Instructor: AR.

ALLEN FRANCIS AGUILAR, UAP

• Foundation Systems
• Foundation walls, Basement Constructions, Cisterns
• Reinforced Concrete Columns
• Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems
• Roof Decks
• Walls & Structural Walls
• Pre-Stress Concrete
• Pre-Cast Concrete Floor Systems
• Building Protections System
• The system transfers the lateral loads on
the superstructure to the ground.
• The horizontal component of these
lateral forces is transferred largely
through a combination of soil friction
on the bottom of footings and the
development of passive soil pressure on
the sides of footings and foundation
walls.
• Classified into two broad categories
• Shallow foundations
• Deep foundations.
• Also known as spread foundations
• Utilize when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs
relatively near the ground surface.
• Place directly below the lowest part of a superstructure and
transfer loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.
• Individual or isolated
footing
• Combined footing
• Stripped footing
• Mat or Raft Foundation
• Steel Grillage Foundation
INDIVIDUAL OR ISOLATED FOOTING
a. Block or square footing
b. Stepped footing
c. Slope or pyramidal footing

(a) (b) (c)

COMBINED FOOTINGS
a. Combined footing
b. Cantilevered footing
c. Continuous footing

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4

L/5 L/5

(a) (b) (c)

STRIPPED FOOTINGS
a. Stripped footing
b. Stepped footing

STRIP FOOTINGS

STEPPED FOOTINGS
• Mat foundations, like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing
power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to
unequal loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation
are so tied together so that they will act as one and assist each other in
keeping level and plumb.
• Mat foundations may be divided into the following general classes:
a. Flat slabs of plain or reinforced concrete
b. Beams or girders with a slab underneath
c. Beams or girders with a slab on top

(a) (b) (c)

STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
When it is desired to avoid the
deep excavation required for
concrete and masonry footings,
and when the load has to be
distributed over a wide area of
support, steel rails or beams are
used to give the required moment
of resistance with a minimum of
depth.
• Deep foundations are employed when
the soil underlying a shallow foundation
is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing
capacity
• They extend down through unsuitable
soil to transfer building loads to a more
appropriate bearing stratum of rock or
dense sand and gravel well below the
superstructure
• Types of Deep Foundations
• Pile Foundation
• Caisson or well Foundation
PILE FOUNDATIONS
• a system of end bearing or friction
piles, pile caps, and tie beams for COLUMN LOAD

transferring building loads down

to a suitable bearing stratum. LOAD BEARING WALL
REINFORCED
CONCRETE GRADE or
TIE BEAM

REINFORCED CONCRETE
PILE CAP
PILE FOUNDATIONS
• Pile Caps
• A slab or connecting beam which covers the heads of a group
of piles, tying them together so that the structural load is
PILE CAPS

distributed and they act as a single unit.

• A metal cap which is placed, as temporary protection, over
the head of a precast pile while it is being driven into the
ground.
• End Bearing Piles
END BEARING
PILES
• Depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock FRICTION PILES
beneath their feet for support. The surrounding soil mass
provides a degree of lateral stability for the long compression
member.
• Friction Piles
• Depend principally on the frictional resistance of a surrounding
earth mass for support. The skin friction developed between the
sides of a pile and the soil into which the pile is driven is limited
by the adhesion of soil to the pile sides and the shear strength
of the surrounding soil mass.
WOOD PILES
• When it is required to build upon a compressible soil
saturated with water and of considerable depth, the most
practicable method of obtaining a solid and enduring
foundation for buildings of moderate height is by driving
wooden piles.
• Wooden piles are made from the trunks of trees and should
be as straight as possible, and not less than 5” in diameter
at small end for light buildings, or 8” for heavy buildings.
• Wooden piles must cut of under water as, when subjected
to an atmosphere which is alternately wet and dry, they will
decay
• Should not be spaced less than 2 ft. on centers
The piles are driven by means of a drop-hammer or with a steam-hammer, a
succession of blows being given with a block of cast iron or steel called the
hammer, which slides up and down; the uprights of the machine is placed
over the pile-driver. The machine is placed over the pile so that the hammer
descends fairly on its head, the piles being driven with the small end down.
CONCRETE PILES
• Generally used where wooden piles would be subject to
decay or deterioration by the action of marine worms
• Advantageous for foundations on land where the
permanent ground water is at a considerable depth
• In practice concrete piles are generally reinforced
• Reinforced-concrete piles are of two general types:
• those moulded in place and;
• those moulded before driving
• Spacing for concrete piles usually from 2’ – 6” to 4’
• Concrete piles are extended at least 4” into the concrete
of the footing, and where a steel casing surrounds the pile,
3 to 4 in. of concrete is required between the top of the
piles and the footing reinforcement, unless the casing is
trimmed back at a distance, in which case the case
reinforcement is allowed to lie directly upon the butts of the
piles.
TYPES CONCRETE PILES
• Pre-cast Piles
• Moulded in a yard or at the site allowed to cure
for 4 weeks before using.
• are often sunk by means of water-jet. This method
is made possibly by inserting an iron pipe in the
center of the pile.

• Cast-on-place Piles
• Constructed in the ground in the position they are
to occupy, and are often reinforced.
• All cast in place piles are covered by patents.
• Methods of form
• Cased Pile
• Uncased Pile
PRECAST DRIVEN PILE
DRIVEN PILE BORED PILE
STEEL PILES
• These are concrete-filled steel pipes which are made to
bear on rock or hard pan
• The pipe is driven in sections with a steam-hammer and, as
additional sections are required, these are attached to the
driven section by means of a cast-iron or steel internal
sleeve and re-driven.
• When the pipe has reached its bearing level it is cleaned
out by blowing or dug out by means of augers or similar
tools. The pipe is then pumped out and concreted.
COMPOSITE PILES
• These are combination timber and concrete or
steel and concrete piles.
• They may be composed of timber piles with
concrete coatings held in position by steel
reinforcements in the shape of expanded metal
or wire netting.
• The latter are to be considered as timber, rather
than concrete, piles.
FOUNDATION WALLS
• Provide support for the superstructure above
and enclose a basement wall or crawl space
partly or wholly below grade
• In addition to the vertical loads from the
superstructure, foundation walls must be
designed and constructed to resist active
earth pressure and anchor the superstructure
against wind and seismic forces.