Motivation and Attitudes

Extrinsic Motivation
 Motivation and Attitudes

External forces, coming from outside oneself, is

the source of motivation (e.g., rewards)
 Motivation and Attitudes

Intrinsic Motivation
 Motivation and Attitudes

Internal forces, coming from within oneself, is the

source of motivation
 Motivation and Attitudes

Instinct Theory of Motivation

 Motivation and Attitudes

People are driving to do certain behaviors based

on evolutionarily programmed instincts
 Motivation and Attitudes

Arousal Theory of Motivation

 Motivation and Attitudes

People perform actions in order to maintain an

optimal level of arousal, seeking to increase
arousal when it falls below the optimal levels and
decreasing arousal when it rises above the optimal
levels.
 Motivation and Attitudes

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

 Motivation and Attitudes

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating

uncomfortable states called drives; Based on the
principles of negative reinforcement
 Motivation and Attitudes

Primary Drives
 Motivation and Attitudes

Needs that motivate us to sustain bodily processes

in homeostasis
 Motivation and Attitudes

Secondary Drives
 Motivation and Attitudes

Needs that motivate us that are unrelated to

survival
 Motivation and Attitudes

Incentive Stimuli
 Motivation and Attitudes

Stimulus that increases motivation

 Motivation and Attitudes

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Definition

 Motivation and Attitudes

Certain needs will yield a greater influence on our

motivation
 Motivation and Attitudes

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

 Motivation and Attitudes

Physiological, Safety, Love, Self-Esteem, Self-

Actualization
 Motivation and Attitudes

Physiological
 Motivation and Attitudes

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis

 Motivation and Attitudes

Safety
 Motivation and Attitudes

Security of body, employment, resources, morality,

family, health, and property
 Motivation and Attitudes

Love
 Motivation and Attitudes

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

 Motivation and Attitudes

Self-Esteem
 Motivation and Attitudes

Confidence, achievement, respect of others,

respect by others
 Motivation and Attitudes

Self-Actualization
 Motivation and Attitudes

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving,

lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
 Motivation and Attitudes

Incentive Theory
 Motivation and Attitudes

Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but

by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid
punishments; Based on the principles of positive
reinforcement
 Motivation and Attitudes

Expectancy-Value Theory
 Motivation and Attitudes

The amount of motivation for a task is based on

the individual’s expectation of success and the
amount that success is valued
 Motivation and Attitudes

Opponent-Process Theory
 Motivation and Attitudes

Motivation for drug use; As drug use increases, the

body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance
and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
 Motivation and Attitudes

Components of Attitude
 Motivation and Attitudes

Affective, Behavior, Cognitive Attitude

 Motivation and Attitudes

Affective
 Motivation and Attitudes

The way a person feels toward something (e.g.,

“snakes scare me”)
 Motivation and Attitudes

Behavioral
 Motivation and Attitudes

The way a person acts with respect to something

(e.g.,avoiding snakes)
 Motivation and Attitudes

Cognitive
 Motivation and Attitudes

The way an individual thinks about something,

usually to justify the other two components (e.g.,
“snakes are dangerous, so I avoid them”)
 Motivation and Attitudes

Prototype Willingness Model

 Motivation and Attitudes

A modified dual-process model that focuses on

cognitions, which mediate the effects of social
factors on risk-taking behaviours; Assumes that
there are two pathways to health-risk behaviour: a
reasoned path mediated by behavioural
intention/expectation and a social reaction path
mediated by behavioural willingness
 Motivation and Attitudes

Elaboration Likelihood Model

 Motivation and Attitudes

Separates individuals on a continuum based on

their processing of persuasive information
 Motivation and Attitudes

Central Route Processing

 Motivation and Attitudes

Scrutinizing and analyzing the content of

persuasive information
 Motivation and Attitudes

Peripheral Route Processing

 Motivation and Attitudes

Focusing on superficial details of persuasive

information, such as appearances, catchphrases
and slogans, and credibility
 Motivation and Attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance
 Motivation and Attitudes

The discomfort experiences when holding two

conflicting cognitions
 Motivation and Attitudes

Functional Attitudes Theory

 Motivation and Attitudes

Attitudes serve four functions; knowledge, ego

expression, adaptation, and ego defense
 Motivation and Attitudes

Knowledge Function
 Motivation and Attitudes

Knowledge of the attitudes of others helps predict

their behavior
 Motivation and Attitudes

Adaptive Function
 Motivation and Attitudes

The idea that one will be accepted if socially

accepted attitudes are expressed
 Motivation and Attitudes

Ego-Expressive Function
 Motivation and Attitudes

The ability to communicate and solidify our self

identity (e.g., wearing favorite team’s shirt)
 Motivation and Attitudes

Ego-Defensive Function
 Motivation and Attitudes

The ability to use our attitude to protect our self-

esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
 Motivation and Attitudes

Learning Theory
 Motivation and Attitudes

Attitudes are developed through different forms of

learning