MACHINE DRAWING

&
INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING
(MH402)

1
 MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING
Teaching Scheme (Hours/Week) Examination Scheme (Marks)

Lectures Tutorial Practical Theory Sessional Practical T.W. Total

--- --- 2+3 --- --- 50 50 100

PART A (MACHINE DRAWING)

1 PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING:
Drawing sheet (sizes and designations, title block, borders and frames, grid reference
system), Scales (Designation, recommended scales, specifications), lines, lettering,
sectioning, conventional representations, dimensioning, standard abbreviations
2 DETACHABLE FASTNERS:
Screw threads, approximate and conventional representations, specifications, Threaded
fasteners (Types, forms, standard and specifications), Foundation bolts, locking devices
(Classification, principles of operation, standard types and their proportions
3 PERMANENT FASTNERS:
Rivets (Standard forms and proportions), Riveted joints (Common types of joints,
terminology, proportions and representations), Types of welds and welded joints, edge
preparation, specifications and representation of welds on drawings, IS designation of weld
symbols
4 ASSEMBLY DRAWING:
Review of sheet preparation, boundary lines, zones, title block, revision panel, parts list,
numbering of components and associated detail drawing, bill of materials, assembly
drawings of various machine sub-assemblies and assemblies from detail drawings, sketches
and actual machine components
5 PRODUCTION DRAWING:
Limits, fits and tolerances of size and form, types and grade, use of tolerance tables and
specification of tolerances, form and cumulative tolerances, tolerance dimensioning, general
tolerances, surface quality symbols, terminology and representation on drawings, correlation
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of tolerances and surface quality with manufacturing techniques.
 MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING

PART B (COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING)

1 INTRODUCTION TO AutoCAD:
Starting with AutoCAD, AutoCAD dialog boxes, Co-ordinate Systems,
drawing lines, circle, arcs, rectangle, ellipse, polygons, etc
2 EDITING SKETCHED OBJECTS:
Editing sketches, moving, copying, pasting, offsetting, scaling,
chamfering, trimming, mirroring. Filleting, sketched objects
3 BASIC DIMENSIONING:
Geometric dimensioning and Tolerance: Dimensioning AutoCAD,
Creating linear, rotated, angular aligned base line Dimensions,
Modifying dimensions
4 PLOTTING:
Plotting the drawings in AutoCAD, plotting drawing using the plot
dialog box, adding plotters and using plot styles, plotting sheets
5 BASIC 3D MODELLING

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 MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING

Text Books:
•Machine Drawing – K. L. Narayana, P. Kannaiah, K. Venkata Reddy,
3rd edition, New age international (P) Ltd.

•Machine Drawing – N. Sidheswar, P. Kannaiah, V.V.S. Sastry,

Tata McGraw Hill

•Machine Drawing – N. D. Junnarkar, Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd

Reference Books:
•P.S. Gill, Machine Drawing by S.K. Kataria, New Delhi

•Sham Tickoo, AutoCAD 2012 CENGAGE learning

•Technical Drawing byGiesecke, F.E., Mitchel, A., Spencer, H.C.,

Hill, I.L.,”, 13th Ed., Prentice-Hall

• SP 46: 1988 Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges,

Bureau of Indian standards 1988

•PSG Design data book 4

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 PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING
 Drawing sheet
 Scales
 Title block
 Borders and Frames
 Grid reference system (zoning)
 Lines
 Lettering
 Sections
 Conventional representation
 Dimensioning
 Standard Abbreviations 6
 DRAWING SHEET
 Use of standard size sheet saves paper
and facilitates convenient storage of
drawing
 For sheet sizes the basic principles are;
(a) X:Y 1: 2 (b) XY=1
 For A0 size, surface area is 1m2, X=841mm
and Y=1189mm
 Preferred drawing sheet sizes as per ISO-
A series is given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 7
 DRAWING SHEET

 The special elongated sizes are obtained

by multiplying the shorter sides of the
chosen basic format as shown in Table 1.2

Table 1.2

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 DRAWING SHEET
 Different drawing sheet formats are
shown in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Drawing sheet formats 9

 DRAWING SCALE
 The proportion by which we either reduce
or increase the actual size of an object on
a drawing is known as drawing to scale or
simply Scale.
 Scale is the ratio of linear dimension of an
element of an object as represented in the
drawing to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object
 Where ever possible, full scale is desirable
 Enlarged scales are used for drawing very
small objects
 Reduced scales are used for drawing very
large objects 10
 DRAWING SCALE

SIZES OF THE SCALE

 Full scale : 1:1
 Reduced scales
The standard reducing proportions are;
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50 and 1:100
 Enlarged scales
The standard enlarging proportions are;
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 50:1

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 DRAWING SCALE
 Complete designation of scale consists of
the word scale followed by the indication
of its ratio as:
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlarged size
SCALE 1:X for reduced size
 Standard scales are shown in Table 1.2

Table 1.2 12
 TITLE BLOCK

 Important feature of the drawing

 It gives all the information of the
prepared drawing
 It is drawn at the bottom right corner
 The recommended size of the title block
by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)
SP-46:1998 is 185mm x 65mm for all
designations of drawing sheets

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 TITLE BLOCK

 The title block should contain

- Title of the drawing
- Drawing/sheet number
- Scale
- Symbol, denoting the method of projection
- Name of the company/firm

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 TITLE BLOCK

NAME : DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

CLASS : FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ROLL NO :

15
START:
50

TITLE OF THE
COMP.: DRAWING DRAWING NO.:

15
YEAR: 2011-12 CHECKED BY:
50 50
150

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 BORDERS AND FRAMES

 Border should be provided with all sheet

sizes
 Borders have a minimum width of 20mm for
the sizes A0 and A1
 Borders have a minimum width of 10mm for
the sizes A2, A3 and A4
 A filling margin may be provided on far left
edge

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 BORDERS AND FRAMES
The drawing sheet layout is shown in Figure 1.3

Figure 1.3 17
 CENTRING MARKS
 Provided to facilitate positioning of the drawing
when reproduced
 Four centring marks may be provided

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 ORIENTATION MARKS
 Provided to indicate the orientation of the
drawing sheet on the board

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 METRIC REFERENCE GRADUATION
 Provide figure-less metric reference
 Provided with minimum length 100mm and
divided into 10 intervals
 Drawn symmetrically about the centring mark
with width 5mm

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 TRIMMING MARKS
 Provided at four corners of the sheet in order to
facilitate trimming
 These marks are in the form of right angled
isosceles triangles

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 GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
 Recommended in order to permit easy location
on the drawing of details, additions or
modifications
 Number of divisions should be divisible by two
 Chosen in relation to the complexity of the
drawing
 Length of any side of grid should not be less than
25mm and should not be more than 75mm
 The rectangles of the grid should be referenced
by means of capital letters along one edge and
numerals along the other edge
 The numbering may start at the sheet corner
opposite to the title block as shown in Figure 1.5

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LINES

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LINES

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 LINES

THICK LINE / OBJECT OUTLINES

 Represented by thick line (0.7mm thickness) and
is used to show the outer visible feature of the
object in the drawing
 LINES

HIDDEN LINES
 Represented by short dashes closely and evenly
spaced
 Used to show the invisible or hidden parts on the
drawing
 LINES

CHAIN THIN DOUBLE DASHED

(PHANTOM LINES)
 These Lines are used to represent the outline of
an adjacent part, show alternate position of a
moving part or replace repetitive details such as
gear teeth and threads
 LINES

LONG BREAK LINES

 Represented by thin ruled line provided with free
hand zig-zags at suitable intervals and is used to
show the break for a considerable length of the
object
 LINES

SHORT BREAK LINES

 Represented by thin free-hand and is used to

show the break of an object for a short length
 LINES

CUTTING PLANE LINE

 Represented by thick long line at the ends with

thin long and short lines at the centre
 Used to show the edge of the cutting plane
 LINES

CONTINUOUS THIN LINE

 Used for showing dimension lines, extension

lines, construction lines, hatching lines or
section lines
 LINES

CENTRE LINE
 Represented by long and short dashed in
proportion ranging from 6:1 to 4:1, closely and
evenly spaced in any drawing
 Used to show the centre line location of
cylindrical, conical and spherical objects
 LETTERING
 Lettering on a drawing enables engineer,
architect or designer to communicate a complete
description of an object
 Standard lettering for technical drawing are
called Gothic lettering
 All letters in words are capitalized and squared
 LETTERING
 The height (h) of capital letters is taken as the
base of dimensioning
 Two standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 and 1/10 are
used
 The lettering may be vertical or inclined at 150 to
the right
 The proportions of different dimensions are
shown below
 LETTERING
 For standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 different
dimensions are shown below
 LETTERING
 For standard ratios for d/h, 1/10 different
dimensions are shown below
 LETTERING
RULES FOR LETTERING
 Use the single-stroke, vertical, gothic style of
lettering
 Use upper case (capital) letters only!
 Always skip a space between rows of letters
 Always use very light guide
 Fraction bars are always drawn horizontal
 Use a medium (B, HB, H) lead for normal
lettering
 Use a hard (4H to 9H) lead for drawing guide
lines
 LETTERING
STEPS FOR LETTERING
 Draw 2 lines parallel and write letters in it
 The lines can be drawn using 2H pencil
 The line must be very soft enough for our own
eyes to be seen
 Line can be drawn horizontally using T Square
 Firstly, determine the height (h) of the letter to
be drawn
 The length between 2 line must be h mm

h
 LETTERING
VERTICAL LETTERING
 LETTERING
VERTICAL LETTERING
 LETTERING
INCLINED LETTERING
 LETTERING

 Don't mix capital letters with small letters (a)

 Write in a form of same type of letter (b)
 LETTERING

 Don’t mix letters which written straight with

leaning letters
 LETTERING

 Letter must have uniform thickness and

blackness

INCORRECT

CORRECT
 SECTIONS
 A section drawing shows the inside details of an
object by cutting away part of the object

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SECTIONS

Normal multiview drawing

Normal section view
Section view drawing with
convention
 SECTIONS
CUTTING PLANE LINES
 Cutting plane lines mark the point at which the
object is to be cut apart (with dashed line)
 Sight lines point to the part of the object that is
to be kept
CUTTING
PLANE LINE

SIGHT LINE
 SECTIONS
HATCHING
 Used to show where the object has been cut
 If the part was cut with a saw, the hatching
would represent where the saw actually touched
the object as it was being cut
 Hatch lines should match the color of the cutting
plane line
 The pattern of the hatching used represents
different types of materials

Hatch lines
 SECTIONS
FULL SECTION
 The cutting plane line cuts through the entire
length, height, or width
 SECTIONS
HALF SECTION
 The cutting plane line cuts through only “Half”
the length, height, or width of the object

This line divides the object so the sectioned

portion and the non-sectioned portion can
be defined.
 SECTIONS
OFFSET SECTION
 Offset sections allow one cutting plane line to
transect multiple areas of a part
 This reduces the amount of work needed to
complete a drawing
 SECTIONS
PARTIAL OR LOCAL SECTION
 Local section is drawn if half or full section is not
convenient
 Local break may be shown by continuous thin
free hand line
 SECTIONS
REVOLVED SECTION
 Cross sections may be revolved in relevant view
 The outline of the section should be shown with
thin continuous line inside the object as shown
 SECTIONS
REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTION
 The removed section may be placed near to and
connected with the view by a chain thin line (a)
or in a different position and identified in the
conventional manner (b)
 SECTIONS
SECTIONS NOT TO BE HATCHED
INVISIBLE LINE TECHNIQUE
INVISIBLE LINE TECHNIQUE
AXIS REPRESENTATION
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

Title

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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 DIMENSIONING
 Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measurement and indicated
on drawing using lines, symbols, notes etc…
 As far as possible, dimensions should be placed
outside the view
 Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines
rather than from hidden lines
 Each feature should be dimensioned once on a
drawing
 Dimensions should be placed on the view or
section that relates most clearly to the
corresponding features
 Each drawing should use the same unit for all
dimensions but without unit symbol
 DIMENSIONING
METHODS
 Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing
according to any one of the following methods;
(a) Aligned system
(b) Uni-directional system

(a) (b)
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Angular dimensions are placed so that they show the angle

of an inclined feature on a drawing
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

 Arrowless dimensions are used in confined areas where other

dimensioning methods would confuse the reader
 Also arrowless dimensioning is very accurate since all features
are dimensioned from an origin point or datum point
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Chain dimensions are placed end to end

This practice is not as accurate as datum dimensioning because
the location of the each feature is dependent upon neighboring
features
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Datum dimensions are placed so that all dimensions originate at the same
coordinate

This practice is accurate than chain dimensioning because the location of each
feature is independent of the other feature
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Chart dimensioning is used when part sizes change to fit an application. In the
above example part #ADD120 may be needed: therefore a note is placed on
the drawing to indicate that the part is to be fabricated according to these
specifications.

This type of method eliminates the need to create a separate drawing for each
suitable change in design.

If new part is needed with a larger hole, that instance is added to the table with
its own part number
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Tabular dimensioning is used to locate features on a (X,Y)

coordinate system.
In the above example a hole is identifying by a letter, and its
location is identified by a coordinate
This method saves space and avoids confusing and error
If a new hole is needed or the location is changed another hole
number may be added or the coordinate may be quickly changed
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

Radius/Diameter dimensioning is used to dimension fillets,

rounds and circles
Fillets are small inside arcs and rounds are small outside arcs
 DIMENSIONING
BASIC TYPES

To avoid repetitious dimensions on a drawing the abbreviation

TYP (meaning typical) is used. When TYP appears after a size
dimension, such as a diameter, un-dimensioned circles are
intended to be the same dimension.
MEANING OF NOTES

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DRAFTING ABBREVIATIONS

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MATERIAL ABBREVIATIONS

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