve immediate gratification to

relieve any pent-up tension
 Personality

Primary Process
 Personality

The id’s response to frustration; Obtain satisfaction

now, not later
 Personality

Wish Fulfillment
 Personality

Mental imagery, such as daydreaming or fantasy,

that fulfills the need for satisfaction via the primary
process
 Personality

Ego
 Personality

The psychological component of the personality

that is represented by our conscious decision-
making process
 Personality

Reality Principle
 Personality

The idea that the desires of the id must be satisfied

in a method that is both socially appropriate and
realistic
 Personality

Secondary Process
 Personality

Takes into account objective reality as it guides or

inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure
principle
 Personality

Superego
 Personality

The social component of our personality and

conscience
 Personality

Humanistic Theory
 Personality

Focus on the value of individuals and take a more

person-centered approach
 Personality

Client-Centered Therapy
 Personality

Helps the client reflect on problems, make choices,

generate solutions, take positive action, and
determine his or her own destiny
 Personality

Unconditional Positive Regard

 Personality

A therapeutic technique by which the therapist

accepts the client completely and expresses
empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic
environment
 Personality

Force Field Theory

 Personality

Looks at forces that are either driving movement

toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking
movement toward a goal (hindering forces)
 Personality

Peak Experiences
 Personality

Profound and deeply moving experiences in a

person’s life that have important and lasting effects
on the individual
 Personality

Biological Theory
 Personality

Personality can be explained as a result of genetic

expression in the brain
 Personality

Behaviorist Theory
 Personality

The personality is simply a reflection of behaviors

that have been reinforced over time
 Personality

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

 Personality

Focuses on the development of personal coping

strategies that target solving current problems and
changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions (e.g.
thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes), behaviors, and
emotional regulation
 Personality

Adler’s Theory of Personality

 Personality

Personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of

inferiority deriving from restrictions on the
individual's need for self-assertion
 Personality

Inferiority Complex
 Personality

An individual’s sense of incompleteness,

imperfection, and inferiority both physically and
socially
 Personality

Creative Self
 Personality

The force by which each individual shapes their

uniqueness and establishes their personality
 Personality

Style of Life
 Personality

The manifestation of the creative self; Describes a

person’s unique way to achieving superiority
 Personality

Fictional Finalism
 Personality

The notion that an individual is motivated more by

his expectations of the future than by past
experiences
 Personality

Type Theory
 Personality

Attempts to create a taxonomy of personality types

 Personality

Type A Personality
 Personality

Characterized by behavior that tends to be

competitive and compulsive
 Personality

Type B Personality
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Characterized by laidback and relaxed behavior

 Personality

Somatotypes
 Personality

Proposed by William Sheldon; Suggested that

personality types were linked to body types
 Personality

Trait Theory
 Personality

Describes individual personality as the sum of a

person’s characteristic behaviors
 Personality

Allport’s Basic Traits

 Personality

Cardinal Traits, Central Traits, Secondary Traits,

Functional Autonomy
 Personality

Cardinal Traits
 Personality

Traits around which a person organizes their life

 Personality

Central Traits
 Personality

Major characteristics of personality that are easy to

infer
 Personality

Secondary Traits
 Personality

Personal characteristics that are more limited in

occurrence
 Personality

Functional Autonomy
 Personality

The continuation of a behavior despite satisfaction

of the drive that created it
 Personality

PEN Model
 Personality

Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism

 Personality

PEN Model Definition

 Personality

Model of traits described by the Eysencks

 Personality

Psychoticism
 Personality

A measure of nonconformity of social deviance

 Personality

Extraversionn
 Personality

A measure of tolerance for social interaction and

stimulation
 Personality

Neuroticism
 Personality

A measure of emotional arousal in stressful

situations
 Personality

Five Factor Model

 Personality

A set of five broad trait dimensions or domains,

often referred to as the “Big Five”: extraversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism,
and openness to experience
 Personality

Social Cognitive Theory

 Personality

People learn how to behave and shape attitudes

by observing the behaviors of others; Behavior
isn’t learned by trial-and-error, but rather through
direct observation and replication of the actions of
others
 Personality

Defense Mechanisms
 Personality

An unconscious psychological mechanism that

reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or
potentially harmful stimuli
 Personality

Denial
 Personality

The refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a

painful event, thought or feeling did not exist
 Personality

Projection
 Personality

The attribution of one’s own undesired feelings to

others
 Personality

Intellectualization
 Personality

The overemphasis on thinking when confronted

with an unacceptable impulse, situation or
behavior without employing any emotions
whatsoever to help mediate and place the thoughts
into an emotional, human context
 Personality

Rationalization
 Personality

The justification of behaviors in a manner that is

acceptable to the self and society
 Personality

Regression
 Personality

A reversion to an earlier developmental state

 Personality

Repression
 Personality

The ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and

urges to the unconscious
 Personality

Suppression
 Personality

A deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

 Personality

Displacement
 Personality

The transference of an undesired urge from one

person or object to another
 Personality

Reaction Formation
 Personality

The suppression of urges by unconsciously

converting them into their exact opposite
 Personality

Sublimation
 Personality

The transformation of unacceptable urges into

socially acceptable behaviors