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Mass Transfer s1 s2 PDF
Mass Transfer s1 s2 PDF
Nabeel Ahmad
Department of Chemical Engineering
COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore campus
Email: nabeelahmad@cuilahore.edu.pk
What is mass transfer?
• Chemical Engineering?
• Extract of metal from ore, perfumes from flowers, and dye from plants.
Multiphase system
• Diffusion in each phase separately
• Within one phase it is usually described in terms of concentration
changes
Molecular diffusion
Movement of individual molecule by virtue of their thermal energy
Explanation by kinetic theory
1. Random motion
2. With every collision their direction and
magnitude will change
3. Average distance of molecules travel
between collision is it Mean free path
4. Net diffusion from start point to point
d in a given time is rate of diffusion
5. Rate of diffusion (RFD) is very low
6. RFD can be increase by reducing
pressure (less collisions) or by
increasing temperature (increase
molecular velocity)
Terms used in Mass transfer
Problem 4: A liquid mixture contains 30 wt% NaNO3 and 70 wt%H2O. The solution
temperature is 300K and the density of the solution is assumed to 1050 kg/m3.
Calculate the;
a) The composition in terms of mole fractions.
b) The total molar concentration
Do it yourself
Problem 6: A gas mixture (N2=5%, H2= 15%, NH3=76% and Ar=4%) flows through a
pipe, 25.4mm in diameter, at 4.05 bar toral pressure. If the velocities of the
respective components are 0.03 m/s, 0.035 m/s, 0.03 m/s and 0.02 m/s, calculate
the mass average, molar average and volume average velocities of the mixture
Frame of references
General equation
DAB=DBA
PV=nRT P/RT=n/V=C
(open hyperlink)
• Let consider element= ΔZ Arnold diffusion cell
• Cross sectional area of control element= S
• Vol of control element= SΔZ
Mass balance
Mass In- Mass out = Accumulation
−CDAB (1 − 𝑦𝐴2)
𝑁𝐴 , 𝑍 = ln
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 1 − 𝑦𝐴1
We know that log mean average concentration of component ‘B’ is;
(𝑦𝐵2−𝑦𝐵1
𝑦𝐵, 𝑙𝑚 = 𝑦 ) yA+yB=1
ln𝑦𝐵2
𝐵1
Concentration profile for diffusion through
stagnant gas
Gas Phase diffusion coefficient measurement
• There are two kind of diffusion coefficient
1. Gas phase
2. Liquid phase
• Diffusivity or diffusion coefficient (DAB)
• It is function of T, P, nature and concentration of other constituents.
𝟏
• It decreased with increase in pressure so 𝐃𝐀𝐁 ∝
𝐏
• For moderate range of P upto 25 atm because No. of collisions between
particles is less at lower pressure.
• It is hardly dependent on pressure in case of liquids
• It increases with increase of temperature So 𝑫𝑨𝑩 ∝ 𝐓 𝟏.𝟓
• The diffusivity is generally higher for gases (in the range of 0.5×10–5 to 1.0
× 10-5 m2/s) than for liquids (in the range of 10–10 to 10-9 m2/s). The
diffusivity of gases in solids is higher in the range of 10 –13 to 10-10 m2/s.
• The diffusivity of gases is in the order of 10-10 m2/s for polymer.
Gas Phase diffusion coefficient measurement
Consider
• Ax is inner cross sectional area of tube
• L is Length of tube
• V1 & V2 are volume of bulb
• PA1 and PA2 (PA1>PA2) = partial pressure of component A at any
time t, in bulb 1 & 2 respectively
• If the total pressure in a bulb remain constant and equal,
equimolar counter diffusion will occur
Twin bulb method
At steady state, the transport of A for bulb 1 to bulb 2 can be written as ;
PA1 − PA2
Ax NA = Ax DAB = −Ax NB
RTL
V1 dPA1
− = A x NA
RT dt
V2 dPA2
= A x NB
RT dt
−d(PA1 −PA2 ) 1 1
= Ax NA RT +
dt V1 V2
Pt Ax DAB 1 1
ln = +
PA1,t −PA2,t L V1 V2 t
Pb,lm = (Pb2-Pb1)/ln(Pb2/Pb1)
Pt=Pb1+PA1
Pt=Pb2+PA2
R=8314 m3.Pa/kmol.K
Gas Phase diffusion coefficient prediction
• Still there are systems who values are not available in literature
𝑉𝐵 = 2 𝐻2 = 2 2.31 = 4.62
DAB1 PA2
(b) =
DAB2 PA1
DAB1 T1 .
(C) = ^1 74
DAB2 T2
Gas Phase diffusion coefficient prediction
Chapman-Enskog equation: or Hirschfelder equation
1/2
1.858 × 107 𝑇 1.5 1 1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2 +
𝑃𝑡 𝜎𝐴𝐵 Ʊ𝐷 𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
T is temperature in K
MA, MB are molecules weight of A & B
Pt is total pressure in atmosphere
𝜎AB is characteristic length parameter of binary mixture 𝜎AB = (𝜎A + 𝜎B)/2
Ʊ𝐷 is collision integral = F(KT/ɛAB)
Solve example 2 from book fundamental of momentum, heat and mass
transfer by Welty Assignment
Numerical Problem
Problem 11: For mixture of NH3 & H2, estimate the diffusivity using
chapman-Engkog equation at 1atm and 100oC.
1.13e-4 m2/s
1/2
1.858 × 107 𝑇 1.5 1 1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2 +
𝑃𝑡 𝜎𝐴𝐵 Ʊ𝐷 𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
Solution:
DIFFUSION coefficient measurement liquid
phase system
Open hyperlink
Numerical Problem
Problem 11: To measure the diffusivity of acetone in water at 20oC a
diaphragm cell is used. Initially, compartment 1 of volume 50 cm3 is filled with
0.5 molar acetone in water and the compartment 2 of volume 55 cm3 is filled
with water. The molar concentration of acetone dropped to 0.4 molar in
compartment 1 after 40 hours. The cell constant is given as 0.3 cm-2. Calculate
the diffusivity of acetone.
Solution: Next slide for solution
Numerical Problem
Problem 12: Predict the diffusivity of acetone in water at 20oC using Wilke-
Chang equation. The association factor for water is 226. The molar volume of
acetone is 0.074 m3/kmol. The viscosity of water at 20oC is 1.002e-3 kg/m
sec.
Solution: Next slide for solution
2. Penetration theory
𝑁𝐴
𝐾𝐶 = (coefficient of MT)
∆𝐶
So
𝐷1 𝐷
= 𝑘1 And 2 = 𝑘2
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑘1 𝐶𝑖2 − 𝐶2 𝐷1 𝐿2
= =
𝑘2 𝐶1 − 𝐶𝑖1 𝐿1 𝐷2
• Batch process is also used but mostly in low production units or low capacities.
• The objective is to achieve intimate contact between immiscible phases and to ensure high Rate
of MT.
• High turbulent mixing is created to properly disperse one phase into another.
• In tray tower, interfacial area is generated by passing gas into liquid through perforations or
openings.
• In packed tower, interfacial area is generated by spreading liquid on the packing surface.
Sparged vessel/bubble
tower Agitator vessel
Tray tower
1. Principle of mass transfer and separation processes by Binay Dutta
• Liquid is dispersed in the form of droplets or discontinuous film in a
continues gas phase
1. Distillation
2. Stripping
3. Absorption
4. Humidification
5. Dehumidification etc.
1. Principle of mass transfer and separation processes by Binay Dutta
Agitated vessel
• For vertical baffles are used to prevent the formation of
vortex at free liquid surface. They also help to increase the
turbulence inside the vessel.
1. The Tray
• Bubble cap
• Sieve tray (what is role of small holes?)
• Valve tray ( value flow rate controlling)
Advantages
• Mechanical wear and corrosive due to movment
of valve legs.
• Sticking of disk on tray if there is any sticky
deposition of disk or tray
Absorption curve