Daylighting

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and

diffused-skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and saving energy. By
providing a direct link to the dynamic and perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor
illumination, daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment
for building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy
costs.
A daylighting system is comprised not just of daylight apertures, such as
skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system.
When there is adequate ambient lighting provided from daylight alone, this system has
the capability to reduce electric lighting power. Further, the fenestration, or location of
windows in a building, must be designed in such a way as to avoid the admittance of
direct sun on task surfaces or into occupants' eyes. Alternatively, suitable glare
remediation devices such as blinds or shades must be made available.
Implementing daylighting on a project goes beyond simply listing the components
to be gathered and installed. Daylighting requires an integrated design approach to be
successful, because it can involve decisions about the building form, siting, climate,
building components (such as windows and skylights), lighting controls, and lighting
design criteria.

Artificial Lighting
Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source that is
produced by electrical means. Artificial lighting has many different applications and is
used both in home and commercially. Artificial lights are available in a wide variety of
shapes, sizes, colors of light emitted, and levels of brightness. The use of artificial
lighting is crucial in agriculture and gardening, particularly in indoor cultivation.
Artificial light has the capacity to create a number of different ambiences in the
same space making it a sort of “space shaper”, adapting the atmosphere according to
the consumers’ needs. The use of warm lighting can produce cozy and calm
atmospheres, whereas cold light stimulates mental and physical activity. So, it is clear
that the lighting requirements for a living room, for example, are not the same as those
needed for in an operating room. Whereas dim lighting generates a relaxing ambiance
in spaces created for this purpose, this same lighting could affect vision and cause
health problems if it is used in working environments.
Color
The sensation of color does not exist without light. Sunlight is composed of colors
of the spectrum. White light, such as sunlight, is a mixture of all colors as seen through
a prism. Light is a “wave motion” or form of energy. Colors have different wavelengths
that are longer for the red end of the color spectrum and shorter at the violet end. Each
color has a different energy. When light strikes an object, the particles of energy may be
reflected or absorbed. The eye sees the color of an object by the light reflected. If light
falls on an object that absorbs cool colors, such as green, the object will reflect the
complement or warm colors, such as red. Black absorbs and white reflects nearly all the
light waves.

Color Identification System

Since there are over 9 million colors known to exist, various color systems are
used to help bring order to them and to provide a method of seeing relationships
between colors. The Munsell Color Tree and Prang systems are two examples of
systems used by artists and designers. The Prang color wheel is a commonly used
mechanical arrangement that uses the twelve basic hues. The primary hues (red, yellow
and blue) are placed at equal distance, in a circle or wheel. The secondary colors are
placed halfway between the primary colors and the intermediate colors, placed between
primary and secondary colors, as appropriate.

Color Illusions
 There are ways to create the perception of more space without having to knock
down walls or build them. By simply painting, using different paint treatments and
playing with scale within a color you can challenge the perception of space.
You can create the feeling of more height when your ceilings are low, length
when the room feels short or width when the room feels narrow all without changing the
physical dimensions.
Our eyes perceive colors and tones in such a way that it is possible to create
optical illusions that apparently change the dimensions of a room.
So when a space feels…..
Too small?
Cool and lighter hues and tones such as blues and green give the appearance
for the walls receding.  Low contrast combinations will create a feeling of spaciousness.
Pale tones will open up a space visually, even with warm colors. Painting the ceiling,
walls and architectural details all in the same color will result in a seamless look and
will minimize unwanted fussiness. This also works when the ceiling is too high and want
to bring it down.

Too large?
Warm hues such as browns, reds and oranges give the appearance of the walls
advancing or appearing closer than they are in reality. These warmer tones will also
make the room feel cozier and intimate.
Tone (when grey is added to a hue) can be used to modify or reinforce the
required illusion. Dark tones – even when you are using cool colors – will advance.

Too high?
When you paint a ceiling a darker tone than the walls, it will appear lower and
cozier. If you treat the floor in a similar way, you can almost make the room seem
squeezed between the ceiling and the floor. This sounds like it could be a negative
action to take but it essentially will visually just close the room in.
To create a cocooning feeling paint the walls and ceiling the same color. 
Especially effective when you want to visually enlarge a connecting room.  Another trick
is to bring the ceiling color down along the wall. How far down? Well this is really up to
you. It could be just 200mm south of the ceiling or as low as your picture rail should you
have one. 

Too Low?
Painting the walls darker than the ceiling will visually heighten walls. Using the
reflective quality of a gloss finish on ceiling will create a sense of endlessness. Gloss
also bounces light around the room. If gloss is too much for you tastes, try semi-gloss.
Note gloss will show all the imperfections on the wall or ceiling. Dark tones a little less
so but you will notice them so I would be interested in this trick ensure your surface is
near perfect otherwise it will bug you I promise. The alternative will be like your skin
after a bad facial! 
Painting vertically, using striped wallpaper or wood-strip paneling on the walls will
also counteract the effect of a low ceiling.

To narrow?
A long, narrow hall or entrance will feel less enclosed if you visually push out the
walls vertically by decorating them with pale colors, and being light colors they will also
bounce light around. Another trick could be to paint the shorter end wall a darker color
which will re-proportion and foreshorten a long narrow room.
Paint techniques and finishes.
Apart from flat color there are also paint techniques and finishes that will help you
create an optical illusion of more space.
Stripes
Stripes are brilliant: wide, narrow, vertically or horizontal, they not only make an
interior feel dynamic but visually they can create more height or length. This won’t be
news to most, as people understand how stripes work in terms fashion, you simply
apply the same trickery to interior walls. I would encourage you play around with the
width.

Treatments
Any large-scale pattern will draw attention, and like warm and dark colors, will
result in the walls advancing. Small patterns, achieve the opposite, they’ll appear as an
overall texture.

Color Scheme
Complementary color scheme
 Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are considered to be
complementary colors (example: red and green).
The high contrast of complementary colors creates a vibrant look especially
when used at full saturation. This color scheme must be managed well so it is not
jarring.
Complementary color schemes are tricky to use in large doses, but work well
when you want something to stand out.
Complementary colors are really bad for text.

Analogous color scheme

Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the color
wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs.
Analogous color schemes are often found in nature and are harmonious and
pleasing to the eye.
Make sure you have enough contrast when choosing an analogous color
scheme.
Choose one color to dominate, a second to support. The third color is used
(along with black, white or gray) as an accent.

Triadic color scheme

A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color
wheel.
Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or
unsaturated versions of your hues.
To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colors should be carefully balanced -
let one color dominate and use the two others for accent.
Split-Complementary color scheme
The split-complementary color scheme is a variation of the complementary color
scheme. In addition to the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement.
This color scheme has the same strong visual contrast as the complementary
color scheme, but has less tension.
The split-complimentary color scheme is often a good choice for beginners,
because it is difficult to mess up.

Rectangle (tetradic) Color Scheme

The rectangle or tetradic color scheme uses four colors arranged into two
complementary pairs.
This rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation.
Tetradic color schemes works best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in
your design.
Square Color Scheme
The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colors
spaced evenly around the color circle.
Square color schemes works best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in
your design.

Ideas for Creating Color Schemes When planning a color scheme, for a room or
for an entire house, there has to be a starting place. With a basic understanding of color
and color systems, plans can be developed from (1) color wheels or schemes, (2)
consultations with professional interior designers or (3) existing color harmonies in
furnishings or nature. By breaking down and analyzing an existing item and then using
the colors in similar or varying proportions, the individual uses the work of a professional
artist or designer. Some suggestions of sources for color schemes are:
1. Works of Art. This may be a painting, a wall hanging or an unusual accessory.
Study it carefully: What colors are used in it? How are they combined? What are the
proportions of one color to another? What colors are placed next to each other for
certain effects? Proportions of color in the picture can be followed or other proportions
can be used. You can choose which color to emphasize, which ones to use in small
amounts and which to eliminate.
2. Fabric. This is perhaps the easiest source from which to develop a color scheme. It
may be drapery, upholstery or slipcover fabric, rugs or linens.
3. Wallpaper. Patterned wallpaper used on all the walls or for an accent area can
provide a source of color combinations.
4. A View. The lovely view from your window can be made a part of the interior. This
is, however, one of the more difficult sources of a color scheme. One season (the
longest or your favorite) may be chosen and the view studied like a painting. Determine
the colors and the proportions you see and build your color scheme from there.
5. Favorite Color. Your likes and dislikes in color will often dictate the starting point of a
color scheme. It may help to first select a paint, wallpaper, floor covering, fabric or
accessory in the color you want to use.
6. Dinnerware. The color scheme for your dining room could be taken from the design
on your dinnerware. The method proves to be a dramatic decorating device. It will be
especially effective if a few handsome pieces are displayed in a china cupboard.
7. What You Already Have. Many of us find it necessary to work around a few
furnishings that must be kept. This may be a carpet, wall treatment or pieces of
furniture. If the item is multi-colored, use it to build a color scheme in the same way you
would use a fabric. If plain, it can become the dominant color with other colors
harmonizing with it.
References
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting
http://www.thedecorativesurfaces.com/en/artificial-lighting/
http://thecolourfield.net/creating-illusions-through-colour/
 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
College of Engineering and Architecture

Research Paper on

Submitted by:

Aguilar Diether R.

Submitted to:

Arch. Janine