Psychological Disorders Flashcards

Psychological Disorders
Biomedical Model
Focuses on purely biological factors and excludes

psychological, environmental, and social
influences
Biopsychosocial Model
There are biological, psychological, and social

components to an individual’s disorder
Diathesis-Stress Model
Explains behavior as a predispositional

vulnerability together with stress from life
experiences
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
A group of disorders in which the development of

the central nervous system is disturbed. This can
include developmental brain dysfunction, which
can manifest as neuropsychiatric problems or
impaired motor function, learning, language or
non-verbal communication
Neurocognitive Disorders
A group of disorders designated by an acquired

cognitive decline in one or more cognitive domains
Dyssomnias
Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay

asleep, or avoid sleep
Central Sleep Apnea

A disorder in which your breathing repeatedly

stops and starts during sleep and occurs because
your brain doesn't send proper signals to the
muscles that control your breathing
Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A disorder in which your throat muscles

intermittently relax and block your airway during
sleep
Narcolepsy
Characterized by a lack of voluntary control over

the onset of sleep
Cataplexy
The loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of

REM sleep during waking hours
Sleep Paralysis
The sensation of being unable to move despite

being awake
Insomnia
Characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying

asleep
Hypnagogic/Hypnopompic Hallucinations
Hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening

Parasomnias
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Night Terrors
Periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-

wave sleep
Sleepwalking
Engaging in walking, talking, eating, sexual

intercourse, or other activities during slow-wave
sleep with no recollection
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A disproportionate and persistent worry about

many different things for at least six months
Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety that is due to social situations

Panic Disorders
The occurrence of repeated panic attacks

Phobias
An irrational fear of something that results in a

compelling desire to avoid it
Agoraphobia
The fear of places or situations where it is hard for

an individual to escape
Selective Mutism
An anxiety disorder in which a person who is

normally capable of speech cannot speak in
specific situations or to specific people
Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by at least one

major depressive episode; A period of at least two
weeks with at least five of the following symptoms:
persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite
disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep
disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of
worthlessness, difficulty thinking, psychomotor
symptoms, and thoughts of suicide
Persistent Depressive Disorder

The experience of dysthymia for at least two years

Dysthymia
A depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to

meet the criteria of a major depressive episode
Seasonal Affective Disorder

Major depressive disorder with seasonal onset

Bipolar disorders
A major type of mood disorder characterized by

both depression and mania
Manic Episode
Characterized by abnormal and persistently

elevated mood lasting at least one week with at
least three of the following symptoms: increased
distractibility, decreased need for sleep,
grandiosity, racing thoughts, increased goal-
directed activity, pressured speech, and
involvement in high-risk behavior
Hypomania
A mild form of mania, marked by elation and

hyperactivity
Bipolar I Disorder
Characterized by manic episodes with or without

depressive episodes
Bipolar II Disorder
Characterized by hypomanic episodes with at least

one major depressive episode
Cyclothymic Disorder
A combination of hypomanic episodes and periods

of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify
as major depressive episodes
Catecholamine Theory of Depression

Too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the

synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to
depression
Prodromal Phase
A phase that occurs prior to a schizophrenia

diagnosis that is characterized by poor adjustment;
Characterized by clear evidence of deterioration,
social withdrawal, role functioning impairment,
peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and
unusual experiences
Positive Symptoms Definitions

Feelings or behaviors that are usually not present

Hallucinations
Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but

have a compelling sense of reality
Delusions
False beliefs that are discordant with reality and

not shared by others in the individual’s culture that
are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the
contrary
Delusions of Persecution
The belief that the person is being deliberately

interfered with, discriminated against, plotted
against, or threatened
Delusions of Reference
The belief that common elements in the

environment are directed toward the individual
Delusions of Grandeur
The belief that the person is remarkable in some

significant way, such as being an inventor,
historical figure, or religious icon
Delusions of Control
The belief that another person, group of people, or

external force controls one's general thoughts,
feelings, impulses, or behavior
Thought Broadcasting
The belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast

directly from one’s head to the external world
Thought Insertion
The belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s

head
Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms

Delusions of Persecution, Delusions of Reference,

Delusions of Granduer, Delusions of Control,
Disorganized Thought, and Disorganized Behavior
Word salad
Disorganized speech that does not have structure

Neologisms
The invention of new words

Catatonia
The reduction of spontaneous movement and

presentation of rigid posture
Echolalia
Repeating another’s words

Echopraxia
Imitating another’s actions

Negative Symptoms Definition

A lack of feelings or behaviors that are usually

present
Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms

Flat Affect, Blunting, Inappropriate Affect, Avolition,

Alogia
Flat Affect
Virtually no signs of emotional expression

Blunting
A severe reduction in the intensity of affect

expression
Inappropriate Affect
Affect that is discordant with the content of the

individual’s speech (e.g., laughing when discussing
death)
Avolition
Decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-

directed actions
Alogia
A lack of speech
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Occurs after experiencing or witnessing a

traumatic event
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative Cognitive, and

Arousal Symptoms
Intrusion Symptoms
Recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks,

nightmares, and prolonged distress
Avoidance Symptoms
Deliberate attempts to avoid memories, people,

places, activities, and objects associated with the
trauma
Negative Cognitive Symptoms

Inability to recall key features of the event,

negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from
others, and a persistent negative view of the world
Arousal Symptoms
Increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-

destructive behavior, and sleep disturbances
Acute Stress Disorder

Presence of the same symptoms of PTSD, but for

less than a month
Addictive Disorders
Characterized by the person ingesting a

substance, such as alcohol or cocaine, or
engaging in an activity, like gambling, that is
pleasurable but is also compulsive and interfering
with the person's responsibilities at home or at
work
Personality Disorders
A pattern of behavior that is inflexible and

maladaptive, causing distress or impaired
functioning in at least two of the following:
cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or
impulse control
Cluster A Personality Disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid

Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pervasive distrust of others and

suspicion regarding their motives
Schizoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of

detachment from social relationships and a
restricted range of emotions
Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pattern of odd or eccentric

thinking where the individual experiences ideas of
reference and magical thinking
Cluster B Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorders, Borderline

Personality Disorders, Histrionic Personality
Disorders, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pattern of disregard for and

violations of the rights of others
Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by pervasive instability in

interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image
Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by constant attention-seeking

behavior
Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-

importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with
fantasies of success, a need for constant
admiration and attention, and characteristic
disturbances in interpersonal relationships
Cluster C Personality Disorders

Avoidant Personality Disorders, Dependent

Personality Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by extreme shyness and fear of

rejection
Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by a continuous need for

reassurance
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Characterized by perfectionism and inflexibility;

DIffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder
because it is ego-syntonic
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Characterized by obsessions, which produce

tension, and compulsions that relieve tension but
cause significant impairment in a person’s life;
Differs from obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder because it is ego-dystonic
Obsessions
Persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses

Compulsions
Repetitive tasks
Somatic Symptom Disorder

Involves at least one somatic symptom, which may

or may not be linked to an underlying medical
condition that cases disproportionate concern
Conversion Disorder
Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting

voluntary motor or sensory functions
La Belle Indifference
The surprising unconcern regarding the symptom

of a conversion disorder by the patient
Factitious Disorder
Characterized by a person who acts as if he or she

has a physical or mental illness when, in fact, he or
she has consciously created the symptoms
Illness Anxiety Disorder

A preoccupation with thoughts about having a

serious medical condition
Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation

of one’s appearance where extreme measures are
taken to correct the perceived imperfection
Eating Disorders
Characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating

habits
Elimination Disorders
Characterized by the inappropriate elimination of

urine or feces
Dissociative Disorders
Characterized by the avoidance of stress by

escaping from one’s identity
Dissociative Amnesia
The inability to recall past experiences without an

underlying neurological disorder
Dissociative Fugue
A sudden change in location that may involve the

assumption of a new identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder

The occurrence of two or more personalities that

take control of a person’s behavior
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Involves feelings of detachment from the mind,

body, or environment
Sexual Dysfunctions
Characterized by difficulty experienced by an

individual or a couple during any stage of a normal
sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire,
preference, arousal or orgasm
Gender Dysphoria
Characterized by the feeling that one's emotional

and psychological identity as male or female to be
opposite to one's biological sex
Paraphilic Disorders
Characterized by recurrent, intense, sexually

arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are
distressing or disabling and that involve inanimate
objects, children or nonconsenting adults, or
suffering or humiliation of oneself or the partner
with the potential to cause harm
Ego-Syntonic Disorders
Disorders where the individual perceives their

behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with
their goals (e.g., personality disorders)
Ego-Dystonic Disorders
Disorders where the individual perceives their

behavior as intrusive or bothersome

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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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Psychological Disorders

Focuses on purely biological factors and excludes

There are biological, psychological, and social

Explains behavior as a predispositional

A group of disorders in which the development of

A group of disorders designated by an acquired

Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay

Central Sleep Apnea

A disorder in which your breathing repeatedly

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A disorder in which your throat muscles

Characterized by a lack of voluntary control over

The loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of

The sensation of being unable to move despite

Characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying

Hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening

Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-

Engaging in walking, talking, eating, sexual

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A disproportionate and persistent worry about

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety that is due to social situations

The occurrence of repeated panic attacks

An irrational fear of something that results in a

The fear of places or situations where it is hard for

An anxiety disorder in which a person who is

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by at least one

Persistent Depressive Disorder

The experience of dysthymia for at least two years

A depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Major depressive disorder with seasonal onset

A major type of mood disorder characterized by

Characterized by abnormal and persistently

A mild form of mania, marked by elation and

Characterized by manic episodes with or without

Characterized by hypomanic episodes with at least

A combination of hypomanic episodes and periods

Catecholamine Theory of Depression

Too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the

A phase that occurs prior to a schizophrenia

Positive Symptoms Definitions

Feelings or behaviors that are usually not present

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but

False beliefs that are discordant with reality and

The belief that the person is being deliberately

The belief that common elements in the

The belief that the person is remarkable in some

The belief that another person, group of people, or

The belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast

The belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s

Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms

Delusions of Persecution, Delusions of Reference,

Disorganized speech that does not have structure

The invention of new words

The reduction of spontaneous movement and

Repeating another’s words

Imitating another’s actions

Negative Symptoms Definition

A lack of feelings or behaviors that are usually

Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms